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來源：行業動態 閱讀：109435 發布時間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)兩者的(de)工藝不(bu)同(tong)，所生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)含(han)氧(yang)量及外觀就不(bu)同(tong)。上引生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)，工藝得(de)當(dang)氧(yang)含(han)量在(zai)10ppm以下(xia)(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)；連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan) 是在(zai)保(bao)護(hu)條件下(xia)(xia)的(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含(han)量在(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但有時(shi)也(ye)高達700ppm以上，一(yi)般(ban)情況下(xia)(xia)，此種方法生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)外表光亮，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)，有時(shi)也(ye)叫(jiao)光桿(gan)(gan)(gan)。
銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)電(dian)纜行業(ye)的主要原料，生產的方(fang)式主要有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)和上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的生產方(fang)法(fa)較多(duo)，其特點是(shi)金屬在豎(shu)爐中融化后(hou)，銅(tong)液通(tong)過(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中間包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的模腔內，采(cai)(cai)用較大的冷卻強(qiang)度(du)進(jin)行冷卻，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)進(jin)行多(duo)道(dao)次(ci)軋(ya)制，生產的低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)為(wei)(wei)熱加工組(zu)織(zhi)，原來的鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)已經破碎，含氧(yang)量一(yi)般為(wei)(wei)200~400ppm之間。無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)國內基本全部采(cai)(cai)用上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生產，金屬在感應電(dian)爐中融化后(hou)通(tong)過(guo)石墨模進(jin)行上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造，之后(hou)進(jin)行冷軋(ya)或冷加工，生產的無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)為(wei)(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)，含氧(yang)量一(yi)般在20ppm以(yi)下。由于制造工藝(yi)的不同，所(suo)以(yi)在組(zu)織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)含量分(fen)布、雜(za)質的形式及分(fen)布等諸多(duo)方(fang)面(mian)有(you)較大差別。
一、拉制性能
銅(tong)桿的拉制(zhi)性(xing)(xing)能跟很多因素有關，如雜質的含量、氧含量及(ji)分(fen)布、工藝控(kong)制(zhi)等。下面(mian)分(fen)別從以上(shang)幾個方(fang)面(mian)對銅(tong)桿的拉制(zhi)性(xing)(xing)能進行分(fen)析(xi)。
1、熔化方式對S等(deng)雜質(zhi)的影響
連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋生(sheng)產銅(tong)桿(gan)主要是(shi)通過氣體的燃燒使(shi)銅(tong)桿(gan)熔化，在燃燒的過程中(zhong)，通過氧(yang)化和揮發作(zuo)用(yong)，可(ke)一(yi)定程度減(jian)少部分雜質進入銅(tong)液，因此連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋法對(dui)原料要求相對(dui)低一(yi)些。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄生(sheng)產無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)，由于是(shi)用(yong)感應電爐熔化，電解銅(tong)表面的“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆”基本都熔入到銅(tong)液中(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong)熔入的S對(dui)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)塑性影(ying)響極(ji)大，會(hui)增加拉絲斷線率。
2、鑄造(zao)過程中雜(za)質的進入(ru)
在生產過程中，連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋工藝需通過保溫爐、溜槽、中間包(bao)轉運銅(tong)液，相對容易(yi)造成(cheng)耐火材料(liao)的(de)(de)剝(bo)落(luo)，在軋制過程中需要通過軋輥，造成(cheng)鐵質(zhi)的(de)(de)脫落(luo)，會給(gei)銅(tong)桿造成(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱軋中皮上和(he)皮下氧化(hua)物的(de)(de)軋入(ru)，會給(gei)低氧桿的(de)(de)拉絲(si)造成(cheng)不利的(de)(de)影響。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法生產工藝流程較短，銅(tong)液是通過聯(lian)體爐內潛(qian)流式(shi)完成(cheng)，對耐火材料(liao)的(de)(de)沖擊不大，結晶是通過石墨模內進行，所以過程中可(ke)能產生的(de)(de)污染源較少(shao)，雜質(zhi)進入(ru)的(de)(de)機會較少(shao)。
O、S、P是(shi)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)會生產(chan)化(hua)合(he)物(wu)的(de)元(yuan)素。在熔態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中，氧可以(yi)溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)一部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)(shi)，氧幾乎(hu)不溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中。熔態(tai)時(shi)(shi)所溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)的(de)氧，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶體析出，分(fen)(fen)布(bu)在晶粒晶界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶體的(de)出現(xian)，顯著降低(di)了(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性(xing)。
硫可(ke)以溶解在(zai)熔(rong)體的(de)銅中(zhong)，但在(zai)室溫下，其溶解度幾(ji)乎降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)到零(ling)，它以硫化(hua)亞銅的(de)形式出現(xian)在(zai)晶粒晶界處，會顯著降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)銅的(de)塑性。
3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅桿和(he)無氧(yang)銅桿中分(fen)布形式及其影響
氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)對低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)拉線(xian)性(xing)能有著明顯的(de)影響。當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)增加到(dao)最(zui)(zui)佳值時，銅桿的(de)斷(duan)線(xian)率最(zui)(zui)低。這是因為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)在與大(da)部分雜(za)質反(fan)應的(de)過程中(zhong)都起到(dao)了(le)(le)清除器的(de)作用。適(shi)度(du)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)還有利(li)于去(qu)除銅液中(zhong)的(de)氫，生成水蒸(zheng)氣溢(yi)出，減少氣孔的(de)形成。最(zui)(zui)佳的(de)氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)為(wei)拉線(xian)工藝提供了(le)(le)最(zui)(zui)好的(de)條(tiao)件。
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布：在(zai)連續澆(jiao)鑄中凝固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最初(chu)階段(duan)，散熱速率和均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻是(shi)決定銅(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要因素。不均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻會引(yin)起銅(tong)桿內部結構(gou)本質上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異，但后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱加(jia)工，柱狀晶(jing)通常(chang)會遭(zao)到破壞，使(shi)氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)顆粒細微化和均(jun)勻(yun)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布。氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆粒聚集而(er)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)情況是(shi)中心(xin)爆裂(lie)。除氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆粒分(fen)(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較(jiao)小(xiao)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿顯示出較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)線特(te)性，較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒容易造成應力集中點而(er)斷裂(lie)。
無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變(bian)脆，延伸率(lv)下(xia)降，拉(la)伸式(shi)樣端口顯暗(an)紅(hong)色(se)，結(jie)晶(jing)組(zu)織(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)超(chao)出(chu)8ppm時(shi)，工藝性能(neng)變(bian)差，表現為(wei)鑄造(zao)及(ji)拉(la)伸過程(cheng)中(zhong)斷桿(gan)及(ji)斷線率(lv)極(ji)具增高。這是由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆性相，形成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體(ti)，以網(wang)狀(zhuang)組(zu)織(zhi)分布在(zai)境界(jie)上。這種脆性相硬度高，在(zai)冷變(bian)形時(shi)將(jiang)會與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機體(ti)脫離，導致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機械性能(neng)下(xia)降，在(zai)后續加工中(zhong)容易造(zao)成斷裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)高還能(neng)導致無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導電率(lv)下(xia)降。因此(ci)，必須嚴格控制(zhi)上引連鑄工藝及(ji)產品質量(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在上引連(lian)鑄中(zhong)，氧含量控(kong)制較低，氧化物的(de)副作用唄**降低，但(dan)氫的(de)影響成(cheng)為(wei)較顯(xian)著的(de)問題。吸氣后熔體中(zhong)存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)及疏松是(shi)在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)的(de)過程中(zhong)，氫從過飽(bao)和的(de)溶液(ye)中(zhong)析出(chu)(chu)并(bing)聚集(ji)而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)。在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)前(qian)析出(chu)(chu)的(de)氫又可還(huan)原氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅而(er)生成(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上(shang)引鑄造的(de)特點(dian)是(shi)銅液(ye)自(zi)上(shang)而(er)下的(de)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)液(ye)**形(xing)狀近似錐(zhui)型。銅液(ye)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)前(qian)析出(chu)(chu)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)在(zai)上(shang)浮過程中(zhong)被堵在(zai)凝固組織內，結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)時在(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。上(shang)引的(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)少時，析出(chu)(chu)的(de)氫存在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)界處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏松；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)多(duo)時，則聚集(ji)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)，因此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)和疏松是(shi)氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩(liang)者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)。
氫(qing)來源于上引生產過(guo)程中的(de)(de)各個工藝(yi)環(huan)(huan)節，如原料(liao)電解銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔(fu)料(liao)木炭**、氣候環(huan)(huan)境**、石(shi)墨結晶器(qi)未干(gan)燥(zao)等。因此，熔化爐中的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)液表面應覆蓋經烘烤的(de)(de)木炭，電解銅(tong)(tong)應盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質量非常重(zhong)要。
在連鑄(zhu)連軋工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適(shi)度控制氧含量(liang)來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液在鑄造(zao)過程中(zhong)是(shi)自(zi)下而上(shang)結晶(jing)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)的氧(yang)和氫(qing)所產生的水蒸氣很容(rong)易上(shang)浮跑(pao)出，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)的氫(qing)大部分能被有效去除，因而對銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的影響較(jiao)小。
二、表面質量
在生產(chan)電磁線等產(chan)品的(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，對銅(tong)桿的(de)表面質(zhi)量(liang)也需(xu)提出要(yao)求。需(xu)要(yao)拉制(zhi)后的(de)銅(tong)絲表面無毛刺、銅(tong)粉少(shao)、無油污。并(bing)通(tong)過(guo)扭轉(zhuan)試(shi)驗測量(liang)表面銅(tong)粉的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和扭轉(zhuan)后觀察銅(tong)桿的(de)復原情(qing)況來判(pan)定其好壞。
在連鑄(zhu)連軋過(guo)程中，從鑄(zhu)造到軋制(zhi)前，溫度高(gao)(gao)，完全暴(bao)露于空氣(qi)中，使鑄(zhu)坯表面(mian)形成較(jiao)厚(hou)的氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)層(ceng)，在軋制(zhi)過(guo)程中，隨著軋輥的轉動，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒軋入(ru)銅線表面(mian)。由(you)于氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅是高(gao)(gao)熔點脆性化(hua)(hua)合物(wu)，對(dui)于軋入(ru)較(jiao)深的氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅，當成條(tiao)狀(zhuang)的聚集物(wu)遇模具(ju)拉伸時(shi)，就會(hui)是銅桿外表面(mian)產生毛(mao)刺，給后續的涂(tu)漆造成麻煩。
而上引(yin)連(lian)鑄工藝制(zhi)(zhi)造的無(wu)氧銅桿，由于鑄造和冷卻完全與氧隔絕，后續亦(yi)無(wu)熱軋(ya)過(guo)程，銅桿表(biao)面(mian)無(wu)軋(ya)入表(biao)面(mian)的氧化物，質量(liang)較好，拉制(zhi)(zhi)后銅粉少，上述問題較少存(cun)在。
無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)也分進口(kou)設(she)(she)備(bei)做(zuo)的(de)(de)和國(guo)產設(she)(she)備(bei)做(zuo)的(de)(de),但目前進口(kou)產品已無明顯優勢，銅桿(gan)產品出來后區別不是很大,只(zhi)要銅板選的(de)(de)好,生(sheng)產控(kong)制比較穩(wen)定,國(guo)產設(she)(she)備(bei)也能(neng)產出可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)銅桿(gan).進口(kou)設(she)(she)備(bei)一般(ban)是芬蘭奧(ao)托(tuo)昆普(pu)的(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei),國(guo)產設(she)(she)備(bei)最(zui)好的(de)(de)應該(gai)是上海(hai)的(de)(de)海(hai)軍(jun)廠的(de)(de)了(le)，生(sheng)產時間(jian)最(zui)長，軍(jun)工企業(ye)，質量可靠。
低氧銅(tong)桿進口設備(bei)國(guo)際主要有兩種(zhong),一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)美國(guo)南(nan)線(xian)設備(bei),英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠(chang)家是(shi)南(nan)京華新,江西(xi)銅(tong)業,另一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei),國(guo)內廠(chang)家是(shi)常州金源,天津(jin)大無縫。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容易區別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)下,但(dan)目前有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)做(zuo)到50個(ge)PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子一(yi)般(ban)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一(yi)般(ban)采取的(de)(de)(de)是上引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是連鑄(zhu)連軋,兩種產(chan)品(pin)相對而(er)言低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆包線(xian)性 能(neng)更適應些(xie),如柔(rou)軟性,回彈角(jiao),繞線(xian)性能(neng).但(dan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉(la)(la)絲條(tiao)件相對要苛刻些(xie),同(tong)樣拉(la)(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲,如果伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件不好,普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可(ke)拉(la)(la)而(er)好的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian),但(dan)如果放在(zai)好的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件,同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不定就能(neng)拉(la)(la)到雙零(ling)五(wu),而(er)普(pu)通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)拉(la)(la)伸(shen)到0.1而(er)已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)(de)如雙零(ling)二卻非得依(yi)靠進口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了(le).目前有(you)(you)企(qi)業(ye)嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)來(lai)處(chu)理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)0.03線(xian).但(dan)有(you)(you)關這方面的(de)(de)(de)內容我還不是很清楚。
音響(xiang)線一般反而喜歡用無氧(yang)桿,這和無氧(yang)桿是(shi)單晶銅,低氧(yang)桿是(shi)多(duo)晶銅有關(guan)。
氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)由于(yu)制造方法(fa)的(de)不同，致(zhi)使存(cun)在差別，具(ju)有各自的(de)特點。
一、關(guan)于氧的(de)吸入和脫去(qu)以及它的(de)存在狀(zhuang)態
生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)固溶度約(yue)2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入是在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液(ye)態(tai)下(xia)吸入的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)上引法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)液(ye)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相當時間后，被還(huan)原(yuan)而(er)(er)脫(tuo)去(qu)，通常(chang)(chang)這種(zhong)桿的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都(dou)在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下(xia)，最低(di)可(ke)達1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)上看(kan)，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界(jie)附近，這對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而(er)(er)言可(ke)以(yi)(yi)說是常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)但對無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則很(hen)少(shao)見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜(za)形(xing)式在(zai)(zai)晶界(jie)出現對材料的(de)(de)韌性產生(sheng)負面影響(xiang)。而(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)，所以(yi)(yi)這種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織(zhi)是均勻的(de)(de)單相組織(zhi)對韌性有利。在(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)(de)多孔性是不常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中則是常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)缺陷。
二、熱(re)軋組(zu)織和鑄造組(zu)織的區別(bie)
低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿由(you)于(yu)經過熱軋(ya)，所以(yi)(yi)其(qi)組(zu)織屬(shu)熱加工組(zu)織，原來的(de)(de)鑄造組(zu)織已經破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿時已有再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)形(xing)式出現(xian)，而無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿屬(shu)鑄造組(zu)織，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大，這(zhe)是(shi)為什么，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)溫(wen)度(du)較(jiao)高，需(xu)要較(jiao)高退(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)固有原因(yin)。這(zhe)是(shi)因(yin)為，再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)附近，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿組(zu)織晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)尺寸甚(shen)至能達幾個毫米，因(yin)而晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)少，即使通(tong)過拉(la)(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)變形(xing)，但(dan)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)相對低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿還是(shi)較(jiao)少，所以(yi)(yi)需(xu)要較(jiao)高的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率。對無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成功(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)要求(qiu)是(shi)：由(you)桿經拉(la)(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)，但(dan)尚(shang)未鑄造組(zu)織的(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)第一次(ci)退(tui)火(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應比(bi)同樣情況的(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經繼續拉(la)(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)以(yi)(yi)后階段(duan)的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應留有足夠的(de)(de)余量和(he)對低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切(qie)實區(qu)別(bie)執行不同的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)工藝，以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)品和(he)成品導線的(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性。
三、夾雜，氧含量(liang)波動，表面氧化物和(he)可能(neng)存在的熱(re)軋缺陷(xian)的差別
無氧銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)可(ke)拉性(xing)在(zai)所(suo)有線(xian)(xian)(xian)徑(jing)里與低(di)氧銅桿(gan)(gan)相比都是優越(yue)的(de)，除上述組織原因外，無氧銅桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少，含(han)氧量穩(wen)定，無熱軋可(ke)能產生的(de)缺(que)陷，桿(gan)(gan)表(biao)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)厚(hou)度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)連鑄連軋生產過程中如(ru)果工藝不(bu)(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定，對氧監控(kong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)嚴，含(han)氧量不(bu)(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定將直(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)性(xing)能。如(ru)果桿(gan)(gan)的(de)表(biao)面(mian)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)能在(zai)后工序(xu)的(de)連續清洗中得以彌補(bu)外，但比較麻煩的(de)是有相當多的(de)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)于“皮(pi)下(xia)”，對拉線(xian)(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)影(ying)響(xiang)更直(zhi)接，故而在(zai)拉制微細線(xian)(xian)(xian)，超微細線(xian)(xian)(xian)時，為了(le)減少斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)，有時要對銅桿(gan)(gan)采取不(bu)(bu)(bu)得已的(de)辦(ban)法——剝(bo)皮(pi)，甚至二次剝(bo)皮(pi)的(de)原因所(suo)在(zai)，目的(de)要除去皮(pi)下(xia)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)。
四、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿和無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的韌(ren)性有差別
兩者都可以拉到(dao)0.015mm，但(dan)在低溫超導(dao)線中的低溫級無氧銅，其(qi)細(xi)絲間的間距(ju)只有0.001mm.
五、從(cong)制桿的(de)原材料到制線的(de)經濟性(xing)有差別。
制(zhi)造無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿要求質量較高的原材料。一般，拉制(zhi)直(zhi)徑>1mm的銅線(xian)時(shi)，低(di)氧(yang)銅桿的優點比較明顯(xian)，而無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿顯(xian)得(de)更為優越的是拉制(zhi)直(zhi)徑<0.5mm的銅線(xian)。
六、低(di)氧銅桿的制線工(gong)藝與無氧銅桿的有(you)所(suo)不同。
低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)制線工(gong)藝不(bu)能照搬到無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿的(de)制線工(gong)藝上(shang)來，至少兩者的(de)退火工(gong)藝是不(bu)同(tong)的(de)。因為(wei)線的(de)柔(rou)軟性深受材(cai)料成份和(he)制桿，制線和(he)退火工(gong)藝的(de)影響，不(bu)能簡單地說低氧(yang)銅或無(wu)氧(yang)銅誰軟誰硬。
