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導讀：由于生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)兩者的(de)工藝不同，所生(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)含氧(yang)量(liang)及外(wai)觀就不同。上引(yin)生(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工藝得當(dang)氧(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)10ppm以下(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是在(zai)保(bao)護(hu)條件下(xia)的(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但(dan)有(you)時也高達700ppm以上，一般情況(kuang)下(xia)，此種方法(fa)生(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)(tong)外(wai)表光亮，低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有(you)時也叫(jiao)光桿(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)是電纜(lan)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原料(liao)，生產(chan)的(de)(de)方式主(zhu)要(yao)有兩(liang)種——連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)(fa)和上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄法(fa)(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)生產(chan)方法(fa)(fa)較(jiao)多，其特點是金屬在(zai)豎爐(lu)中融(rong)化后(hou)(hou)，銅(tong)液通過保(bao)溫爐(lu)、溜槽(cao)、中間包(bao)，從(cong)澆管進(jin)入封閉(bi)的(de)(de)模腔(qiang)內，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)冷(leng)卻強度進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻，形成鑄坯，然后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多道次軋(ya)制(zhi)，生產(chan)的(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為(wei)熱加工(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)已經破(po)碎(sui)，含氧(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)200~400ppm之(zhi)間。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)國內基本全部采(cai)(cai)用(yong)上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄法(fa)(fa)生產(chan)，金屬在(zai)感應(ying)電爐(lu)中融(rong)化后(hou)(hou)通過石墨模進(jin)行(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)續鑄造(zao)，之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)加工(gong)(gong)，生產(chan)的(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為(wei)鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)，含氧(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)20ppm以(yi)下。由于制(zhi)造(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)不同，所以(yi)在(zai)組織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)含量分布、雜質的(de)(de)形式及分布等諸多方面有較(jiao)大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅(tong)桿的(de)拉(la)制性能跟很多因素有關(guan)，如雜質的(de)含量、氧含量及(ji)分布、工藝控(kong)制等(deng)。下面(mian)(mian)分別(bie)從以上幾(ji)個(ge)方面(mian)(mian)對銅(tong)桿的(de)拉(la)制性能進(jin)行分析(xi)。

1、熔化方式對(dui)S等雜質的影響(xiang)

連鑄連軋生(sheng)產銅(tong)桿主要是通(tong)過氣體的燃燒使銅(tong)桿熔(rong)化，在燃燒的過程中(zhong)，通(tong)過氧化和揮發作用，可一定程度減(jian)少部分雜質進入銅(tong)液，因此連鑄連軋法對(dui)(dui)原(yuan)料(liao)要求相對(dui)(dui)低(di)一些。上引連鑄生(sheng)產無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)桿，由于(yu)是用感應電(dian)(dian)爐熔(rong)化，電(dian)(dian)解銅(tong)表面的“銅(tong)綠(lv)”“銅(tong)豆”基本都熔(rong)入到銅(tong)液中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔(rong)入的S對(dui)(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)桿塑性影響(xiang)極大，會增加拉絲斷線(xian)率(lv)。

2、鑄造過程中雜質的進入

在(zai)生產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)工藝需通(tong)過(guo)(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中間包轉運銅液，相(xiang)對(dui)容易造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火材料(liao)(liao)的(de)剝落，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中需要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)軋(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)鐵質的(de)脫(tuo)落，會給銅桿造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)外部(bu)夾雜(za)。而(er)熱軋(ya)(ya)中皮(pi)(pi)上和皮(pi)(pi)下氧(yang)化物(wu)的(de)軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)，會給低氧(yang)桿的(de)拉絲造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)不利的(de)影響。上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)法生產(chan)(chan)工藝流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較短(duan)，銅液是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)聯體爐內潛流式(shi)完成(cheng)，對(dui)耐(nai)火材料(liao)(liao)的(de)沖(chong)擊不大，結晶是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)石(shi)墨模(mo)內進行，所以過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中可能(neng)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)污(wu)染源(yuan)較少，雜(za)質進入(ru)的(de)機會較少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產(chan)化(hua)合(he)物的元素。在熔態銅(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)可以溶解一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧(yang)幾乎不溶解于銅(tong)(tong)中。熔態時(shi)所溶解的氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體(ti)析出，分布在晶粒晶界(jie)處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體(ti)的出現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)的塑(su)性。

硫(liu)可以溶(rong)解(jie)在熔(rong)體的(de)銅中，但在室溫下，其溶(rong)解(jie)度幾乎降低到零，它以硫(liu)化亞(ya)銅的(de)形式出現在晶粒晶界處(chu)，會顯著降低銅的(de)塑性。

3、氧在低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿中分布(bu)形式(shi)及(ji)其影響

氧(yang)含量對低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)拉(la)線性能有著明顯的(de)影(ying)響。當氧(yang)含量增加到(dao)(dao)最佳值時，銅桿的(de)斷線率最低。這(zhe)是因為氧(yang)在與大部分(fen)雜質反應的(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)都(dou)起到(dao)(dao)了清除器的(de)作用。適度的(de)氧(yang)還(huan)有利于去除銅液中(zhong)的(de)氫(qing)，生成水蒸氣(qi)(qi)溢出(chu)，減(jian)少氣(qi)(qi)孔的(de)形成。最佳的(de)氧(yang)含量為拉(la)線工藝(yi)提供了最好(hao)的(de)條件。

低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)：在連續澆鑄中(zhong)凝(ning)固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散熱速(su)率和均(jun)勻冷卻是決定銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)主要因素。不均(jun)勻冷卻會引起銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)內部結構本質上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異，但后續的(de)(de)(de)熱加工，柱狀晶通常會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)顆(ke)粒細微化(hua)(hua)(hua)和均(jun)勻分布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒聚(ju)集而產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)典型情(qing)況是中(zhong)心爆(bao)裂(lie)。除氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)顯示出(chu)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)拉線(xian)特性，較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒容易造成應力集中(zhong)點而斷裂(lie)。

無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變脆(cui)(cui)，延伸率(lv)下降，拉(la)伸式樣端(duan)口顯暗(an)紅色，結晶組(zu)織疏松。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)超出8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)藝性(xing)能變差，表現為鑄造(zao)及(ji)拉(la)伸過程(cheng)中斷桿(gan)及(ji)斷線率(lv)極具增高。這是由(you)于氧(yang)(yang)能與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網狀組(zu)織分布(bu)在(zai)境界(jie)上(shang)。這種脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)硬度高，在(zai)冷(leng)變形時(shi)將會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)機(ji)體脫離，導致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機(ji)械性(xing)能下降，在(zai)后續加工(gong)中容易造(zao)成(cheng)斷裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)高還能導致無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導電率(lv)下降。因此，必須嚴(yan)格(ge)控制上(shang)引連(lian)鑄工(gong)藝及(ji)產品(pin)質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧(yang)含量控制(zhi)較低(di)(di)，氧(yang)化物的副(fu)作用(yong)唄**降低(di)(di)，但氫的影響成為較顯著的問(wen)題。吸氣(qi)后熔體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)體及疏松(song)(song)是在(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，氫(qing)從(cong)過(guo)飽和(he)的(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)析出并聚集而(er)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)。在(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)前(qian)析出的(de)(de)氫(qing)又可(ke)還原(yuan)氧化亞銅(tong)而(er)生(sheng)成(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)泡。由(you)于上(shang)(shang)引鑄造的(de)(de)特點是銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)自(zi)上(shang)(shang)而(er)下的(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)**形(xing)(xing)狀近似錐型。銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)結(jie)晶(jing)前(qian)析出的(de)(de)氣(qi)體在(zai)上(shang)(shang)浮(fu)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)被(bei)堵在(zai)凝固組(zu)織內(nei)，結(jie)晶(jing)時(shi)在(zai)鑄桿內(nei)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)孔(kong)(kong)。上(shang)(shang)引的(de)(de)含氣(qi)量少時(shi)，析出的(de)(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)于晶(jing)界(jie)處，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)疏松(song)(song)；含氣(qi)量多時(shi)，則聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)孔(kong)(kong)，因此，氣(qi)孔(kong)(kong)和(he)疏松(song)(song)是氫(qing)氣(qi)和(he)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)兩者(zhe)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)。

氫來源(yuan)于(yu)上引生產過(guo)程中的(de)各個工藝(yi)環節，如原料(liao)電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料(liao)木炭**、氣候環境**、石墨結(jie)晶器未(wei)干燥等。因此，熔化爐中的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液表面(mian)應(ying)覆蓋經烘烤(kao)的(de)木炭，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”“耳(er)朵”，對提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿質量非(fei)常重要。

在(zai)連鑄連軋工藝中，往往采用適(shi)度控制氧含量(liang)來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由(you)于銅(tong)液(ye)在鑄造過程中是自下而(er)上結晶，銅(tong)液(ye)中的(de)氧和氫所(suo)產生的(de)水蒸氣(qi)很容(rong)易上浮(fu)跑(pao)出，銅(tong)液(ye)中的(de)氫大(da)部分(fen)能被(bei)有效去(qu)除(chu)，因而(er)對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產(chan)電磁(ci)線(xian)等(deng)產(chan)品的過(guo)程中(zhong)，對(dui)銅(tong)桿的表面質(zhi)量也需提出要(yao)求。需要(yao)拉制后的銅(tong)絲(si)表面無毛刺、銅(tong)粉(fen)少、無油(you)污(wu)。并(bing)通過(guo)扭轉試(shi)驗測量表面銅(tong)粉(fen)的質(zhi)量和扭轉后觀察(cha)銅(tong)桿的復原(yuan)情況來判定其好壞(huai)。

在(zai)連鑄連軋過程中，從鑄造到軋制前，溫度(du)高，完全暴露于(yu)空氣中，使(shi)鑄坯(pi)表面(mian)形成較(jiao)厚的氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層，在(zai)軋制過程中，隨(sui)著(zhu)軋輥的轉動，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物顆粒(li)軋入銅(tong)線(xian)表面(mian)。由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)是高熔(rong)點脆(cui)性化(hua)(hua)(hua)合物，對于(yu)軋入較(jiao)深(shen)的氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)，當(dang)成條狀的聚集物遇模具(ju)拉伸時，就會是銅(tong)桿外表面(mian)產生毛(mao)刺，給后續的涂漆造成麻煩。

而(er)上引連(lian)鑄工藝制造的無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，由于鑄造和冷卻完全與氧(yang)(yang)隔(ge)絕，后續亦無(wu)熱軋(ya)過程，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿表(biao)面(mian)無(wu)軋(ya)入表(biao)面(mian)的氧(yang)(yang)化物，質量(liang)較(jiao)好，拉制后銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉少，上述問題(ti)較(jiao)少存在。

無(wu)氧銅桿也分(fen)進口設備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de)和國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de),但目前進口產(chan)品已無(wu)明顯優勢(shi)，銅桿產(chan)品出來后區別不(bu)是很大(da),只要銅板(ban)選(xuan)的(de)(de)好,生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)控制比較穩定(ding),國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)也能產(chan)出可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)銅桿.進口設備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)一般(ban)是芬蘭奧(ao)托昆普的(de)(de)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei),國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)最(zui)(zui)好的(de)(de)應該是上(shang)海(hai)的(de)(de)海(hai)軍(jun)廠(chang)的(de)(de)了，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)時(shi)間最(zui)(zui)長，軍(jun)工企業，質量可靠。

低氧銅桿進口設備(bei)國際主要(yao)有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)美(mei)國南線設備(bei),英文是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠(chang)家是(shi)(shi)南京華新,江西銅業,另一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)德國CONTIROD設備(bei),國內廠(chang)家是(shi)(shi)常州(zhou)金源,天津(jin)大無縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及(ji)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上(shang)容易(yi)區別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)(zai)10-20個PPM以下(xia),但(dan)目前有的(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能(neng)做到(dao)50個PPM以下(xia).低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai)(zai) 200-400個PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子一(yi)般(ban)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在(zai)(zai)250個PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一(yi)般(ban)采(cai)取的(de)(de)是(shi)上(shang)引法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya),兩種產(chan)品相對(dui)(dui)而言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)漆(qi)包線性 能(neng)更適應些,如(ru)(ru)(ru)柔(rou)軟性,回彈(dan)角,繞線性能(neng).但(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)拉絲條件(jian)相對(dui)(dui)要(yao)苛刻些,同樣(yang)拉伸0.2的(de)(de)細絲,如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)伸線條件(jian)不好(hao),普通(tong)的(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉而好(hao)的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線,但(dan)如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)放在(zai)(zai)好(hao)的(de)(de)伸線條件(jian),同樣(yang)的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說(shuo)不定(ding)就能(neng)拉到(dao)雙零五,而普通(tong)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只(zhi)能(neng)拉伸到(dao)0.1而已,當然做的(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)(ru)雙零二卻(que)非得(de)依(yi)靠進口的(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目前有企業嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸0.03線.但(dan)有關這方面的(de)(de)內容我還不是(shi)很清楚。

音響線一般(ban)反而(er)喜歡用無氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan),這(zhe)和無氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是單晶(jing)(jing)銅(tong),低(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是多晶(jing)(jing)銅(tong)有(you)關(guan)。

氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)和無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)由(you)于制造方法的(de)不同，致使存在差別(bie)，具有各自的(de)特(te)點(dian)。

一、關于氧(yang)的吸入和(he)脫去以及(ji)它的存在(zai)狀態

生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)常溫下(xia)(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約(yue)2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液態下(xia)(xia)吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)(xia)保持相(xiang)當(dang)時間(jian)后，被(bei)還原而脫去，通常這(zhe)種桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量都(dou)在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以下(xia)(xia)，最低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組(zu)織上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界(jie)附近，這(zhe)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而言可以說是(shi)(shi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以夾雜形式在(zai)(zai)晶界(jie)出現對(dui)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)產(chan)生(sheng)負面影響。而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)，所以這(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織是(shi)(shi)均(jun)勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單相(xiang)組(zu)織對(dui)韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔性(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)不常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而在(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)則是(shi)(shi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種缺陷。

二、熱軋組織和鑄(zhu)造組織的區別(bie)

低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿由于經(jing)(jing)過(guo)熱(re)軋，所(suo)以(yi)其(qi)(qi)組織屬熱(re)加工(gong)組織，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組織已(yi)經(jing)(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿時(shi)已(yi)有(you)再(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)出現，而無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿屬鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組織，晶粒(li)粗(cu)大(da)，這(zhe)是為什么，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶溫度(du)較高，需要(yao)較高退(tui)(tui)火(huo)溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固有(you)原因。這(zhe)是因為，再(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶發(fa)生在(zai)晶粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)附近，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿組織晶粒(li)粗(cu)大(da)，晶粒(li)尺寸甚(shen)至能達幾(ji)個毫米，因而晶粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)少，即使通過(guo)拉(la)制(zhi)變形，但(dan)晶粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)相對(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿還是較少，所(suo)以(yi)需要(yao)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率。對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)成功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)要(yao)求是：由桿經(jing)(jing)拉(la)制(zhi)，但(dan)尚未鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)次退(tui)(tui)火(huo)，其(qi)(qi)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率應(ying)比(bi)同(tong)樣情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)高10——15%。經(jing)(jing)繼(ji)續拉(la)制(zhi)，在(zai)以(yi)后階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率應(ying)留(liu)有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余(yu)量和(he)對(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)和(he)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)切(qie)實區別執行不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝，以(yi)保證(zheng)在(zai)制(zhi)品和(he)成品導線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔(rou)軟性。

三、夾雜，氧(yang)含量(liang)波動，表(biao)面氧(yang)化物和可能(neng)存在的(de)熱(re)軋(ya)缺(que)陷的(de)差別

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)可拉性(xing)在(zai)所(suo)有線徑里(li)與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)相比都是(shi)優越的(de)，除上述組織(zhi)原因外(wai)，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)，無熱(re)軋可能產生(sheng)的(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)表(biao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)厚度(du)可達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生(sheng)產過(guo)程中如(ru)果(guo)工藝(yi)不穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)控不嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量不穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)將直(zhi)接(jie)影(ying)響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)性(xing)能。如(ru)果(guo)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)表(biao)面(mian)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)能在(zai)后(hou)工序的(de)連(lian)續清洗中得(de)以彌補外(wai)，但比較麻煩的(de)是(shi)有相當多的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)存(cun)在(zai)于“皮(pi)下”，對(dui)拉線斷線影(ying)響更(geng)直(zhi)接(jie)，故而在(zai)拉制(zhi)微細線，超微細線時(shi)，為了(le)減少斷線，有時(shi)要對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)采取(qu)不得(de)已的(de)辦法——剝皮(pi)，甚(shen)至(zhi)二次剝皮(pi)的(de)原因所(suo)在(zai)，目(mu)的(de)要除去皮(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)。

四、低氧銅桿和(he)無氧銅桿的韌性有差別

兩(liang)者都(dou)可以(yi)拉到(dao)0.015mm，但在(zai)低溫(wen)超導線(xian)中的(de)低溫(wen)級(ji)無(wu)氧銅，其(qi)細(xi)絲間(jian)的(de)間(jian)距只(zhi)有0.001mm.

五(wu)、從制桿的(de)原材料到制線的(de)經濟(ji)性有差別。

制造無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿要求質量(liang)較高(gao)的(de)(de)原材料。一般，拉制直徑>1mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線時，低氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)優(you)點比較明顯(xian)，而(er)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿顯(xian)得更為優(you)越(yue)的(de)(de)是拉制直徑<0.5mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線。

六、低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿的制線工藝與無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿的有所不同。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)線工(gong)藝不(bu)能(neng)照(zhao)搬(ban)到無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)線工(gong)藝上來(lai)，至少兩者的(de)退(tui)(tui)火工(gong)藝是不(bu)同的(de)。因(yin)為線的(de)柔軟性深受材料成份和(he)制(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)線和(he)退(tui)(tui)火工(gong)藝的(de)影響，不(bu)能(neng)簡單(dan)地(di)說低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)或無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)誰(shui)(shui)軟誰(shui)(shui)硬(ying)。