熱(re)門關鍵(jian)詞：
來源：行業動態 閱(yue)讀：109545 發布時間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的兩者的工(gong)藝不同(tong)，所(suo)生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中的含氧(yang)量(liang)及外(wai)觀就不同(tong)。上引生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，工(gong)藝得當氧(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)10ppm以下，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿 是(shi)在(zai)保護條(tiao)件下的熱(re)軋，氧(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)200-500ppm范(fan)圍內，但(dan)有(you)時也高達700ppm以上，一般情況下，此種方法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)外(wai)表光(guang)亮，低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，有(you)時也叫(jiao)光(guang)桿。
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)是電(dian)纜行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)主要有兩(liang)種——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)和上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較多，其(qi)特點是金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在(zai)豎爐中融(rong)化(hua)后(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)通過(guo)(guo)保溫(wen)爐、溜槽、中間包(bao)，從澆管進(jin)入封閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)腔內，采用較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻(que)強度進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻(que)，形(xing)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯(pi)，然后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多道次軋(ya)制，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為熱加(jia)工(gong)組織，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組織已經(jing)破碎，含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般為200~400ppm之間。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)國(guo)內基(ji)本(ben)全部采用上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在(zai)感應(ying)電(dian)爐中融(rong)化(hua)后(hou)通過(guo)(guo)石墨模(mo)進(jin)行(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)加(jia)工(gong)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組織，含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)20ppm以(yi)下(xia)。由于(yu)制造(zao)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)，所以(yi)在(zai)組織結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)分(fen)布、雜質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)及分(fen)布等諸多方(fang)面有較大(da)差(cha)別。
一、拉制性能
銅桿(gan)的拉制性(xing)能跟很多因素有關，如雜質的含量、氧含量及(ji)分(fen)布、工(gong)藝控制等。下面分(fen)別(bie)從以上幾個方面對(dui)銅桿(gan)的拉制性(xing)能進(jin)行分(fen)析(xi)。
1、熔化方式對S等雜質的影響
連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要(yao)是通(tong)過氣體(ti)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔化(hua)(hua)，在(zai)燃(ran)(ran)燒的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)，通(tong)過氧化(hua)(hua)和(he)揮(hui)發作(zuo)用，可一定程度減少部分(fen)雜質(zhi)進入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因此(ci)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)法對(dui)原料要(yao)求相對(dui)低一些。上引連(lian)鑄生產(chan)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是用感應電爐熔化(hua)(hua)，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆(dou)”基本都(dou)熔入到(dao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔入的(de)(de)S對(dui)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑性影響極大，會(hui)增(zeng)加拉絲斷線(xian)率。
2、鑄造過(guo)程中(zhong)雜質的進入
在生(sheng)產過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中，連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋工藝需通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)保溫(wen)爐(lu)、溜槽、中間包(bao)轉運銅液，相對(dui)容(rong)易造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)耐火材料(liao)的剝落，在軋制過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中需要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)軋輥，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)鐵(tie)質(zhi)的脫落，會(hui)給銅桿(gan)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)外部(bu)夾雜。而(er)熱軋中皮上(shang)(shang)和皮下(xia)氧(yang)化(hua)物的軋入，會(hui)給低(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)的拉絲(si)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)不利的影響。上(shang)(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產工藝流程較短(duan)，銅液是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)聯(lian)體爐(lu)內(nei)潛(qian)流式(shi)完成(cheng)(cheng)，對(dui)耐火材料(liao)的沖擊不大，結晶是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)石墨模內(nei)進行，所以過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中可能(neng)產生(sheng)的污染源(yuan)較少，雜質(zhi)進入的機會(hui)較少。
O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產化合物的(de)(de)(de)(de)元素(su)。在熔態銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)可以溶(rong)解一部分(fen)，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷(leng)凝時(shi)(shi)，氧(yang)幾乎不(bu)溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔態時(shi)(shi)所溶(rong)解的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體析出(chu)(chu)，分(fen)布(bu)在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)塑性。
硫可(ke)以溶(rong)解(jie)在熔體的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，但(dan)在室溫(wen)下(xia)，其溶(rong)解(jie)度幾(ji)乎降低到(dao)零，它以硫化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的形式出現(xian)在晶粒晶界處(chu)，會顯著降低銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的塑(su)性(xing)。
3、氧在低(di)氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)中(zhong)分布形(xing)式及其影(ying)響(xiang)
氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含量對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)線(xian)(xian)性能有著明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含量增(zeng)加到最佳值時，銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斷線(xian)(xian)率最低。這是因為氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在與大(da)部分雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中都起到了(le)清除(chu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。適度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)還(huan)有利于去(qu)除(chu)銅液(ye)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫，生成(cheng)水蒸(zheng)氣溢出，減(jian)少氣孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)。最佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含量為拉(la)線(xian)(xian)工藝提供了(le)最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件。
低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)：在連續澆(jiao)鑄中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散熱速率和(he)均(jun)(jun)勻冷卻是決定銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)主要因(yin)素。不(bu)均(jun)(jun)勻冷卻會引起(qi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿內部結構本質上的(de)(de)(de)差異，但后(hou)續的(de)(de)(de)熱加工，柱狀(zhuang)晶通常(chang)會遭到(dao)破(po)壞，使氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)顆(ke)粒細微化(hua)(hua)和(he)均(jun)(jun)勻分(fen)布(bu)(bu)。氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒聚集(ji)而產生的(de)(de)(de)典型情(qing)況是中(zhong)心爆裂(lie)。除氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒分(fen)布(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)影響外(wai)，具有較(jiao)小(xiao)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿顯示出(chu)較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)拉(la)線(xian)特性(xing)，較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒容(rong)易造成應力集(ji)中(zhong)點而斷(duan)裂(lie)。
無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)含氧(yang)量超標，銅(tong)桿(gan)變脆(cui)，延伸(shen)(shen)率(lv)下降，拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)式(shi)樣端(duan)口(kou)顯(xian)暗(an)紅色(se)，結晶組(zu)織疏松。當氧(yang)含量超出8ppm時(shi)(shi)，工(gong)藝性能(neng)變差(cha)，表現為鑄造(zao)及拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)過程中斷(duan)桿(gan)及斷(duan)線(xian)率(lv)極(ji)具增高(gao)。這(zhe)是由于(yu)氧(yang)能(neng)與(yu)銅(tong)生成氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)脆(cui)性相，形(xing)成銅(tong)-氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)共晶體，以網(wang)狀(zhuang)組(zu)織分(fen)布在(zai)境界(jie)上。這(zhe)種脆(cui)性相硬度(du)高(gao)，在(zai)冷(leng)變形(xing)時(shi)(shi)將會與(yu)銅(tong)機(ji)體脫離，導致銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)機(ji)械(xie)性能(neng)下降，在(zai)后續(xu)加工(gong)中容(rong)易造(zao)成斷(duan)裂現象。氧(yang)含量高(gao)還能(neng)導致無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)導電率(lv)下降。因此，必(bi)須嚴格控制上引連(lian)鑄工(gong)藝及產(chan)品質量。
4、氫的影響
在上引連鑄中，氧含量控制較(jiao)低，氧化(hua)物的(de)副作用唄(bai)**降低，但氫的(de)影響成為較(jiao)顯著的(de)問(wen)題。吸氣后熔體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)體及疏(shu)松是在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)過程中，氫從(cong)過飽和(he)的(de)(de)溶(rong)液中析(xi)出(chu)并聚集而(er)(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫又可還原氧化亞銅(tong)而(er)(er)生(sheng)成(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于上引(yin)鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de)特點是銅(tong)液自上而(er)(er)下(xia)的(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)液**形(xing)狀近(jin)似錐型(xing)。銅(tong)液結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上浮過程中被堵在(zai)(zai)凝(ning)固組(zu)織內，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時在(zai)(zai)鑄(zhu)桿(gan)內形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)。上引(yin)的(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量少時，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫存在(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)(jing)界處(chu)，形(xing)成(cheng)疏(shu)松；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量多時，則聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)，因此，氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)和(he)疏(shu)松是氫氣(qi)(qi)和(he)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩(liang)者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)。
氫來源于上引生產(chan)過程(cheng)中的(de)各(ge)個工藝環節，如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木炭(tan)**、氣候環境**、石(shi)墨結晶(jing)器(qi)未干燥等。因(yin)此，熔化爐中的(de)銅(tong)(tong)液表面應覆蓋(gai)經烘烤的(de)木炭(tan)，電解銅(tong)(tong)應盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質量非常重要。
在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工藝中(zhong)，往(wang)往(wang)采用適度控制氧含量來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅(tong)液(ye)在鑄造(zao)過程中是自(zi)下而上結晶，銅(tong)液(ye)中的(de)氧和氫(qing)所產生的(de)水蒸氣很容(rong)易(yi)上浮跑(pao)出，銅(tong)液(ye)中的(de)氫(qing)大部分能被有效(xiao)去除(chu)，因(yin)而對銅(tong)桿的(de)影響較小。
二、表面質量
在生(sheng)產(chan)電(dian)磁線等產(chan)品的(de)過程中，對銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)表面(mian)(mian)質量(liang)也需提出要(yao)求。需要(yao)拉制后(hou)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)絲表面(mian)(mian)無毛(mao)刺、銅(tong)(tong)粉(fen)少、無油污。并通過扭轉試(shi)驗測(ce)量(liang)表面(mian)(mian)銅(tong)(tong)粉(fen)的(de)質量(liang)和扭轉后(hou)觀(guan)察(cha)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)復原情況來判定(ding)其好壞(huai)。
在連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，從(cong)鑄(zhu)造到軋(ya)制前(qian)，溫(wen)度高，完全暴(bao)露于(yu)空氣中(zhong)，使(shi)鑄(zhu)坯表面形成較厚的(de)(de)氧化(hua)層，在軋(ya)制過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，隨著軋(ya)輥的(de)(de)轉動，氧化(hua)物顆粒軋(ya)入銅線表面。由于(yu)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅是(shi)高熔點脆性化(hua)合(he)物，對于(yu)軋(ya)入較深(shen)的(de)(de)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅，當成條(tiao)狀的(de)(de)聚集物遇模(mo)具(ju)拉伸時，就會是(shi)銅桿外表面產(chan)生毛(mao)刺(ci)，給后續的(de)(de)涂(tu)漆造成麻煩(fan)。
而(er)上引連(lian)鑄工(gong)藝制造的無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿，由于鑄造和冷(leng)卻完全與氧(yang)隔絕，后續亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅桿表面(mian)無(wu)軋入(ru)表面(mian)的氧(yang)化物，質量(liang)較好，拉(la)制后銅粉少(shao)，上述問題較少(shao)存(cun)在。
無氧銅(tong)桿也(ye)分進(jin)口(kou)設備(bei)做(zuo)(zuo)的(de)和國(guo)產設備(bei)做(zuo)(zuo)的(de),但目前進(jin)口(kou)產品(pin)已無明顯優(you)勢(shi)，銅(tong)桿產品(pin)出來后區別不是很大,只要銅(tong)板(ban)選的(de)好,生產控制比較穩定,國(guo)產設備(bei)也(ye)能產出可拉(la)伸0.05的(de)銅(tong)桿.進(jin)口(kou)設備(bei)一般是芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)設備(bei),國(guo)產設備(bei)最(zui)好的(de)應該是上海的(de)海軍(jun)廠的(de)了(le)，生產時間最(zui)長，軍(jun)工企業，質量可靠。
低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)進口設(she)備(bei)國際(ji)主要有兩種,一種是(shi)(shi)美國南(nan)線設(she)備(bei),英文是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家是(shi)(shi)南(nan)京華(hua)新,江(jiang)西銅(tong)業,另一種是(shi)(shi)德國CONTIROD設(she)備(bei),國內廠家是(shi)(shi)常州金源,天(tian)津大(da)無縫。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容(rong)易(yi)區別(bie),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下(xia),但目(mu)前有的(de)(de)(de)廠家(jia)只能(neng)做(zuo)到(dao)50個(ge)PPM以下(xia).低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一(yi)般含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)控(kong)制在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一(yi)般采取的(de)(de)(de)是上引法(fa),低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya),兩種產品相(xiang)對而言(yan)低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對漆包線性(xing)(xing) 能(neng)更適(shi)應些,如柔軟(ruan)性(xing)(xing),回(hui)彈角,繞線性(xing)(xing)能(neng).但低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對拉絲條件相(xiang)對要苛(ke)刻些,同(tong)樣拉伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲,如果(guo)伸(shen)線條件不好,普通的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉而好的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線,但如果(guo)放在(zai)好的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線條件,同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說(shuo)不定就(jiu)能(neng)拉到(dao)雙(shuang)零五,而普通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最(zui)多(duo)只能(neng)拉伸(shen)到(dao)0.1而已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細的(de)(de)(de)如雙(shuang)零二卻非得(de)依(yi)靠進(jin)口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前有企業嘗試用(yong)剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線.但有關這方面的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我還不是很清楚。
音響線一(yi)般反而(er)喜(xi)歡用無氧(yang)桿(gan),這和無氧(yang)桿(gan)是單晶(jing)(jing)銅,低(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)是多晶(jing)(jing)銅有關。
氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)由于制造方法的(de)不同，致使存在差別，具有各自的(de)特點。
一、關于(yu)氧的吸入(ru)和(he)脫去以及它的存在狀態
生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)固(gu)溶度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入(ru)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液態(tai)(tai)下吸入(ru)的(de)(de)，而上引法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相當時間后，被(bei)還原而脫去，通常這(zhe)種桿的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以下，最低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織上看(kan)，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界附近，這(zhe)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而言可以說是(shi)(shi)常見的(de)(de)但(dan)對無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則很少(shao)見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以夾雜(za)形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界出現對材料的(de)(de)韌性產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)負面(mian)影響。而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)，所以這(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織是(shi)(shi)均勻的(de)(de)單(dan)相組織對韌性有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)(de)多(duo)孔性是(shi)(shi)不(bu)常見的(de)(de)，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中則是(shi)(shi)常見的(de)(de)一種缺陷。
二、熱軋組(zu)織和鑄造組(zu)織的區別(bie)
低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)由于經過(guo)熱(re)軋，所以其組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬熱(re)加工(gong)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經破碎，在8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)時已有(you)再結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)出現，而無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)屬鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么(me)，無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再結晶(jing)溫(wen)度較(jiao)高，需要較(jiao)高退火(huo)(huo)(huo)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)固有(you)原因。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei)，再結晶(jing)發(fa)生(sheng)在晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)附(fu)近，無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，晶(jing)粒(li)尺寸(cun)甚至能達幾個毫米，因而晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)少(shao)，即使通過(guo)拉(la)(la)(la)制變(bian)形，但(dan)晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)相(xiang)對低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少(shao)，所以需要較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率(lv)(lv)。對無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)成功的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)要求是(shi)(shi)(shi)：由桿(gan)(gan)經拉(la)(la)(la)制，但(dan)尚未鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)(de)第一次退火(huo)(huo)(huo)，其退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率(lv)(lv)應比同樣情況的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)高10——15%。經繼續拉(la)(la)(la)制，在以后階段的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率(lv)(lv)應留有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)余量和對低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)和無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)切實區別執行不同的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)工(gong)藝(yi)，以保證在制品和成品導線的(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。
三、夾雜(za)，氧含量波(bo)動，表面氧化物和(he)可能存在的(de)熱(re)軋(ya)缺陷的(de)差別
無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)可拉(la)性在(zai)所(suo)有(you)線(xian)徑(jing)里與低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿相(xiang)比都是優越(yue)的(de)，除(chu)上述組織原因(yin)外，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿夾雜(za)少，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)穩定，無熱軋可能產生(sheng)的(de)缺(que)陷，桿表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)厚度可達(da)≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生(sheng)產過程(cheng)中(zhong)如果工藝(yi)不穩定，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不嚴，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)不穩定將直接(jie)影響桿的(de)性能。如果桿的(de)表面(mian)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)能在(zai)后(hou)工序的(de)連(lian)續清洗中(zhong)得(de)以(yi)彌補外，但比較麻煩的(de)是有(you)相(xiang)當多(duo)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)存在(zai)于(yu)“皮(pi)下”，對拉(la)線(xian)斷線(xian)影響更直接(jie)，故(gu)而(er)在(zai)拉(la)制微(wei)(wei)細線(xian)，超(chao)微(wei)(wei)細線(xian)時(shi)，為了減少斷線(xian)，有(you)時(shi)要(yao)對銅(tong)(tong)桿采取不得(de)已的(de)辦法——剝皮(pi)，甚(shen)至二次剝皮(pi)的(de)原因(yin)所(suo)在(zai)，目的(de)要(yao)除(chu)去皮(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)。
四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的(de)韌性(xing)有差別(bie)
兩者都可以拉到0.015mm，但在低(di)溫超導線中(zhong)的(de)低(di)溫級無氧(yang)銅，其細絲間的(de)間距只(zhi)有0.001mm.
五、從制桿的(de)(de)原材(cai)料到(dao)制線的(de)(de)經濟(ji)性有(you)差(cha)別。
制造無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿要求質量較高的(de)原材(cai)料(liao)。一(yi)般(ban)，拉制直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線時，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)優(you)點比較明顯，而無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿顯得更為優(you)越的(de)是拉制直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線。
六、低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的制線工藝與無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的有所不同。
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工藝(yi)不能(neng)照搬到無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工藝(yi)上來，至少兩(liang)者(zhe)的(de)(de)退火(huo)工藝(yi)是不同(tong)的(de)(de)。因為線(xian)的(de)(de)柔軟性深受材料成(cheng)份(fen)和制(zhi)(zhi)桿，制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)和退火(huo)工藝(yi)的(de)(de)影響，不能(neng)簡(jian)單地說低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅或無氧(yang)(yang)銅誰軟誰硬。
