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電力電纜(lan)

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)(shi)用(yong)于傳輸(shu)和分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用(yong)于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路(lu)、工礦(kuang)企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海(hai)水(shui)下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占(zhan)比重(zhong)正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是(shi)(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統(tong)的主干線(xian)路(lu)中用(yong)以(yi)(yi)傳輸(shu)和分(fen)配大功率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產(chan)品(pin)，包括1-500KV以(yi)(yi)及以(yi)(yi)上各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，各(ge)種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用(yong)至(zhi)今(jin)已有(you)百年

主要分(fen)類

分類：按電(dian)壓等級(ji)分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)至(zhi)今已有(you)百余年歷史。1879年，美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)發明家(jia)T.A.愛迪生(sheng)在銅棒上包繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵管(guan)內，然后填充瀝青(qing)混合物(wu)制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)敷設于紐約(yue)，開(kai)創了(le)(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人卡倫德(de)發明瀝青(qing)浸(jin)漬(zi)紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1889年，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯(ti)在倫敦與德(de)特(te)福(fu)德(de)之間敷設了(le)(le)10千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)油(you)浸(jin)紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1908年，英(ying)國(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)20千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得到越(yue)來越(yue)廣的(de)(de)應用(yong)。1911年，德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)敷設成(cheng)60千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，開(kai)始(shi)了(le)(le)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)發展。1913年，德(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人M.霍(huo)希施泰特(te)研制成(cheng)分相(xiang)屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),改(gai)善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了(le)(le)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)表面的(de)(de)正切應力(li)，成(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)發展中(zhong)的(de)(de)里程(cheng)碑。1952年，瑞典在北(bei)部發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷設了(le)(le)380千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),實(shi)現了(le)(le)超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)應用(yong)。到80年代已制成(cheng)1100千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)特(te)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級可分(fen)為中、低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千(qian)伏及(ji)以下(xia)）、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千(qian)伏以上(shang))、超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏）以及(ji)特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千(qian)伏及(ji)以上(shang)）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)流制(zhi)分(fen)為交流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和直流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按絕緣(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)分

1、油(you)浸紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜以油(you)浸紙作絕(jue)緣的電(dian)力電(dian)纜。其應用(yong)(yong)歷史最長(chang)。它安全(quan)可靠，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽命長(chang)，價格低廉。主要缺點是敷(fu)設受落(luo)差限(xian)制。自從開發出不滴流浸紙絕(jue)緣后，解(jie)決了落(luo)差限(xian)制問題，使(shi)油(you)浸紙絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜得以繼(ji)續廣泛應用(yong)(yong)。

2、塑(su)料絕緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣層為擠壓(ya)塑(su)料的(de)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常用的(de)塑(su)料有聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)、聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)、交聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)。塑(su)料電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結構簡單,制造加工方便(bian)，重量輕，敷(fu)(fu)設(she)安(an)裝方便(bian),不受敷(fu)(fu)設(she)落差限(xian)制。因此廣泛應用作中低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并有取代粘(zhan)性浸漬(zi)油紙電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)趨勢。其最(zui)大缺點是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這限(xian)制了(le)它在更高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)使用。

3、橡皮絕(jue)緣電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜　絕(jue)緣層為橡膠加上各(ge)種配合劑，經(jing)過(guo)充分(fen)混煉后擠包在導電(dian)線芯上，經(jing)過(guo)加溫硫化而成。它柔軟，富有彈性(xing)，適合于移動頻繁(fan)、敷設彎曲半徑小(xiao)的(de)場合。

常(chang)用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)-丁(ding)(ding)苯膠(jiao)混合物(wu)，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁(ding)(ding)基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等(deng)級分

1、低(di)壓電纜(lan)：適(shi)用(yong)于固定敷(fu)設在交流50Hz，額定電壓3kv及(ji)以下的輸配電線路上作輸送電能(neng)用(yong)。

2、中低壓電纜(lan)(lan)：（一般(ban)指35KV及以(yi)下(xia)）：聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜(lan)(lan)，聚乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜(lan)(lan)，交聯(lian)聚乙烯(xi)絕緣電纜(lan)(lan)等。

3、高(gao)壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般為(wei)110KV及以上）：聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)電(dian)纜(lan)和交聯(lian)聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等(deng)。

4、超高壓電纜(lan)：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高(gao)壓電纜：（1000千(qian)伏及以上）。

基本結構(gou)：電力電纜(lan)的基本結構(gou)由線芯（導(dao)體(ti)）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的導電(dian)(dian)部(bu)分(fen)，用來輸送電(dian)(dian)能，是電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的主(zhu)要部(bu)分(fen)。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將線(xian)芯與大地以及不(bu)同相的(de)線(xian)芯間(jian)在電氣上彼此隔離，保證電能輸送，是(shi)電力電纜(lan)結構中不(bu)可(ke)缺(que)少的(de)組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一(yi)般都有導體屏(ping)蔽(bi)層和絕(jue)緣屏(ping)蔽(bi)層。

4.保護層(ceng)的作用是保護電力(li)電纜免(mian)受外(wai)界雜質和水分的侵入，以及(ji)防止(zhi)外(wai)力(li)直接損壞(huai)電力(li)電纜。

主(zhu)要優點：

1占地少(shao)。一般埋設(she)于土壤(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)或敷(fu)設(she)于室內，溝道，隧道中(zhong)(zhong)，線(xian)間絕(jue)緣距離小，不用(yong)桿塔，占地少(shao)，基本不占地面上空間。

2可靠性(xing)高。受氣候條件和周圍(wei)環境(jing)影響小(xiao)，傳(chuan)輸性(xing)能穩定(ding)，可靠性(xing)高。

3具有向超(chao)高壓(ya)，大(da)容量發(fa)展的(de)更為有利的(de)條件，如(ru)低溫(wen)，超(chao)導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼音第一個字母的大寫表(biao)示絕緣種類(lei)、導體材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、內護層(ceng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)和結構特(te)點。如用(yong)Z代表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)鋁(lv)（lv）；Q代表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)分相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)耐(nai)火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外護層(ceng)構成(cheng)，有二位(wei)(wei)數(shu)字(zi)。無數(shu)字(zi)代表(biao)無鎧裝層(ceng)，無外被層(ceng)。第一位(wei)(wei)數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)鎧裝，第二位(wei)(wei)數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外被，如粗鋼(gang)絲鎧裝纖(xian)維外被表(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電纜(lan)型號按電纜(lan)結構(gou)的排列一般依次序為：絕緣材料；導體(ti)材料；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜產品(pin)用型號、額定電壓和(he)(he)規格表示。其方法是在型號后再加上說(shuo)明(ming)額定電壓、芯數和(he)(he)標(biao)稱(cheng)截(jie)面(mian)積的。

型號詳細說(shuo)明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)HP——配線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)HJ——局用電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)

（2）絕緣：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕緣YF——泡(pao)沫聚烯(xi)烴(jing)(jing)絕緣YP——泡(pao)沫/實(shi)心皮聚烯(xi)烴(jing)(jing)絕緣

（3）內護(hu)層：A——涂塑(su)鋁(lv)帶(dai)粘接屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶(dai)屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)(tao)      V——聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)(tao)

（4）特(te)征：T——石油膏填(tian)充G——高(gao)頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外護層：23——雙層防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯外被層

33——單層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被(bei)層(ceng)

43——單層(ceng)粗鋼(gang)絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

53——單層鋼(gang)帶(dai)皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙(yi)烯(xi)外被層

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙(yi)烯外被層

2） BV 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)電線；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)電線；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯護套電線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)軟(ruan)線；RV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)安裝軟(ruan)線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣平(ping)型連接線軟線；BVS 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯護套軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯護套軟線；RY 聚乙(yi)(yi)烯絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕(jue)緣聚氯(lv)乙烯護套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻(zu)燃(ran)型(xing)NH：耐(nai)火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)