熱門關(guan)鍵詞：
來源(yuan)：行業動態 閱讀：109588 發布時間(jian)：2019-07-05
導(dao)讀：由(you)于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)工藝(yi)不(bu)同，所生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)及外觀就不(bu)同。上引生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿(gan)(gan)，工藝(yi)得當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)在(zai)(zai)10ppm以(yi)下，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿(gan)(gan) 是在(zai)(zai)保(bao)護條件(jian)下的(de)(de)熱軋(ya)，氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)在(zai)(zai)200-500ppm范圍(wei)內(nei)，但有(you)(you)時(shi)也高達700ppm以(yi)上，一(yi)般情況下，此種方法生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅外表光亮，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)，有(you)(you)時(shi)也叫(jiao)光桿(gan)(gan)。
銅(tong)桿(gan)是(shi)電纜(lan)行業的(de)(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)主要有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)法(fa)(fa)和上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產方(fang)法(fa)(fa)較(jiao)多(duo)，其特點是(shi)金(jin)屬在豎爐(lu)中融化后(hou)，銅(tong)液通過(guo)保溫(wen)爐(lu)、溜槽(cao)、中間(jian)包，從澆管進(jin)(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)(de)模腔內，采用較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)冷卻強度進(jin)(jin)行冷卻，形成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行多(duo)道次軋(ya)(ya)(ya)制，生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)為熱(re)加工組(zu)(zu)織，原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)織已經破(po)碎，含(han)氧(yang)量一般為200~400ppm之間(jian)。無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)國(guo)內基本全部采用上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產，金(jin)屬在感應電爐(lu)中融化后(hou)通過(guo)石(shi)墨模進(jin)(jin)行上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造，之后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行冷軋(ya)(ya)(ya)或冷加工，生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)織，含(han)氧(yang)量一般在20ppm以(yi)下。由于制造工藝的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，所以(yi)在組(zu)(zu)織結構(gou)、氧(yang)含(han)量分布、雜質的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)及分布等諸多(duo)方(fang)面有(you)較(jiao)大(da)差別。
一、拉制性能
銅桿(gan)的(de)拉制性能跟很多因素(su)有關，如(ru)雜質的(de)含量、氧含量及分布、工(gong)藝(yi)控(kong)制等。下(xia)面分別從(cong)以上幾個方面對(dui)銅桿(gan)的(de)拉制性能進行分析(xi)。
1、熔(rong)化方式對S等雜質的影響
連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)桿主要(yao)是通過氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)燃(ran)燒使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)化，在燃(ran)燒的(de)過程中(zhong)，通過氧化和揮(hui)發作用(yong)，可(ke)一(yi)定程度(du)減少部分雜質進入銅(tong)(tong)液，因此(ci)連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)法對原料要(yao)求相(xiang)對低一(yi)些。上引(yin)連鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿，由于是用(yong)感應電爐熔(rong)化，電解銅(tong)(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基(ji)本都熔(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔(rong)入的(de)S對無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿塑(su)性影響極大(da)，會增加(jia)拉絲斷線率。
2、鑄造過程(cheng)中雜質的進(jin)入
在生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)需通過(guo)保(bao)溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉運(yun)銅液，相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)容易造(zao)成(cheng)耐火材料的剝(bo)落，在軋(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)需要(yao)通過(guo)軋(ya)輥，造(zao)成(cheng)鐵(tie)質(zhi)(zhi)的脫落，會給(gei)(gei)銅桿造(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜(za)(za)。而熱(re)軋(ya)中(zhong)皮上(shang)和皮下(xia)氧化(hua)物的軋(ya)入(ru)，會給(gei)(gei)低(di)氧桿的拉絲造(zao)成(cheng)不利(li)的影(ying)響。上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)法生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)較短，銅液是(shi)通過(guo)聯體爐內潛流(liu)式完成(cheng)，對(dui)(dui)耐火材料的沖擊不大，結晶是(shi)通過(guo)石墨模內進(jin)行，所以(yi)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)可能產(chan)生(sheng)的污染源較少(shao)，雜(za)(za)質(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)入(ru)的機會較少(shao)。
O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會(hui)生產(chan)化合(he)物的(de)元素。在熔態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)可以(yi)溶解一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)(yang)幾(ji)乎不溶解于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔態(tai)時所溶解的(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體析出，分布(bu)在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體的(de)出現(xian)，顯著降低了(le)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。
硫可以溶解(jie)在熔體的銅中，但(dan)在室溫下，其溶解(jie)度(du)幾乎降(jiang)低(di)到零，它以硫化亞銅的形式出現在晶粒晶界處，會顯著降(jiang)低(di)銅的塑性。
3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)中分布形式(shi)及其(qi)影響
氧含(han)量(liang)對低(di)氧銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)拉線性能有(you)著明顯的(de)(de)(de)影響。當氧含(han)量(liang)增加到(dao)最(zui)佳(jia)值時(shi)，銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)斷線率最(zui)低(di)。這是因(yin)為(wei)氧在與大部(bu)分雜質(zhi)反應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)都起到(dao)了清除器的(de)(de)(de)作用。適(shi)度的(de)(de)(de)氧還有(you)利于去(qu)除銅液中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)，生成水蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔的(de)(de)(de)形成。最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)氧含(han)量(liang)為(wei)拉線工藝提(ti)供了最(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)條件。
低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在連(lian)續澆鑄(zhu)中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)初(chu)階段，散熱速率和(he)(he)均勻(yun)冷卻是決定銅(tong)桿氧(yang)化物分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要因素。不(bu)均勻(yun)冷卻會引(yin)起銅(tong)桿內部結構(gou)本質上的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)，但后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱加工(gong)，柱狀晶通常會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)顆粒細微化和(he)(he)均勻(yun)分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)化物顆粒聚集(ji)(ji)而產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)典型情況是中(zhong)心爆裂。除氧(yang)化物顆粒分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響外(wai)，具(ju)有較小氧(yang)化物顆粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿顯(xian)示出較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)線特(te)性，較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒容(rong)易造成(cheng)應力集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)點而斷裂。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)變(bian)脆，延伸率(lv)下(xia)降，拉伸式樣端口(kou)顯暗(an)紅色(se)，結晶組織(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)超(chao)出8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)藝性能變(bian)差(cha)，表現為鑄造及(ji)(ji)拉伸過程中(zhong)(zhong)斷桿(gan)(gan)及(ji)(ji)斷線(xian)率(lv)極具增高(gao)。這是(shi)由于氧(yang)(yang)能與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)脆性相，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體，以(yi)網狀組織(zhi)分布在境(jing)界上。這種脆性相硬度高(gao)，在冷變(bian)形時(shi)將會(hui)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)機(ji)(ji)體脫離，導致銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的機(ji)(ji)械(xie)性能下(xia)降，在后(hou)續加工(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)容易造成(cheng)斷裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)高(gao)還能導致無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)導電率(lv)下(xia)降。因此，必須嚴格控制上引連鑄工(gong)藝及(ji)(ji)產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在上引連(lian)鑄中，氧(yang)含量控制較(jiao)低(di)(di)，氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)副作用唄**降低(di)(di)，但氫的(de)(de)影響成為較(jiao)顯著的(de)(de)問題(ti)。吸(xi)氣后熔體中存在平衡反應(ying)：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣體及疏松(song)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，氫從過(guo)飽和(he)的(de)(de)(de)溶液中(zhong)析(xi)出并聚集(ji)而(er)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)氫又可還原氧(yang)化亞銅而(er)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水氣泡。由于(yu)上(shang)(shang)引鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)銅液自上(shang)(shang)而(er)下的(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液**形(xing)(xing)狀近(jin)似錐型(xing)。銅液結晶(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)氣體在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)浮過(guo)程中(zhong)被(bei)堵在(zai)(zai)凝(ning)固(gu)組織內，結晶(jing)時在(zai)(zai)鑄(zhu)桿(gan)內形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣孔(kong)。上(shang)(shang)引的(de)(de)(de)含氣量少時，析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)氫存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)界處，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏松(song)；含氣量多時，則(ze)聚集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣孔(kong)，因(yin)此(ci)，氣孔(kong)和(he)疏松(song)是(shi)氫氣和(he)水蒸氣兩者(zhe)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。
氫來源(yuan)于上引(yin)生產過程中的(de)各個工藝(yi)環節，如原(yuan)料電(dian)解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料木炭(tan)**、氣候環境(jing)**、石墨結(jie)晶器未干(gan)燥等。因此，熔化爐中的(de)銅(tong)液表面應覆蓋經(jing)烘烤的(de)木炭(tan)，電(dian)解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)應盡量(liang)去除“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高(gao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)質量(liang)非常重要。
在連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)工藝中，往往采(cai)用適度控制(zhi)氧含量(liang)來控制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)液在鑄造(zao)過程(cheng)中(zhong)是(shi)自下(xia)而上(shang)結晶(jing)，銅(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧和氫所(suo)產生的(de)(de)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣很容易上(shang)浮跑出(chu)，銅(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫大部分能被有效去除，因(yin)而對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)較小(xiao)。
二、表面質量
在生產電磁線等產品(pin)的(de)(de)過程中，對銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)質(zhi)量也(ye)需(xu)提(ti)出要(yao)求(qiu)。需(xu)要(yao)拉制后的(de)(de)銅絲表面(mian)(mian)無毛刺、銅粉少、無油污。并通過扭(niu)轉試驗測量表面(mian)(mian)銅粉的(de)(de)質(zhi)量和扭(niu)轉后觀察銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)復原情況(kuang)來判定其好(hao)壞。
在連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，從鑄(zhu)造到(dao)軋(ya)(ya)制前，溫度高(gao)，完(wan)全暴(bao)露(lu)于空氣中(zhong)，使鑄(zhu)坯表(biao)面(mian)形成較厚的(de)氧化(hua)層，在軋(ya)(ya)制過程(cheng)中(zhong)，隨著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)轉(zhuan)動(dong)，氧化(hua)物(wu)顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)銅線(xian)表(biao)面(mian)。由于氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅是(shi)(shi)高(gao)熔點脆(cui)性化(hua)合物(wu)，對于軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)較深(shen)的(de)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅，當(dang)成條狀(zhuang)的(de)聚集物(wu)遇模具(ju)拉(la)伸時(shi)，就會(hui)是(shi)(shi)銅桿(gan)外表(biao)面(mian)產生(sheng)毛(mao)刺，給后續的(de)涂漆造成麻煩。
而上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)工藝制造(zao)的(de)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，由(you)于鑄(zhu)造(zao)和(he)冷卻完全與氧隔絕(jue)，后(hou)續亦無熱軋(ya)過(guo)程，銅(tong)桿(gan)表面無軋(ya)入表面的(de)氧化物，質(zhi)量較好，拉制后(hou)銅(tong)粉少，上(shang)述問題較少存(cun)在。
無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)也(ye)分進口設備(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de)(de)和國產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de)(de),但目前進口產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品已無明顯優(you)勢，銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品出來后(hou)區別(bie)不是(shi)很(hen)大,只(zhi)要銅(tong)板選(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)好,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)控(kong)制比較穩定(ding),國產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)也(ye)能產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan).進口設備(bei)(bei)一般(ban)是(shi)芬蘭(lan)奧托昆普的(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)(bei),國產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)最好的(de)(de)(de)應該是(shi)上海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)軍廠的(de)(de)(de)了，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)時間最長，軍工企(qi)業，質(zhi)量可靠(kao)。
低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)進口設(she)備國(guo)際(ji)主要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)美國(guo)南線設(she)備,英文是(shi)(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠家(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)南京華新,江西銅(tong)業(ye),另(ling)一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備,國(guo)內廠家(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)常州金源,天津大無縫。
無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容(rong)易(yi)區別,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)是含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在10-20個(ge)PPM以下(xia),但目(mu)前有的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)做(zuo)到50個(ge)PPM以下(xia).低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿在 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿子一般(ban)(ban)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制(zhi)在250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿一般(ban)(ban)采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)是上引(yin)法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿是連鑄(zhu)連軋,兩種產(chan)品相對(dui)而(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿對(dui)漆包線(xian)(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)更適應些,如柔軟(ruan)性(xing),回彈角,繞線(xian)(xian)性(xing)能(neng).但低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿對(dui)拉絲(si)條(tiao)(tiao)件相對(dui)要(yao)苛刻些,同(tong)樣拉伸0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲(si),如果(guo)伸線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)件不好(hao),普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿可(ke)拉而(er)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿就斷 線(xian)(xian),但如果(guo)放在好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)伸線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)件,同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿說不定就能(neng)拉到雙(shuang)零(ling)五,而(er)普通(tong)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿最(zui)多只能(neng)拉伸到0.1而(er)已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)如雙(shuang)零(ling)二卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿了(le).目(mu)前有企業(ye)嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式來(lai)處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿來(lai)伸0.03線(xian)(xian).但有關(guan)這方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我還不是很清楚。
音響線一(yi)般(ban)反而喜歡用無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan),這和無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是單晶銅(tong),低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是多晶銅(tong)有(you)關。
氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿由(you)于制造方法的(de)不同，致使(shi)存在(zai)差(cha)別，具有各(ge)自的(de)特點。
一、關(guan)于(yu)氧的吸入和脫去以及(ji)它的存在狀態
生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約(yue)2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液態下吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而上(shang)引法(fa)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相當(dang)時間后(hou)，被還原而脫去，通常(chang)這種桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以下，最(zui)低可達1-2ppm，從組(zu)織上(shang)看，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界附近，這對(dui)(dui)(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而言可以說(shuo)是常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)(dui)(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則很(hen)少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以夾雜形式(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界出(chu)現(xian)對(dui)(dui)(dui)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產生負(fu)面影響。而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低，所(suo)以這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織是均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)單相組(zu)織對(dui)(dui)(dui)韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔性(xing)是不(bu)常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則是常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種缺陷。
二(er)、熱軋(ya)組(zu)織和(he)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織的區別
低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿由于經(jing)過(guo)熱軋，所以其組織(zhi)屬熱加工(gong)組織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織(zhi)已(yi)經(jing)破碎(sui)，在8mm的(de)(de)桿時已(yi)有(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶的(de)(de)形(xing)式出現，而(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿屬鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織(zhi)，晶粒(li)(li)(li)粗(cu)大(da)，這是(shi)為(wei)什么，無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶溫(wen)度較(jiao)高，需要較(jiao)高退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)固有(you)原(yuan)因(yin)。這是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)，再(zai)結(jie)晶發生在晶粒(li)(li)(li)邊(bian)界附近，無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿組織(zhi)晶粒(li)(li)(li)粗(cu)大(da)，晶粒(li)(li)(li)尺寸甚至能達幾個毫米，因(yin)而(er)晶粒(li)(li)(li)邊(bian)界少，即使通過(guo)拉制(zhi)變形(xing)，但(dan)晶粒(li)(li)(li)邊(bian)界相對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿還是(shi)較(jiao)少，所以需要較(jiao)高的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)功(gong)率。對(dui)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)要求是(shi)：由桿經(jing)拉制(zhi)，但(dan)尚未鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織(zhi)的(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)第一次退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)，其退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)功(gong)率應(ying)比同(tong)樣情況的(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經(jing)繼續(xu)拉制(zhi)，在以后(hou)階段的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)功(gong)率應(ying)留有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)余量(liang)和對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區別執(zhi)行不同(tong)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)工(gong)藝，以保證在制(zhi)品和成品導線的(de)(de)柔軟性。
三、夾雜，氧含(han)量波動，表面氧化物和可(ke)能存在的熱軋缺陷的差別
無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)拉性在(zai)所有(you)線(xian)(xian)(xian)徑里與低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)相(xiang)比(bi)都是(shi)(shi)優越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，除上述(shu)組織原(yuan)因(yin)外(wai)，無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)夾雜少，含(han)氧量(liang)穩(wen)定(ding)，無(wu)熱軋(ya)可(ke)能(neng)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)，桿(gan)表(biao)氧化(hua)(hua)物厚度(du)可(ke)達(da)≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產(chan)過程中如(ru)果(guo)工藝不穩(wen)定(ding)，對(dui)氧監控不嚴(yan)，含(han)氧量(liang)不穩(wen)定(ding)將直接影響桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)。如(ru)果(guo)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面氧化(hua)(hua)物能(neng)在(zai)后工序的(de)(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續清洗(xi)中得以彌(mi)補外(wai)，但比(bi)較麻(ma)煩的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)有(you)相(xiang)當多的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)(hua)物存在(zai)于(yu)“皮下(xia)”，對(dui)拉線(xian)(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)影響更直接，故而在(zai)拉制微細(xi)(xi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，超微細(xi)(xi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi)，為(wei)了(le)減少斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)，有(you)時(shi)要對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)采取不得已的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法(fa)——剝皮，甚至(zhi)二次剝皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)所在(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)要除去皮下(xia)氧化(hua)(hua)物。
四(si)、低氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿的韌性有差別(bie)
兩(liang)者都可(ke)以拉(la)到0.015mm，但(dan)在低(di)(di)溫超(chao)導線中(zhong)的低(di)(di)溫級(ji)無(wu)氧銅，其細絲間的間距只有0.001mm.
五、從制(zhi)桿的原材(cai)料到制(zhi)線的經濟(ji)性有(you)差別。
制(zhi)造無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿要求(qiu)質量較高的(de)原材料。一般，拉(la)(la)制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線時，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)優(you)(you)點比(bi)較明顯，而無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿顯得(de)更為優(you)(you)越的(de)是拉(la)(la)制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線。
六、低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的制線工(gong)藝與(yu)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的有所不同。
低(di)氧(yang)銅桿的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝(yi)不能照搬到(dao)無氧(yang)銅桿的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝(yi)上來(lai)，至少兩者的(de)退火(huo)工(gong)藝(yi)是不同的(de)。因為線(xian)的(de)柔軟(ruan)性(xing)深受材料成份和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)桿，制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)和(he)退火(huo)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)影響，不能簡單地(di)說低(di)氧(yang)銅或無氧(yang)銅誰軟(ruan)誰硬。
