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導讀：由(you)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)銅桿的(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)工(gong)藝不(bu)同(tong)，所生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿中的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)及(ji)外觀就(jiu)不(bu)同(tong)。上(shang)引生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿，工(gong)藝得當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)(zai)10ppm以(yi)(yi)下(xia)，叫(jiao)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿 是在(zai)(zai)保護條件下(xia)的(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但有時(shi)也高(gao)達700ppm以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，一般(ban)情(qing)況下(xia)，此(ci)種方法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅外表(biao)光亮，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿，有時(shi)也叫(jiao)光桿。

銅(tong)桿(gan)是電纜行(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)方(fang)式主要有兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋法和上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)法。連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)法較多，其特點(dian)是金屬在(zai)豎爐中融(rong)化后(hou)，銅(tong)液通(tong)過保溫爐、溜槽、中間包，從澆管進(jin)(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)模腔內，采用較大的(de)(de)冷卻強度進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷卻，形(xing)成鑄(zhu)坯，然后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)多道次(ci)軋制，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)為熱加工(gong)組織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造組織(zhi)已經破碎，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般為200~400ppm之間。無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)國內基本全部采用上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，金屬在(zai)感(gan)應電爐中融(rong)化后(hou)通(tong)過石墨模進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)上引連(lian)續鑄(zhu)造，之后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷軋或冷加工(gong)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)為鑄(zhu)造組織(zhi)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)20ppm以(yi)下。由于制造工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)不同，所(suo)以(yi)在(zai)組織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量分布、雜質(zhi)的(de)(de)形(xing)式及分布等諸多方(fang)面有較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的(de)拉制性能(neng)(neng)跟很多因素有關，如雜質(zhi)的(de)含(han)量(liang)、氧含(han)量(liang)及分(fen)布、工藝控(kong)制等。下面分(fen)別從(cong)以上(shang)幾個方面對(dui)銅桿的(de)拉制性能(neng)(neng)進行分(fen)析。

1、熔化(hua)方式對S等雜(za)質的影(ying)響

連鑄(zhu)連軋生產銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)主要是(shi)通過氣體的燃燒(shao)使銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，在燃燒(shao)的過程中，通過氧化(hua)和揮發作用，可一定程度減少部分雜質進入銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)，因此連鑄(zhu)連軋法對(dui)原料(liao)要求相對(dui)低一些。上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)生產無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，由于是(shi)用感應電(dian)爐熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，電(dian)解銅(tong)表面(mian)的“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆(dou)”基本都熔(rong)(rong)入到銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)中。其中熔(rong)(rong)入的S對(dui)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)塑性影響極(ji)大，會增加拉絲斷線率(lv)。

2、鑄造(zao)過程中雜質的進入

在(zai)生產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)工藝需(xu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)保溫爐、溜(liu)槽、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間包(bao)轉運(yun)銅液，相(xiang)對(dui)容(rong)易造(zao)成(cheng)耐火材料(liao)的剝落，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需(xu)要通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)軋(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)成(cheng)鐵質的脫落，會給(gei)銅桿造(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜。而(er)熱軋(ya)(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)上(shang)和皮(pi)下氧(yang)化物(wu)的軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)，會給(gei)低氧(yang)桿的拉絲造(zao)成(cheng)不利的影(ying)響。上(shang)引連鑄法生產(chan)工藝流(liu)程(cheng)較短，銅液是通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)聯體爐內潛(qian)流(liu)式完(wan)成(cheng)，對(dui)耐火材料(liao)的沖擊不大，結晶是通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)石墨模內進(jin)行，所以(yi)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)能產(chan)生的污染源(yuan)較少，雜質進(jin)入(ru)的機會較少。

O、S、P是(shi)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)會生產(chan)化(hua)合物的(de)(de)元素(su)。在熔(rong)(rong)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧可以(yi)溶解(jie)一部(bu)分，但(dan)當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧幾(ji)乎不溶解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔(rong)(rong)態時所溶解(jie)的(de)(de)氧，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)(jing)體析出，分布在晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)(jing)體的(de)(de)出現(xian)，顯(xian)著降低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。

硫可以溶(rong)解在熔體(ti)的(de)銅中，但(dan)在室溫下(xia)，其溶(rong)解度幾乎降低到零，它以硫化亞銅的(de)形式出現在晶粒晶界處，會顯著降低銅的(de)塑性(xing)。

3、氧(yang)(yang)在低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿和(he)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿中分布形式及其影響

氧含(han)(han)量對低氧銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)拉線性能有著(zhu)明顯的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。當氧含(han)(han)量增加到(dao)最佳值時，銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)斷線率(lv)最低。這是因(yin)為(wei)氧在(zai)與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中都起到(dao)了清(qing)除器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)(de)氧還有利于去除銅液中的(de)(de)(de)氫，生成水蒸氣(qi)溢出(chu)，減少氣(qi)孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)形成。最佳的(de)(de)(de)氧含(han)(han)量為(wei)拉線工(gong)藝(yi)提供了最好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。

低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧化(hua)物的(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)：在連(lian)續澆鑄中凝固的(de)最初階段，散熱速率和均(jun)(jun)勻冷卻是(shi)(shi)決定銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧化(hua)物分(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)主要(yao)因素(su)。不(bu)均(jun)(jun)勻冷卻會(hui)引起銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)內部結構本(ben)質上的(de)差(cha)異，但后續的(de)熱加工，柱狀晶通常會(hui)遭到破壞，使氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)顆粒細微化(hua)和均(jun)(jun)勻分(fen)(fen)布(bu)。氧化(hua)物顆粒聚集而(er)產生的(de)典型(xing)情(qing)況是(shi)(shi)中心(xin)爆裂。除氧化(hua)物顆粒分(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)影響外，具(ju)有較(jiao)小氧化(hua)物顆粒的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)顯示出較(jiao)好的(de)拉線特性，較(jiao)大的(de)Cu2O顆粒容易造(zao)成應力(li)集中點而(er)斷裂。

無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)超標(biao)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)變(bian)脆(cui)，延伸(shen)率(lv)下(xia)降(jiang)，拉伸(shen)式樣(yang)端口顯暗紅(hong)色，結晶組織(zhi)疏松(song)。當氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)超出(chu)8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)藝性(xing)能(neng)變(bian)差(cha)，表現為鑄(zhu)(zhu)造及拉伸(shen)過(guo)程(cheng)中斷桿(gan)(gan)及斷線率(lv)極具增高。這(zhe)是由于氧(yang)能(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)成(cheng)氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性(xing)相，形(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網狀組織(zhi)分布在境界上。這(zhe)種(zhong)脆(cui)性(xing)相硬(ying)度高，在冷變(bian)形(xing)時(shi)將會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機(ji)體脫離，導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的機(ji)械(xie)性(xing)能(neng)下(xia)降(jiang)，在后續加工(gong)中容易造成(cheng)斷裂現象。氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)高還能(neng)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致(zhi)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)導(dao)(dao)(dao)電率(lv)下(xia)降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴(yan)格控制上引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)藝及產(chan)品質(zhi)量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在(zai)上引連鑄中，氧含(han)量控制較低，氧化物的(de)副作用唄**降(jiang)低，但氫的(de)影響成為較顯著的(de)問題。吸(xi)氣后熔(rong)體中存在(zai)平衡反應(ying)：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體及疏松是(shi)在(zai)(zai)結晶的(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，氫從過(guo)飽和的(de)(de)溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)析(xi)出(chu)并(bing)聚(ju)集(ji)而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)結晶前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫又可還原氧化(hua)亞銅而生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上(shang)引鑄(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)特點是(shi)銅液(ye)自上(shang)而下的(de)(de)結晶，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)液(ye)**形(xing)狀(zhuang)近似錐型。銅液(ye)結晶前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上(shang)浮過(guo)程中(zhong)被堵在(zai)(zai)凝固(gu)組織內(nei)，結晶時在(zai)(zai)鑄(zhu)桿(gan)內(nei)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。上(shang)引的(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)少時，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)晶界處，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏松；含氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)多時，則聚(ju)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)，因(yin)此，氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)和疏松是(shi)氫氣(qi)(qi)和水蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。

氫來(lai)源(yuan)于上引(yin)生產過程中(zhong)的(de)各個(ge)工藝環(huan)節(jie)，如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔(fu)料木炭**、氣(qi)候環(huan)境**、石墨結晶器未干燥等。因(yin)此，熔(rong)化爐中(zhong)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)液表面應(ying)覆蓋經(jing)烘烤的(de)木炭，電解銅(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡(jin)量(liang)去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對(dui)提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質量(liang)非常(chang)重(zhong)要。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工藝(yi)中，往往采用適度控(kong)制(zhi)氧(yang)含量(liang)來控(kong)制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅液在鑄造過程中(zhong)是自(zi)下而(er)上(shang)結晶，銅液中(zhong)的氧和氫所產(chan)生的水蒸氣(qi)很容易上(shang)浮跑出，銅液中(zhong)的氫大部(bu)分能被有效去除，因(yin)而(er)對銅桿的影響較小(xiao)。

二、表面質量

在生(sheng)產電磁線等產品的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，對銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)表面質量(liang)也需(xu)提(ti)出要求。需(xu)要拉制后的(de)(de)銅(tong)絲(si)表面無毛刺、銅(tong)粉少(shao)、無油污。并通過扭(niu)轉試驗測量(liang)表面銅(tong)粉的(de)(de)質量(liang)和扭(niu)轉后觀(guan)察銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)復原情況來判定其好壞。

在(zai)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)過(guo)程中(zhong)，從鑄(zhu)(zhu)造到軋(ya)(ya)制前，溫度高，完全暴(bao)露于空氣中(zhong)，使(shi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯表面形成較(jiao)厚的氧化(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制過(guo)程中(zhong)，隨(sui)著軋(ya)(ya)輥的轉(zhuan)動，氧化(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒軋(ya)(ya)入銅(tong)線表面。由于氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)是(shi)(shi)高熔點脆性化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)，對于軋(ya)(ya)入較(jiao)深(shen)的氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)，當成條狀的聚(ju)集物(wu)(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就會(hui)是(shi)(shi)銅(tong)桿外表面產(chan)生毛刺，給(gei)后續的涂漆造成麻煩。

而上引連鑄(zhu)工(gong)藝(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)造的無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)，由于鑄(zhu)造和冷卻(que)完(wan)全與氧(yang)隔絕，后(hou)續亦無熱軋過程，銅桿(gan)表(biao)(biao)面無軋入表(biao)(biao)面的氧(yang)化物，質量(liang)較(jiao)好(hao)，拉制(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)銅粉(fen)少，上述(shu)問題較(jiao)少存在。

無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)也分(fen)進(jin)口設備(bei)做的和國(guo)(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)做的,但目前(qian)進(jin)口產(chan)品(pin)已無(wu)明顯優勢，銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)產(chan)品(pin)出來后區別不是很大,只要銅(tong)板選(xuan)的好,生(sheng)產(chan)控制比較穩定(ding),國(guo)(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)也能產(chan)出可拉伸0.05的銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan).進(jin)口設備(bei)一(yi)般是芬蘭(lan)奧托昆(kun)普的設備(bei),國(guo)(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)最好的應該是上海的海軍廠的了，生(sheng)產(chan)時間最長，軍工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)，質量可靠。

低氧(yang)銅桿進口(kou)設備國際主要(yao)有兩種,一種是(shi)美國南線設備,英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家(jia)是(shi)南京華(hua)新,江西銅業(ye),另一種是(shi)德國CONTIROD設備,國內廠家(jia)是(shi)常州金源,天津大無縫(feng)。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容易(yi)區別,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)(zai)10-20個PPM以(yi)下,但目(mu)前有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)(neng)做(zuo)到50個PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai)(zai) 200-400個PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在(zai)(zai)250個PPM左右(you),無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上引法,低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋,兩種產品相對而言(yan)低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆包(bao)線(xian)性(xing)(xing) 能(neng)(neng)更適應些(xie),如(ru)(ru)柔軟(ruan)性(xing)(xing),回彈角,繞線(xian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng).但低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉絲(si)條件相對要苛刻些(xie),同樣拉伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細絲(si),如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)伸(shen)線(xian)條件不(bu)好(hao),普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉而好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷(duan) 線(xian),但如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)放在(zai)(zai)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)條件,同樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi),低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就能(neng)(neng)拉到雙(shuang)零五,而普通(tong)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只能(neng)(neng)拉伸(shen)到0.1而已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)雙(shuang)零二卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前有(you)(you)企(qi)業嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian).但有(you)(you)關這方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容我還(huan)不(bu)是(shi)很清楚(chu)。

音響(xiang)線一般反而喜歡(huan)用無氧桿(gan),這和無氧桿(gan)是單晶銅(tong),低(di)氧桿(gan)是多晶銅(tong)有關(guan)。

氧銅(tong)桿(gan)和(he)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)由于制(zhi)造方法的不同，致使(shi)存在差(cha)別，具有(you)各自的特點。

一、關(guan)于(yu)氧的吸入(ru)和脫(tuo)去以及它(ta)的存在狀態

生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)固溶度約(yue)2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)入(ru)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)液態(tai)(tai)下(xia)吸入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)液態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保(bao)持相當時間后，被(bei)還原而(er)脫去，通常(chang)(chang)這種桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)，最低可達1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)(zhi)上看，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊界附近，這對(dui)(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而(er)言可以(yi)說是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則很少(shao)見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾(jia)雜形(xing)式在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晶(jing)界出現對(dui)(dui)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)韌性產生(sheng)負(fu)面影響。而(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低，所以(yi)這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)均勻的(de)(de)(de)單相組織(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)(dui)韌性有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)多孔性是(shi)不(bu)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)一種缺陷。

二、熱軋組(zu)織(zhi)和鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)區別

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿由于經(jing)過(guo)熱軋，所(suo)以其組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬熱加工組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿時已有(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)形式出現，而無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿屬鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大(da)，這是(shi)為什么(me)，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)的(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)溫度較高(gao)(gao)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)較高(gao)(gao)退火(huo)(huo)溫度的(de)(de)固(gu)有(you)原因。這是(shi)因為，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)發生(sheng)在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)附近，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大(da)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺寸甚至能達(da)幾個毫米，因而晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)少(shao)，即(ji)使通過(guo)拉制變形，但晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿還是(shi)較少(shao)，所(suo)以需(xu)要(yao)(yao)較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)功率。對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)成(cheng)功的(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)要(yao)(yao)求是(shi)：由桿經(jing)拉制，但尚未鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)線(xian)時的(de)(de)第一次(ci)退火(huo)(huo)，其退火(huo)(huo)功率應比同樣(yang)情況的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)高(gao)(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉制，在(zai)以后階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)功率應留有(you)足夠的(de)(de)余量(liang)和對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)和無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)切實區別執(zhi)行(xing)不(bu)同的(de)(de)退火(huo)(huo)工藝，以保證在(zai)制品和成(cheng)品導(dao)線(xian)的(de)(de)柔(rou)軟性。

三(san)、夾雜，氧(yang)含量波(bo)動，表面(mian)氧(yang)化物和可能存在的熱(re)軋缺陷的差別

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)可(ke)拉(la)性在所有線徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)相比都是優越(yue)的(de)(de)，除上(shang)述(shu)組織原因外(wai)，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)夾雜少(shao)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩定，無熱軋可(ke)能產生(sheng)的(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表(biao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生(sheng)產過(guo)程中如果工藝不(bu)穩定，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不(bu)嚴(yan)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量不(bu)穩定將直(zhi)接(jie)影響(xiang)(xiang)桿(gan)的(de)(de)性能。如果桿(gan)的(de)(de)表(biao)面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物能在后工序的(de)(de)連(lian)續清洗中得以彌補外(wai)，但比較麻(ma)煩的(de)(de)是有相當多的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物存在于(yu)“皮(pi)下(xia)”，對拉(la)線斷線影響(xiang)(xiang)更直(zhi)接(jie)，故而在拉(la)制微(wei)細(xi)線，超微(wei)細(xi)線時(shi)，為了減少(shao)斷線，有時(shi)要(yao)對銅桿(gan)采取不(bu)得已的(de)(de)辦法——剝皮(pi)，甚至二次剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)原因所在，目的(de)(de)要(yao)除去皮(pi)下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物。

四、低(di)氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌性有差別

兩者都可(ke)以拉到(dao)0.015mm，但在低溫超導線中的低溫級無(wu)氧銅，其細絲間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從制(zhi)桿的原材料到(dao)制(zhi)線的經(jing)濟性有差別。

制造無氧銅桿要求質量(liang)較高(gao)的原材料。一般，拉制直(zhi)徑(jing)>1mm的銅線時，低氧銅桿的優點比較明顯，而無氧銅桿顯得更為優越的是拉制直(zhi)徑(jing)<0.5mm的銅線。

六、低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的制線工(gong)藝與無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的有所不同。

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)制(zhi)線(xian)工藝(yi)(yi)不(bu)能照搬到(dao)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)制(zhi)線(xian)工藝(yi)(yi)上來，至少兩者的(de)退(tui)火工藝(yi)(yi)是(shi)不(bu)同的(de)。因為線(xian)的(de)柔軟性(xing)深受(shou)材料成(cheng)份和制(zhi)桿(gan)(gan)，制(zhi)線(xian)和退(tui)火工藝(yi)(yi)的(de)影響，不(bu)能簡單地(di)說低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)或無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)誰(shui)軟誰(shui)硬。