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電(dian)力電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是用于傳輸(shu)和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路、工(gong)礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江(jiang)海水下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路中(zhong)(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所(suo)占比重正逐(zhu)漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的主干(gan)線(xian)路中(zhong)(zhong)用以傳輸(shu)和分配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產(chan)品，包括1-500KV以及(ji)以上各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級，各種(zhong)絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至今已(yi)有百(bai)年

主要分類

分類(lei)：按電壓等級(ji)分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的使用(yong)至今(jin)已有(you)百余年(nian)(nian)歷史(shi)。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國發明家T.A.愛迪生在銅棒上包繞黃麻(ma)并將其穿入鐵(tie)管內，然后(hou)填(tian)充瀝(li)青(qing)混合(he)物制成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)于紐(niu)約，開創了(le)(le)地下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)，英國人(ren)卡(ka)倫德(de)(de)發明瀝(li)青(qing)浸漬紙絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英國人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯(ti)在倫敦與德(de)(de)特福德(de)(de)之(zhi)間敷設(she)了(le)(le)10千(qian)伏油浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英國建成20千(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得(de)到越來越廣的應用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)國敷設(she)成60千(qian)伏高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)(le)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的發展。1913年(nian)(nian)，德(de)(de)國人(ren)M.霍希施泰特研(yan)制成分相屏蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布(bu),消除了(le)(le)絕(jue)(jue)緣表面的正(zheng)切(qie)應力(li)，成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發展中(zhong)的里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典(dian)在北部(bu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)了(le)(le)380千(qian)伏超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實(shi)現(xian)了(le)(le)超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的應用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)代已制成1100千(qian)伏、1200千(qian)伏的特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)中(zhong)、低壓(ya)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)下(xia)）、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千伏(fu)以(yi)(yi)上)、超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)）以(yi)(yi)及特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千伏(fu)及以(yi)(yi)上）。此外，還(huan)可按電(dian)流制分(fen)(fen)為(wei)交流電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油(you)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)以油(you)浸紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。其(qi)應用(yong)歷史最長(chang)(chang)。它安全可(ke)靠(kao)，使用(yong)壽命(ming)長(chang)(chang)，價格低(di)廉。主要缺點是敷設受(shou)落(luo)(luo)差限制。自(zi)從開發出不滴流浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣后，解決(jue)了(le)落(luo)(luo)差限制問題，使油(you)浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)得以繼(ji)續(xu)廣泛應用(yong)。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕(jue)緣層為擠壓塑(su)料(liao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常用(yong)的塑(su)料(liao)有聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯。塑(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結構(gou)簡單,制造加工(gong)方(fang)便，重量輕(qing)，敷設安(an)裝方(fang)便,不(bu)受敷設落差限制。因此廣泛應用(yong)作中(zhong)低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并(bing)有取代粘性浸(jin)漬油紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的趨(qu)勢。其最大缺點是存在樹枝化擊穿現象，這限制了它在更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的使用(yong)。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜　絕緣(yuan)層為(wei)橡(xiang)膠加上(shang)各種配合劑，經過(guo)(guo)充分混煉后擠(ji)包(bao)在導電(dian)線芯上(shang)，經過(guo)(guo)加溫硫化而成(cheng)。它柔軟(ruan)，富有彈性(xing)，適合于移動頻繁(fan)、敷設(she)彎曲半徑小的場合。

常(chang)用作絕緣的膠(jiao)(jiao)料有(you)天然膠(jiao)(jiao)-丁苯(ben)膠(jiao)(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)(jiao)、丁基(ji)膠(jiao)(jiao)等。

按電壓等級分

1、低(di)壓電纜：適(shi)用于固定敷設在(zai)交流50Hz，額定電壓3kv及以(yi)下的輸(shu)配電線路(lu)上作(zuo)輸(shu)送電能用。

2、中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜：（一(yi)般(ban)指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)纜，聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)纜，交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)纜等。

3、高壓電纜(lan)：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚乙(yi)烯電纜(lan)和(he)交聯聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)電纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏(fu)）。

5、特(te)高壓(ya)電(dian)纜：（1000千(qian)伏及(ji)以上）。

基(ji)本結構：電力電纜的基(ji)本結構由(you)線芯（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和(he)保護層四部分(fen)組成。

1.線(xian)芯是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的導電(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)，用來輸送電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的主要部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。

2.絕緣層是將線芯與(yu)大地(di)以及不(bu)同相的(de)線芯間在電(dian)氣(qi)上彼此(ci)隔離，保證電(dian)能輸送，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構中不(bu)可(ke)缺少的(de)組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜(lan)一般都(dou)有導體屏(ping)蔽層和絕緣(yuan)屏(ping)蔽層。

4.保護層(ceng)的作用(yong)是保護電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜免(mian)受(shou)外界雜質和水分的侵入，以及防止外力直接(jie)損壞(huai)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占地少(shao)。一般(ban)埋設于土壤中或敷設于室內，溝道(dao)，隧道(dao)中，線間(jian)絕緣距(ju)離小，不用桿(gan)塔，占地少(shao)，基本不占地面上空間(jian)。

2可靠性(xing)(xing)高。受氣候(hou)條件(jian)和周圍環境影(ying)響小，傳輸性(xing)(xing)能穩定，可靠性(xing)(xing)高。

3具有向(xiang)超(chao)高壓，大(da)容量發展(zhan)的更(geng)為有利的條件(jian)，如低(di)溫(wen)，超(chao)導電(dian)力電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電力(li)電纜的(de)型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼音(yin)第一個字母的大寫表(biao)示絕緣種(zhong)類(lei)、導體材(cai)料(liao)、內護層材(cai)料(liao)和結構特點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字表示外(wai)(wai)護層構成，有二位數(shu)字。無(wu)數(shu)字代(dai)表無(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)層，無(wu)外(wai)(wai)被層。第(di)一(yi)位數(shu)字表示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，第(di)二位數(shu)字表示外(wai)(wai)被，如(ru)粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)纖維外(wai)(wai)被表示為41。

3.電纜(lan)(lan)型號按電纜(lan)(lan)結構的排列一般依次序為：絕緣材料(liao)；導體材料(liao)；內護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電纜產品用型(xing)號、額定電壓和規(gui)格表示。其方(fang)法是在型(xing)號后再加上說明額定電壓、芯數和標(biao)稱截面積的。

型號詳細(xi)說(shuo)明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電纜(lan)(lan)HP——配線電纜(lan)(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)(lan)

（2）絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫聚(ju)烯(xi)烴(jing)(jing)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫/實心皮聚(ju)烯(xi)烴(jing)(jing)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)層：A——涂塑(su)鋁(lv)帶粘接(jie)屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶屏蔽聚(ju)乙烯護(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)套(tao)

（4）特(te)征：T——石油膏填充G——高(gao)頻隔離(li)C——自承式(shi)

（5）外(wai)(wai)護層(ceng)：23——雙(shuang)層(ceng)防腐鋼帶(dai)繞包銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)

33——單層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被(bei)層

43——單層粗(cu)鋼絲鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)被層

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶(dai)皺(zhou)紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

553——雙層(ceng)鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱包(bao)鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)線；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套(tao)電線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套(tao)電線(xian)；

BVR 銅(tong)(tong)芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)線；RV 銅(tong)(tong)芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣安裝軟(ruan)線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣平型連接線軟線；BVS 銅(tong)芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣軟電(dian)線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線(xian)；RY 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)套軟(ruan)線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)