熱(re)門關鍵(jian)詞(ci)：
來源：行業(ye)動(dong)態 閱讀(du)：109612 發布時(shi)間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于生產銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)工藝不同，所生產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿中的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)量及(ji)外(wai)觀就不同。上引(yin)生產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿，工藝得(de)當氧(yang)含(han)量在10ppm以(yi)下(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿；連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)鑄(zhu)生產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿 是(shi)在保護條件(jian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含(han)量在200-500ppm范圍內，但有(you)時也高(gao)達700ppm以(yi)上，一般情況(kuang)下(xia)，此種方法生產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)外(wai)表(biao)光亮，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，有(you)時也叫(jiao)光桿。
銅桿是(shi)電(dian)纜行(xing)(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式主要有兩種——連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋法(fa)和上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)鑄法(fa)。連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方法(fa)較(jiao)(jiao)多，其特點是(shi)金(jin)屬(shu)在(zai)(zai)豎爐(lu)中融(rong)化后，銅液通(tong)過保(bao)溫(wen)爐(lu)、溜槽(cao)、中間(jian)包，從(cong)澆管進(jin)(jin)(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)模腔內，采用(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷卻強度(du)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷卻，形成(cheng)鑄坯，然后進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)多道(dao)次(ci)軋制，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿為熱(re)加(jia)工組(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經破碎，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般為200~400ppm之間(jian)。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿國內基本全(quan)部采用(yong)上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)鑄法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，金(jin)屬(shu)在(zai)(zai)感應(ying)電(dian)爐(lu)中融(rong)化后通(tong)過石墨(mo)模進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)續鑄造，之后進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷軋或冷加(jia)工，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿為鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)20ppm以下。由于(yu)制造工藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，所以在(zai)(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量分(fen)布、雜(za)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式及分(fen)布等諸多方面(mian)有較(jiao)(jiao)大差別。
一、拉制性能
銅桿的拉制性能(neng)跟(gen)很多因素(su)有關，如雜質的含(han)量(liang)、氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)及分布、工(gong)藝控制等。下面(mian)分別從以上幾(ji)個方面(mian)對銅桿的拉制性能(neng)進(jin)行(xing)分析。
1、熔化方式對S等(deng)雜質的(de)影響(xiang)
連鑄(zhu)連軋生產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿主要(yao)是通過氣體的(de)燃燒(shao)使銅(tong)(tong)桿熔化，在燃燒(shao)的(de)過程中，通過氧化和(he)揮發作用，可一(yi)定程度(du)減少部分雜質(zhi)進(jin)入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)液，因(yin)此(ci)連鑄(zhu)連軋法對(dui)原料要(yao)求相對(dui)低一(yi)些。上引連鑄(zhu)生產(chan)(chan)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿，由于是用感應電爐熔化，電解銅(tong)(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔入(ru)到(dao)銅(tong)(tong)液中。其中熔入(ru)的(de)S對(dui)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿塑性影響極(ji)大，會增加拉絲(si)斷線率。
2、鑄造過程中雜質的進入(ru)
在生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)工藝需通(tong)過(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉運銅(tong)(tong)液，相對(dui)容易(yi)造(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)材(cai)料的剝落(luo)(luo)，在軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)需要通(tong)過(guo)軋(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)成(cheng)鐵質(zhi)的脫落(luo)(luo)，會(hui)給銅(tong)(tong)桿造(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜。而(er)熱軋(ya)(ya)中(zhong)皮上和皮下(xia)氧化(hua)物的軋(ya)(ya)入，會(hui)給低氧桿的拉(la)絲造(zao)成(cheng)不利(li)的影響。上引(yin)連(lian)鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)工藝流程(cheng)較(jiao)短，銅(tong)(tong)液是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)聯體爐(lu)內潛(qian)流式(shi)完成(cheng)，對(dui)耐(nai)火(huo)(huo)材(cai)料的沖擊不大，結晶(jing)是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)石墨(mo)模內進行(xing)，所(suo)以(yi)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)可(ke)能產(chan)生(sheng)的污染(ran)源較(jiao)少，雜質(zhi)進入的機會(hui)較(jiao)少。
O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)會生(sheng)產化(hua)合物的(de)元素。在熔態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)可以溶解(jie)(jie)一(yi)部分，但當(dang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧(yang)幾乎不溶解(jie)(jie)于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔態時(shi)所溶解(jie)(jie)的(de)氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體析出，分布在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界(jie)處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體的(de)出現，顯著降(jiang)低(di)了(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。
硫(liu)(liu)可(ke)以(yi)溶解在(zai)熔體的(de)(de)(de)銅中，但在(zai)室溫下(xia)，其溶解度幾乎降低(di)(di)到零，它(ta)以(yi)硫(liu)(liu)化亞銅的(de)(de)(de)形式出現在(zai)晶粒晶界處，會顯著(zhu)降低(di)(di)銅的(de)(de)(de)塑性。
3、氧在低氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)中分(fen)布形式(shi)及其影響(xiang)
氧含(han)量對低氧銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)拉(la)線性能(neng)有著(zhu)明顯的(de)(de)(de)影響。當氧含(han)量增加到最(zui)佳(jia)值時(shi)，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)斷線率最(zui)低。這是因為(wei)氧在與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)都起(qi)到了清除(chu)器的(de)(de)(de)作用。適度(du)的(de)(de)(de)氧還有利于去除(chu)銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氫，生成水蒸氣(qi)溢出，減少氣(qi)孔的(de)(de)(de)形成。最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)氧含(han)量為(wei)拉(la)線工藝提供了最(zui)好的(de)(de)(de)條件。
低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化(hua)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)：在(zai)連續(xu)澆鑄中凝固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散(san)熱速率和(he)均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻是決定銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化(hua)物分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要因素(su)。不均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻會引起銅(tong)桿(gan)內部(bu)結構本質上的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異，但后續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱加工，柱(zhu)狀(zhuang)晶通常會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)顆(ke)粒細微化(hua)和(he)均(jun)勻(yun)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)。氧(yang)化(hua)物顆(ke)粒聚集而產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)典型情況(kuang)是中心爆裂。除氧(yang)化(hua)物顆(ke)粒分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響外，具有較小氧(yang)化(hua)物顆(ke)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯示出較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉線特性，較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒容易(yi)造成應力集中點而斷裂。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)超標，銅桿(gan)變(bian)脆，延伸(shen)率(lv)(lv)下降(jiang)(jiang)，拉(la)伸(shen)式(shi)樣端(duan)口顯暗(an)紅色，結(jie)晶(jing)組織疏松(song)。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量(liang)超出8ppm時(shi)，工藝(yi)(yi)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)變(bian)差，表現(xian)為鑄造及(ji)(ji)(ji)拉(la)伸(shen)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)斷(duan)桿(gan)及(ji)(ji)(ji)斷(duan)線率(lv)(lv)極具(ju)增高。這是(shi)由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)與銅生成氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅脆性(xing)相，形成銅-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅共晶(jing)體(ti)，以網(wang)狀組織分布在境界上(shang)。這種脆性(xing)相硬(ying)度(du)高，在冷變(bian)形時(shi)將會(hui)與銅機(ji)體(ti)脫離(li)，導致(zhi)銅桿(gan)的(de)機(ji)械性(xing)能(neng)(neng)下降(jiang)(jiang)，在后續加工中(zhong)容易造成斷(duan)裂現(xian)象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量(liang)高還能(neng)(neng)導致(zhi)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)導電率(lv)(lv)下降(jiang)(jiang)。因此(ci)，必須(xu)嚴格控制上(shang)引連鑄工藝(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)產品質量(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在上引(yin)連鑄中，氧含量控(kong)制較低(di)，氧化物的副作用唄**降低(di)，但氫(qing)的影響成(cheng)為較顯著的問(wen)題。吸(xi)氣后(hou)熔體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)體及疏(shu)松(song)是在(zai)結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，氫(qing)從(cong)過(guo)飽(bao)和的(de)(de)(de)溶液中(zhong)析出(chu)并(bing)聚(ju)集而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)結晶(jing)前析出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)又可還原(yuan)氧化亞銅而(er)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上(shang)引(yin)鑄(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)特點是銅液自(zi)上(shang)而(er)下的(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液**形(xing)狀(zhuang)近似錐(zhui)型。銅液結晶(jing)前析出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體在(zai)上(shang)浮過(guo)程中(zhong)被堵在(zai)凝固組織內，結晶(jing)時在(zai)鑄(zhu)桿內形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)引(yin)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量少時，析出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)界(jie)處，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量多時，則聚(ju)集成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)孔和疏(shu)松(song)是氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。
氫來(lai)源于上引(yin)生產過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)各個工(gong)藝環節，如(ru)原料電解銅的(de)(de)(de)“銅綠”、輔(fu)料木炭**、氣(qi)候環境**、石墨結晶器(qi)未干燥(zao)等。因(yin)此(ci)，熔化爐(lu)中的(de)(de)(de)銅液表面應覆蓋(gai)經烘烤的(de)(de)(de)木炭，電解銅應盡量(liang)去除(chu)“銅綠”、“銅豆”“耳朵”，對(dui)提高(gao)無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿質量(liang)非常重要。
在連鑄連軋工藝(yi)中(zhong)，往往采用(yong)適度控制(zhi)氧含(han)量來控制(zhi)氫(qing)。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅(tong)液在鑄造過程中(zhong)是自下而上結晶，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氧和氫(qing)所(suo)產生的(de)水蒸氣很容易上浮跑出，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氫(qing)大部分能被有效去除，因而對銅(tong)桿的(de)影響(xiang)較小。
二、表面質量
在生產(chan)電磁線(xian)等產(chan)品的(de)過程中，對銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)表面(mian)(mian)質量也需提出要求。需要拉制后的(de)銅(tong)(tong)絲表面(mian)(mian)無(wu)毛(mao)刺(ci)、銅(tong)(tong)粉(fen)少、無(wu)油污。并通過扭轉試驗測量表面(mian)(mian)銅(tong)(tong)粉(fen)的(de)質量和扭轉后觀察銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)復(fu)原(yuan)情(qing)況來判(pan)定其好壞。
在連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)(ya)過程(cheng)中，從(cong)鑄(zhu)造到軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)前，溫(wen)度高(gao)，完全暴露于空氣中，使鑄(zhu)坯表(biao)面形成(cheng)較(jiao)厚的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化層(ceng)，在軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)過程(cheng)中，隨著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧(yang)(yang)化物顆(ke)粒軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)表(biao)面。由于氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)是高(gao)熔(rong)點(dian)脆性(xing)化合物，對于軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)較(jiao)深的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)，當成(cheng)條狀(zhuang)的(de)聚集物遇(yu)模具拉伸時，就會是銅(tong)(tong)桿外(wai)表(biao)面產生毛刺，給后續的(de)涂漆造成(cheng)麻煩。
而(er)上引連鑄工藝制造的(de)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，由于鑄造和冷(leng)卻完(wan)全與氧(yang)隔絕，后續(xu)亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅(tong)桿表面無(wu)軋入表面的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)物，質(zhi)量較(jiao)(jiao)好，拉(la)制后銅(tong)粉少，上述問題較(jiao)(jiao)少存在。
無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)也分進(jin)口設(she)備做的(de)和國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備做的(de),但目前進(jin)口產(chan)(chan)品已無明(ming)顯優勢，銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)產(chan)(chan)品出來后(hou)區(qu)別不是很大,只(zhi)要銅(tong)板選的(de)好,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)控(kong)制比較穩定,國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備也能產(chan)(chan)出可(ke)拉伸0.05的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan).進(jin)口設(she)備一般是芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)設(she)備,國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備最好的(de)應該是上海(hai)的(de)海(hai)軍廠的(de)了，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)時(shi)間最長(chang)，軍工企業，質量可(ke)靠。
低氧銅桿進口設備(bei)(bei)國(guo)(guo)際主要有(you)兩種,一種是美國(guo)(guo)南線設備(bei)(bei),英文是SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)(guo)內廠(chang)家是南京華新,江西銅業,另一種是德國(guo)(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei)(bei),國(guo)(guo)內廠(chang)家是常州(zhou)金源,天津大(da)無縫。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容(rong)(rong)易區(qu)別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)10-20個PPM以(yi)下,但(dan)目(mu)前有(you)的廠家(jia)只能(neng)做到50個PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個PPM,好(hao)(hao)的桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子一般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在(zai)250個PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一般采取的是上引法,低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋,兩種產品相對而(er)(er)言低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆(qi)包線(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)更適(shi)應些,如(ru)柔軟(ruan)性(xing),回(hui)彈(dan)角(jiao),繞線(xian)性(xing)能(neng).但(dan)低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉(la)絲條件相對要(yao)苛(ke)刻些,同樣拉(la)伸(shen)0.2的細絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)線(xian)條件不(bu)好(hao)(hao),普通的無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)而(er)(er)好(hao)(hao)的低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian),但(dan)如(ru)果放在(zai)好(hao)(hao)的伸(shen)線(xian)條件,同樣的桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就能(neng)拉(la)到雙零(ling)五,而(er)(er)普通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只能(neng)拉(la)伸(shen)到0.1而(er)(er)已,當然(ran)做的最細的如(ru)雙零(ling)二卻非得(de)依靠進口的 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前有(you)企業嘗試用剝皮的方式來處理低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian).但(dan)有(you)關這方面的內容(rong)(rong)我(wo)還不(bu)是很清(qing)楚。
音響線一般反而喜(xi)歡用(yong)無(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan),這和無(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)單晶銅,低氧(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)多晶銅有關。
氧銅桿和無氧銅桿由于制造方法的不同，致使存在差別，具有各自的特點。
一、關(guan)于氧的吸入和脫去(qu)以及它的存在狀態
生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)進入(ru)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)液(ye)態(tai)下(xia)吸入(ru)的(de)，而(er)(er)上引(yin)法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液(ye)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相(xiang)當(dang)時間后，被還原而(er)(er)脫去，通常這種(zhong)(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)，最(zui)低(di)可(ke)達(da)1-2ppm，從組(zu)織(zhi)上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒(li)邊界附近(jin)，這對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)(er)言可(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)常見(jian)的(de)但對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜(za)形式(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界出現對(dui)材料的(de)韌性(xing)產生負面影(ying)響(xiang)。而(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)，所以(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)組(zu)織(zhi)是(shi)均勻的(de)單相(xiang)組(zu)織(zhi)對(dui)韌性(xing)有利(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)多孔性(xing)是(shi)不(bu)常見(jian)的(de)，而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)常見(jian)的(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)缺陷。
二、熱(re)軋(ya)組(zu)織和鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織的區(qu)別
低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于經過熱(re)軋，所以(yi)(yi)其組(zu)織屬(shu)(shu)熱(re)加(jia)工組(zu)織，原來的鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織已經破碎，在8mm的桿(gan)時(shi)已有(you)再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)的形(xing)式出現，而(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬(shu)(shu)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大，這是(shi)為(wei)什么，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)溫度(du)(du)較(jiao)高(gao)，需要(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)溫度(du)(du)的固有(you)原因(yin)。這是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)，再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)發生(sheng)在晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界附(fu)近，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)織晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺寸(cun)甚至能達幾個毫米，因(yin)而(er)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界少，即使(shi)通過拉制(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)形(xing)，但晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界相對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是(shi)較(jiao)少，所以(yi)(yi)需要(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)的退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率(lv)。對無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成功的退(tui)(tui)火(huo)要(yao)求(qiu)是(shi)：由桿(gan)經拉制(zhi)(zhi)，但尚未鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織的線時(shi)的第一次退(tui)(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率(lv)應(ying)比同樣情況的低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經繼(ji)續(xu)拉制(zhi)(zhi)，在以(yi)(yi)后階段的退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率(lv)應(ying)留有(you)足(zu)夠的余量(liang)和(he)對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)切(qie)實(shi)區別執行(xing)不同的退(tui)(tui)火(huo)工藝，以(yi)(yi)保證(zheng)在制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)(pin)和(he)成品(pin)(pin)導線的柔(rou)軟性。
三(san)、夾雜，氧含(han)量波動，表面氧化物和可(ke)能(neng)存(cun)在的熱軋缺(que)陷的差別
無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)可(ke)拉性在(zai)(zai)所(suo)有線(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)相比都是(shi)優(you)越的(de)，除上述組織(zhi)原因(yin)外(wai)，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)夾(jia)雜少(shao)，含氧(yang)量(liang)穩(wen)定(ding)，無熱軋可(ke)能(neng)產生(sheng)的(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋生(sheng)產過程中如(ru)果工藝不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)，對氧(yang)監控不(bu)(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)將直(zhi)(zhi)接影(ying)響桿(gan)的(de)性能(neng)。如(ru)果桿(gan)的(de)表面氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)后工序(xu)的(de)連續清(qing)洗中得以彌補外(wai)，但比較麻煩的(de)是(shi)有相當多的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)于“皮(pi)下”，對拉線(xian)斷線(xian)影(ying)響更(geng)直(zhi)(zhi)接，故而(er)在(zai)(zai)拉制微細(xi)(xi)線(xian)，超微細(xi)(xi)線(xian)時，為(wei)了減(jian)少(shao)斷線(xian)，有時要對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)采取不(bu)(bu)得已的(de)辦法(fa)——剝皮(pi)，甚至二次剝皮(pi)的(de)原因(yin)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)，目的(de)要除去皮(pi)下氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)。
四、低氧(yang)銅桿和無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿的韌性有(you)差別(bie)
兩(liang)者都(dou)可以拉到0.015mm，但在低溫(wen)超(chao)導線中(zhong)的(de)低溫(wen)級無氧銅，其細絲間(jian)的(de)間(jian)距只(zhi)有0.001mm.
五、從(cong)制(zhi)桿的原材料到(dao)制(zhi)線的經濟(ji)性有差別。
制造無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)要求(qiu)質(zhi)量較高的(de)(de)原材料。一般，拉制直徑>1mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)線時，低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)優點比較明顯，而無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯得更為優越的(de)(de)是拉制直徑<0.5mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)線。
六、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的制線工藝與無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的有所(suo)不同。
低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝不(bu)(bu)能(neng)照搬到無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝上來，至少兩者的退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝是不(bu)(bu)同的。因(yin)為線(xian)的柔(rou)軟性深受材料成份和制(zhi)(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)和退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝的影響，不(bu)(bu)能(neng)簡單地說低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)或無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)誰軟誰硬(ying)。
