国产精品成人网站/两攻一受3p双龙h调教/玩弄人妻少妇500系列/人妻换人妻仑乱/国产成人一区二区三区别

導(dao)讀(du)：由于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)(de)工藝不(bu)同(tong)，所生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)及外觀就不(bu)同(tong)。上(shang)引生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅桿(gan)(gan)，工藝得當氧(yang)含量(liang)(liang)在10ppm以(yi)下，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連鑄(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅桿(gan)(gan) 是在保(bao)護條(tiao)件(jian)下的(de)(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含量(liang)(liang)在200-500ppm范圍內(nei)，但有(you)時(shi)也高達700ppm以(yi)上(shang)，一般情況下，此種方法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅外表光亮，低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)，有(you)時(shi)也叫(jiao)光桿(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿是(shi)電(dian)纜(lan)行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)主要原(yuan)料，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式主要有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋法(fa)和上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較(jiao)多，其(qi)特點是(shi)金屬(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)豎爐中(zhong)融(rong)化后(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)通(tong)過(guo)保溫爐、溜槽(cao)、中(zhong)間包，從澆(jiao)管進(jin)入封閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)(mo)腔內，采(cai)用較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻(que)強度進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻(que)，形成鑄(zhu)坯，然后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多道(dao)次軋制(zhi)，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)(wei)熱(re)加工組(zu)織，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織已(yi)經(jing)破(po)碎，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)200~400ppm之間。無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿國內基本全(quan)部采(cai)用上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，金屬(shu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)感應電(dian)爐中(zhong)融(rong)化后(hou)通(tong)過(guo)石墨模(mo)(mo)進(jin)行(xing)上引連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)造，之后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋或(huo)冷(leng)加工，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)(wei)鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)20ppm以(yi)下(xia)。由于制(zhi)造工藝的(de)(de)(de)不同，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)組(zu)織結構、氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)分(fen)布、雜(za)質的(de)(de)(de)形式及分(fen)布等諸(zhu)多方(fang)面有(you)較(jiao)大(da)差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿(gan)的拉制性能跟很多因(yin)素有關，如雜質的含(han)量(liang)、氧含(han)量(liang)及分(fen)布、工藝控制等。下面分(fen)別從以上幾(ji)個(ge)方面對(dui)銅桿(gan)的拉制性能進行分(fen)析。

1、熔(rong)化(hua)方式(shi)對S等雜質的(de)影響

連鑄連軋(ya)生(sheng)(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要是通過氣體的(de)燃(ran)燒(shao)使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔化(hua)，在燃(ran)燒(shao)的(de)過程中(zhong)，通過氧化(hua)和揮(hui)發作(zuo)用，可一定程度減少部分雜(za)質進入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因(yin)此(ci)連鑄連軋(ya)法對(dui)原料要求相對(dui)低一些。上引連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)產無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由(you)于是用感應電(dian)爐(lu)熔化(hua)，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都(dou)熔入到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔入的(de)S對(dui)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑性影響極大，會增加拉絲斷線率(lv)。

2、鑄造過程中(zhong)雜(za)質的進入

在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)中，連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)工藝需通過保溫爐、溜槽、中間包轉運銅液(ye)，相對(dui)容易造(zao)成耐(nai)火材料的(de)剝落，在(zai)軋(ya)制過程(cheng)中需要通過軋(ya)輥(gun)，造(zao)成鐵(tie)質(zhi)的(de)脫(tuo)落，會(hui)給銅桿造(zao)成外部夾(jia)雜(za)。而熱軋(ya)中皮(pi)上和皮(pi)下氧(yang)化物的(de)軋(ya)入，會(hui)給低氧(yang)桿的(de)拉絲造(zao)成不利(li)的(de)影響。上引連(lian)鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工藝流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)較(jiao)短，銅液(ye)是(shi)通過聯體爐內潛(qian)流(liu)(liu)式完成，對(dui)耐(nai)火材料的(de)沖擊不大(da)，結晶是(shi)通過石墨模內進行，所以過程(cheng)中可(ke)能產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)污染(ran)源較(jiao)少(shao)，雜(za)質(zhi)進入的(de)機會(hui)較(jiao)少(shao)。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)會生產(chan)化(hua)(hua)合物的(de)元素(su)。在熔(rong)態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)，氧可以溶(rong)解(jie)一部(bu)分，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧幾乎不溶(rong)解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)。熔(rong)態(tai)(tai)時所溶(rong)解(jie)的(de)氧，以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)析出，分布在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體(ti)(ti)的(de)出現，顯著(zhu)降(jiang)低(di)了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。

硫可以溶解(jie)在(zai)(zai)熔體(ti)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)室溫(wen)下，其(qi)溶解(jie)度幾乎降(jiang)低到(dao)零，它以硫化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)形式(shi)出現在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處，會顯著(zhu)降(jiang)低銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。

3、氧在低氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿中分布形式及其影響(xiang)

氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉線(xian)性能有(you)著明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)增加到(dao)最(zui)佳(jia)值時，銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斷線(xian)率(lv)最(zui)低(di)(di)。這(zhe)是因為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)在與大部分雜質(zhi)反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中都起到(dao)了(le)清除器的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。適度的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)還有(you)利于去除銅液中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫，生成(cheng)水蒸(zheng)氣溢出，減少(shao)氣孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)為(wei)拉線(xian)工藝提供了(le)最(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿氧(yang)化物的(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在連續澆鑄中(zhong)凝固的(de)最初階段，散熱速率和均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻(que)是決定銅(tong)桿氧(yang)化物分(fen)布(bu)的(de)主要因素(su)。不(bu)均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻(que)會引起銅(tong)桿內部結構本質上的(de)差(cha)異，但后續的(de)熱加工(gong)，柱狀(zhuang)晶通常(chang)會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)細微化和均(jun)勻(yun)分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)化物顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)聚集而產生(sheng)的(de)典型情況是中(zhong)心(xin)爆(bao)裂。除氧(yang)化物顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)外，具有較(jiao)小(xiao)氧(yang)化物顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)銅(tong)桿顯示出較(jiao)好的(de)拉線特性，較(jiao)大的(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)容易造(zao)成應力集中(zhong)點而斷裂。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)脆(cui)(cui)，延伸(shen)率(lv)下降(jiang)，拉伸(shen)式樣(yang)端口顯暗紅色，結晶(jing)組(zu)織疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)超出8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝性(xing)能(neng)變(bian)差，表現為(wei)鑄(zhu)造及(ji)拉伸(shen)過程中(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)(duan)桿及(ji)斷(duan)(duan)線率(lv)極(ji)具增高。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)相，形(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體(ti)，以(yi)網(wang)狀組(zu)織分布在境界上。這種脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)相硬度高，在冷變(bian)形(xing)時(shi)將會與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機(ji)體(ti)脫離，導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的機(ji)械(xie)性(xing)能(neng)下降(jiang)，在后續加工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)容易造成(cheng)斷(duan)(duan)裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)高還(huan)能(neng)導(dao)致無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿導(dao)電率(lv)下降(jiang)。因此(ci)，必須(xu)嚴格控制上引(yin)連鑄(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝及(ji)產品質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在(zai)上引連鑄中(zhong)，氧含量(liang)控(kong)制較(jiao)低，氧化物(wu)的(de)(de)副作(zuo)用唄**降低，但(dan)氫的(de)(de)影響成為較(jiao)顯著的(de)(de)問題。吸氣后熔(rong)體中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣體及疏(shu)松(song)是在(zai)結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，氫(qing)(qing)從(cong)過(guo)飽和(he)的(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)中(zhong)析(xi)出(chu)并(bing)聚集(ji)而形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)結晶(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)又可還原氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)而生成(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)氣泡。由于上引鑄造的(de)(de)(de)特點是銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)自(zi)上而下的(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)**形(xing)(xing)狀近似錐型。銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)結晶(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氣體在(zai)上浮過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)被堵在(zai)凝固(gu)組織內，結晶(jing)時(shi)(shi)在(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣孔(kong)。上引的(de)(de)(de)含氣量少時(shi)(shi)，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)存在(zai)于晶(jing)界處，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)；含氣量多時(shi)(shi)，則聚集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)氣孔(kong)，因此(ci)，氣孔(kong)和(he)疏(shu)松(song)是氫(qing)(qing)氣和(he)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣兩(liang)者(zhe)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引(yin)生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)各(ge)個工(gong)藝環節，如原料電(dian)(dian)解銅(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)綠”、輔料木炭**、氣候環境**、石墨結晶器未(wei)干燥等。因此，熔化爐中(zhong)的(de)銅(tong)液表面應覆蓋經烘烤的(de)木炭，電(dian)(dian)解銅(tong)應盡量去(qu)除“銅(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)豆(dou)”“耳朵(duo)”，對提高無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)質量非(fei)常重要。

在連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采(cai)用適度控(kong)制氧含量來控(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由(you)于銅液(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)鑄造過(guo)程中是(shi)自下而(er)(er)上結晶，銅液(ye)(ye)(ye)中的氧和氫(qing)所產(chan)生的水(shui)蒸氣很容易(yi)上浮(fu)跑出，銅液(ye)(ye)(ye)中的氫(qing)大部分能被(bei)有效去除，因而(er)(er)對(dui)銅桿(gan)的影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產(chan)電磁(ci)線等產(chan)品的(de)過程中，對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)表面(mian)質量(liang)也(ye)需提出要求。需要拉制后(hou)的(de)銅(tong)絲表面(mian)無(wu)毛刺、銅(tong)粉少、無(wu)油污。并通過扭轉試驗測量(liang)表面(mian)銅(tong)粉的(de)質量(liang)和(he)扭轉后(hou)觀察(cha)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)復(fu)原(yuan)情(qing)況來判(pan)定其(qi)好壞。

在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋過(guo)程中(zhong)，從鑄造(zao)到軋制前，溫度高(gao)，完全暴露于(yu)空氣(qi)中(zhong)，使鑄坯表(biao)面形成較(jiao)(jiao)厚(hou)的氧(yang)化(hua)層，在(zai)軋制過(guo)程中(zhong)，隨著軋輥的轉動，氧(yang)化(hua)物顆(ke)粒軋入銅(tong)線表(biao)面。由(you)于(yu)氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)是高(gao)熔點(dian)脆性化(hua)合物，對于(yu)軋入較(jiao)(jiao)深的氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)，當成條狀的聚(ju)集物遇模具拉伸(shen)時，就會是銅(tong)桿外表(biao)面產生毛刺，給后(hou)續的涂漆造(zao)成麻煩。

而上引連鑄工藝制造的無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，由于(yu)鑄造和冷(leng)卻(que)完(wan)全與氧(yang)隔絕(jue)，后續亦無熱軋(ya)過程，銅(tong)桿表(biao)面(mian)無軋(ya)入表(biao)面(mian)的氧(yang)化物，質量較好(hao)，拉制后銅(tong)粉少，上述(shu)問題較少存(cun)在(zai)。

無(wu)(wu)氧銅桿也分進(jin)口(kou)設(she)備(bei)(bei)做(zuo)的和國產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)做(zuo)的,但目前(qian)進(jin)口(kou)產(chan)品已無(wu)(wu)明顯優勢，銅桿產(chan)品出來后(hou)區別不是(shi)很(hen)大,只要(yao)銅板選的好,生產(chan)控制比較穩(wen)定,國產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)也能產(chan)出可拉伸0.05的銅桿.進(jin)口(kou)設(she)備(bei)(bei)一(yi)般是(shi)芬蘭奧(ao)托昆普(pu)的設(she)備(bei)(bei),國產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)最好的應該(gai)是(shi)上海的海軍廠的了(le)，生產(chan)時(shi)間(jian)最長(chang)，軍工企(qi)業，質量可靠。

低氧銅桿進口設(she)備(bei)國(guo)際(ji)主要(yao)有兩種,一種是(shi)(shi)美國(guo)南線設(she)備(bei),英文是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)廠家是(shi)(shi)南京華(hua)新,江西銅業,另(ling)一種是(shi)(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備(bei),國(guo)內(nei)廠家是(shi)(shi)常州金源(yuan),天津大無(wu)縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及(ji)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上(shang)容易(yi)區別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)(zai)10-20個PPM以下,但目前有的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)做(zuo)到50個PPM以下.低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)在(zai)(zai) 200-400個PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一般(ban)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)250個PPM左右(you),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一般(ban)采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)上(shang)引法,低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)(shi)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋,兩種(zhong)產(chan)品相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)而(er)言低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)漆包線(xian)(xian)(xian)性 能(neng)(neng)更適應些,如(ru)柔軟性,回彈角(jiao),繞(rao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)性能(neng)(neng).但低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)拉(la)絲條件(jian)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)要苛(ke)刻(ke)些,同樣拉(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條件(jian)不(bu)好,普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉(la)而(er)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian)(xian)(xian),但如(ru)果放在(zai)(zai)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條件(jian),同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就能(neng)(neng)拉(la)到雙零(ling)五(wu),而(er)普通(tong)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)拉(la)伸(shen)到0.1而(er)已(yi),當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙零(ling)二卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)了(le).目前有企業嘗(chang)試(shi)用剝(bo)皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian)(xian).但有關(guan)這方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容我還不(bu)是(shi)(shi)很清楚。

音響線一般反(fan)而喜歡用無(wu)氧桿,這(zhe)和無(wu)氧桿是單晶銅,低氧桿是多晶銅有關。

氧銅(tong)(tong)桿和無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿由于制造方(fang)法(fa)的不同，致使存在(zai)差(cha)別(bie)，具(ju)有各自的特點。

一、關于(yu)氧的吸入和(he)脫去以及它(ta)的存在(zai)狀態

生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)陰極(ji)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)溫(wen)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入(ru)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液(ye)態(tai)(tai)下吸入(ru)的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)上(shang)引法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液(ye)態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)下保持相(xiang)當時間后，被(bei)還原(yuan)而(er)(er)脫(tuo)去，通常(chang)這種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低可達1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)看，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)(tai)，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界(jie)附近，這對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而(er)(er)言(yan)可以(yi)說是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)但對無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則很(hen)少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界(jie)出現對材料(liao)的(de)(de)韌性(xing)產(chan)生(sheng)負面影響。而(er)(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低，所以(yi)這種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)均勻的(de)(de)單(dan)相(xiang)組織(zhi)(zhi)對韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)多(duo)孔性(xing)是(shi)不常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中則是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)缺陷。

二、熱軋組織和鑄造組織的區別

低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿由(you)于(yu)經(jing)過熱(re)軋，所(suo)以其組(zu)織(zhi)屬熱(re)加工組(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已經(jing)破碎(sui)，在(zai)(zai)8mm的(de)桿時(shi)(shi)已有(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)形式(shi)出現，而無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿屬鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大，這是為(wei)(wei)什么，無氧(yang)銅(tong)的(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)溫度(du)較(jiao)高(gao)，需(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)退火(huo)溫度(du)的(de)固有(you)原因。這是因為(wei)(wei)，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)附(fu)近，無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿組(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺(chi)寸甚至能達幾個毫(hao)米，因而晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)少(shao)，即使通過拉(la)制變(bian)形，但晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)相對低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿還是較(jiao)少(shao)，所(suo)以需(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)退火(huo)功(gong)率。對無氧(yang)銅(tong)成功(gong)的(de)退火(huo)要求是：由(you)桿經(jing)拉(la)制，但尚未(wei)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)線時(shi)(shi)的(de)第一次退火(huo)，其退火(huo)功(gong)率應比同(tong)樣情況的(de)低氧(yang)銅(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼(ji)續(xu)拉(la)制，在(zai)(zai)以后階段的(de)退火(huo)功(gong)率應留有(you)足夠的(de)余量和對低氧(yang)銅(tong)和無氧(yang)銅(tong)切實區別執行不同(tong)的(de)退火(huo)工藝，以保(bao)證在(zai)(zai)制品(pin)和成品(pin)導線的(de)柔(rou)軟性。

三、夾雜(za)，氧含量波(bo)動，表面氧化物和可能存在的熱(re)軋缺陷的差別

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)可拉(la)性(xing)在(zai)所(suo)有線(xian)(xian)徑里(li)與(yu)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)相比(bi)都是優越的(de)(de)(de)，除上述組(zu)織原(yuan)因外，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)夾(jia)雜少，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩定，無(wu)(wu)熱軋可能(neng)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表(biao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物厚度(du)可達≤15A。在(zai)連鑄連軋生產(chan)過程中如(ru)果工(gong)藝不(bu)(bu)穩定，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監控(kong)不(bu)(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量不(bu)(bu)穩定將(jiang)直接影響(xiang)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。如(ru)果桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物能(neng)在(zai)后工(gong)序的(de)(de)(de)連續清(qing)洗中得以彌補外，但(dan)比(bi)較麻煩的(de)(de)(de)是有相當多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物存在(zai)于(yu)“皮下(xia)”，對拉(la)線(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)影響(xiang)更(geng)直接，故而(er)在(zai)拉(la)制微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)(xian)，超微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)(xian)時，為了減少斷線(xian)(xian)，有時要對銅桿(gan)采取(qu)不(bu)(bu)得已(yi)的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法——剝(bo)皮，甚至(zhi)二(er)次剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因所(suo)在(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)要除去(qu)皮下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物。

四(si)、低(di)氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌性有差(cha)別

兩者都可以拉到0.015mm，但在(zai)低(di)溫(wen)超導線中的低(di)溫(wen)級無氧銅，其細絲間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從制(zhi)(zhi)桿的原材(cai)料到制(zhi)(zhi)線的經濟性有差別。

制(zhi)造無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)要求質量較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的原(yuan)材料。一般，拉制(zhi)直徑>1mm的銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)時，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的優點(dian)比較(jiao)(jiao)明顯，而無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯得更(geng)為優越的是拉制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)。

六(liu)、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)制線工藝與無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)有所不同。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)制線工藝(yi)不能照搬到無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)制線工藝(yi)上來，至少兩者的(de)(de)退火工藝(yi)是不同的(de)(de)。因為線的(de)(de)柔軟性深受材料成份和制桿，制線和退火工藝(yi)的(de)(de)影響，不能簡單地說(shuo)低氧(yang)(yang)銅或無氧(yang)(yang)銅誰軟誰硬。