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導(dao)讀(du)：由(you)于生產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)兩者的(de)工藝不同，所(suo)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量及外(wai)觀就(jiu)不同。上引生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工藝得當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量在10ppm以下(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是在保護條件下(xia)的(de)熱軋(ya)，氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量在200-500ppm范圍內，但(dan)有時也(ye)高達(da)700ppm以上，一般情況下(xia)，此種方法(fa)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)外(wai)表光亮，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有時也(ye)叫(jiao)光桿(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿是電纜行業(ye)的主要(yao)原(yuan)料，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的方(fang)式主要(yao)有(you)兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋法(fa)和上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿的生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較(jiao)多，其(qi)特點是金屬(shu)在(zai)豎爐(lu)(lu)中(zhong)融化后(hou)(hou)(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)通過(guo)保溫爐(lu)(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間包(bao)，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的模(mo)腔內(nei)，采用較(jiao)大的冷(leng)卻(que)強度進(jin)行冷(leng)卻(que)，形成鑄(zhu)坯，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)行多道次軋制(zhi)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿為熱加(jia)工組(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經破碎，含(han)(han)氧量一般為200~400ppm之間。無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿國內(nei)基本(ben)全(quan)部采用上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，金屬(shu)在(zai)感應電爐(lu)(lu)中(zhong)融化后(hou)(hou)(hou)通過(guo)石墨模(mo)進(jin)行上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)續(xu)鑄(zhu)造(zao)，之后(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)行冷(leng)軋或冷(leng)加(jia)工，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿為鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，含(han)(han)氧量一般在(zai)20ppm以(yi)(yi)下。由于制(zhi)造(zao)工藝(yi)的不同，所以(yi)(yi)在(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)結構、氧含(han)(han)量分布、雜質(zhi)的形式及分布等(deng)諸多方(fang)面有(you)較(jiao)大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的(de)拉(la)制(zhi)性(xing)能跟很多因素有關，如雜(za)質的(de)含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分(fen)(fen)布(bu)、工藝控制(zhi)等。下(xia)面分(fen)(fen)別從以上幾(ji)個方面對銅桿的(de)拉(la)制(zhi)性(xing)能進行分(fen)(fen)析。

1、熔(rong)化方式對(dui)S等(deng)雜質(zhi)的(de)影響

連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)通過(guo)氣體的燃(ran)燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，在燃(ran)燒的過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，通過(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)和揮發作用，可一定程度減少部分雜質(zhi)進入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因此連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法對原料要(yao)求相對低(di)一些。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄生產無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)，由于是(shi)用感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)爐熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，電(dian)(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表(biao)面的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本(ben)都(dou)熔(rong)(rong)入到(dao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)熔(rong)(rong)入的S對無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)塑性影響極大，會增加(jia)拉絲斷線率。

2、鑄造過程中雜(za)質的進(jin)入

在生產過程中(zhong)，連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)工藝(yi)需通過保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉(zhuan)運銅液，相對容易造成(cheng)(cheng)耐火(huo)材料的(de)(de)(de)剝(bo)落，在軋(ya)制過程中(zhong)需要(yao)通過軋(ya)輥，造成(cheng)(cheng)鐵(tie)質的(de)(de)(de)脫落，會給銅桿造成(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)部(bu)夾雜。而(er)熱軋(ya)中(zhong)皮上和(he)皮下氧化物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)軋(ya)入，會給低氧桿的(de)(de)(de)拉(la)絲造成(cheng)(cheng)不利的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響。上引連(lian)鑄法(fa)生產工藝(yi)流(liu)程較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)短，銅液是(shi)通過聯體爐內潛(qian)流(liu)式完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)，對耐火(huo)材料的(de)(de)(de)沖擊(ji)不大(da)，結(jie)晶是(shi)通過石墨模(mo)內進行，所(suo)以過程中(zhong)可能(neng)產生的(de)(de)(de)污染源較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)，雜質進入的(de)(de)(de)機會較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)。

O、S、P是與(yu)銅會生產化(hua)合(he)物的元素。在熔態(tai)銅中，氧可以溶(rong)(rong)解一部分(fen)，但當(dang)銅冷凝(ning)時(shi)，氧幾乎(hu)不溶(rong)(rong)解于銅中。熔態(tai)時(shi)所溶(rong)(rong)解的氧，以銅=氧化(hua)亞銅共(gong)晶體析(xi)出，分(fen)布在晶粒晶界處。銅-氧化(hua)亞銅共(gong)晶體的出現，顯著降低了銅的塑性。

硫(liu)(liu)可以溶解在熔體(ti)的銅(tong)中，但在室溫下，其溶解度(du)幾乎降低到(dao)零，它以硫(liu)(liu)化亞銅(tong)的形(xing)式(shi)出現在晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處，會顯著降低銅(tong)的塑性。

3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅桿和(he)無氧(yang)銅桿中分布(bu)形式及其影響(xiang)

氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)對低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)拉(la)線(xian)性能(neng)有著(zhu)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)增(zeng)加到最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)斷(duan)線(xian)率(lv)最(zui)(zui)低。這是因(yin)為(wei)氧(yang)在(zai)與大(da)部分雜質反應(ying)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中都起到了清除(chu)器(qi)的(de)(de)作用。適度(du)的(de)(de)氧(yang)還有利于去(qu)除(chu)銅(tong)液中的(de)(de)氫，生成(cheng)水蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔的(de)(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)為(wei)拉(la)線(xian)工(gong)藝(yi)提(ti)供了最(zui)(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件。

低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物的(de)分布：在連(lian)續(xu)澆鑄(zhu)中(zhong)凝固的(de)最初階段，散熱(re)速率和均勻冷(leng)卻是(shi)決定銅(tong)(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物分布的(de)主要(yao)因素(su)。不均勻冷(leng)卻會引起銅(tong)(tong)桿內部結構本質上的(de)差異，但后續(xu)的(de)熱(re)加工，柱狀晶通(tong)常會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)細微化和均勻分布。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物顆(ke)粒(li)(li)聚集(ji)(ji)而產生的(de)典(dian)型情況是(shi)中(zhong)心爆裂。除氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物顆(ke)粒(li)(li)分布的(de)影響外，具有較(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物顆(ke)粒(li)(li)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿顯示出較(jiao)好的(de)拉線特(te)性，較(jiao)大的(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)(li)容易造成應力(li)集(ji)(ji)中(zhong)點而斷裂。

無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧量(liang)超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)變(bian)(bian)脆(cui)，延伸率(lv)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，拉(la)伸式(shi)樣(yang)端口顯暗(an)紅色，結晶(jing)組(zu)織疏松(song)。當氧含量(liang)超(chao)出(chu)8ppm時(shi)，工藝性(xing)能變(bian)(bian)差，表現為鑄(zhu)造及拉(la)伸過程中斷(duan)(duan)(duan)桿(gan)(gan)及斷(duan)(duan)(duan)線率(lv)極具增高(gao)。這是由于氧能與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)成氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性(xing)相，形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體，以(yi)網狀組(zu)織分布在(zai)境界上。這種脆(cui)性(xing)相硬度高(gao)，在(zai)冷(leng)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)時(shi)將(jiang)會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)機體脫離(li)，導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的機械(xie)性(xing)能下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，在(zai)后續(xu)加工中容易(yi)造成斷(duan)(duan)(duan)裂現象。氧含量(liang)高(gao)還能導(dao)致無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)導(dao)電(dian)率(lv)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)。因此，必須(xu)嚴格控制上引連鑄(zhu)工藝及產品質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在(zai)上引連(lian)鑄中，氧含量(liang)控制(zhi)較低，氧化物的(de)副作用唄(bai)**降低，但氫(qing)的(de)影(ying)響成為較顯著的(de)問(wen)題。吸氣后熔體中存在(zai)平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)及疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，氫(qing)從過飽和(he)的(de)溶液中(zhong)(zhong)析(xi)出(chu)并(bing)聚(ju)集(ji)而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出(chu)的(de)氫(qing)又(you)可還原氧化亞銅(tong)而(er)生成(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)。由于上引鑄(zhu)造(zao)的(de)特點是(shi)銅(tong)液自(zi)上而(er)下(xia)的(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)液**形(xing)狀近似錐型(xing)。銅(tong)液結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出(chu)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)在(zai)(zai)上浮過程中(zhong)(zhong)被堵(du)在(zai)(zai)凝固組織(zhi)內(nei)，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)鑄(zhu)桿內(nei)形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。上引的(de)含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)少(shao)時(shi)，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)(jing)界處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)；含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)多時(shi)，則聚(ju)集(ji)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)，因此(ci)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)和(he)疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)。

氫來(lai)源于上(shang)引生產過程中的各個工藝環節(jie)，如原(yuan)料(liao)(liao)電解(jie)(jie)銅的“銅綠”、輔料(liao)(liao)木(mu)炭(tan)(tan)**、氣(qi)候環境**、石墨結晶(jing)器(qi)未干燥等。因此，熔化爐中的銅液表面應覆蓋經烘烤的木(mu)炭(tan)(tan)，電解(jie)(jie)銅應盡(jin)量去除“銅綠”、“銅豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧銅桿質量非常重要。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工藝(yi)中，往(wang)往(wang)采(cai)用適度控制(zhi)氧含(han)量來(lai)控制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由(you)于銅(tong)液在鑄造過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是自下而上結晶，銅(tong)液中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氧和(he)氫所產生的(de)水(shui)蒸氣很容(rong)易(yi)上浮跑出(chu)，銅(tong)液中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氫大(da)部分(fen)能被(bei)有效去除(chu)，因而對銅(tong)桿的(de)影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產電磁線等產品的(de)(de)(de)過程中，對(dui)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)表面質量(liang)(liang)(liang)也需提出要求。需要拉(la)制后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)銅絲表面無毛刺、銅粉少、無油污(wu)。并通過扭轉試驗測量(liang)(liang)(liang)表面銅粉的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)和扭轉后(hou)觀察銅桿的(de)(de)(de)復(fu)原情(qing)況來判定其好壞(huai)。

在(zai)連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)(ya)過程中，從鑄(zhu)造到(dao)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)前，溫度高，完全暴露于空氣中，使鑄(zhu)坯表(biao)面形成(cheng)較厚(hou)的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過程中，隨著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入銅線表(biao)面。由于氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅是高熔點(dian)脆性化(hua)合物(wu)(wu)，對于軋(ya)(ya)入較深的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅，當成(cheng)條狀的(de)聚(ju)集物(wu)(wu)遇模具拉伸(shen)時，就(jiu)會是銅桿外表(biao)面產生毛刺，給后續的(de)涂漆(qi)造成(cheng)麻煩。

而(er)上引連鑄工藝(yi)制造的無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于鑄造和冷卻完全(quan)與氧(yang)(yang)隔絕，后續亦無(wu)熱軋(ya)過程，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)表面無(wu)軋(ya)入(ru)表面的氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物，質量較好，拉(la)制后銅(tong)(tong)粉少(shao)(shao)，上述問(wen)題較少(shao)(shao)存在。

無氧銅(tong)桿也(ye)(ye)分進口設備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de)(de)和國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de)(de),但目前(qian)進口產(chan)品(pin)已無明顯優勢，銅(tong)桿產(chan)品(pin)出來后區別不是很大,只要銅(tong)板選的(de)(de)(de)好,生(sheng)產(chan)控制比較穩(wen)定,國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)也(ye)(ye)能產(chan)出可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿.進口設備(bei)(bei)(bei)一般(ban)是芬蘭奧(ao)托(tuo)昆普(pu)的(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)(bei)(bei),國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)最好的(de)(de)(de)應該(gai)是上海的(de)(de)(de)海軍廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)了，生(sheng)產(chan)時間最長，軍工企(qi)業(ye)，質量可靠。

低氧(yang)銅桿進口設備(bei)國際主(zhu)要有兩種,一種是(shi)(shi)美國南(nan)線設備(bei),英文是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家是(shi)(shi)南(nan)京華(hua)新,江西銅業,另一種是(shi)(shi)德國CONTIROD設備(bei),國內廠家是(shi)(shi)常州金源(yuan),天津大(da)無縫(feng)。

無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及(ji)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從(cong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上(shang)容(rong)易區別(bie),無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)下,但目(mu)前有的(de)(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)做(zuo)(zuo)到(dao)(dao)50個(ge)PPM以(yi)下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai)(zai)(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi)一般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在(zai)(zai)(zai)250個(ge)PPM左(zuo)右,無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一般采取的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上(shang)引(yin)法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)連鑄連軋(ya),兩(liang)種產品相對而(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆包線性 能(neng)更適應些(xie),如柔軟性,回彈角,繞線性能(neng).但低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉(la)(la)(la)絲(si)條件相對要苛刻些(xie),同(tong)樣拉(la)(la)(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲(si),如果(guo)伸(shen)線條件不(bu)好,普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)(la)(la)而(er)好的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線,但如果(guo)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)好的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線條件,同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi),低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定(ding)就(jiu)能(neng)拉(la)(la)(la)到(dao)(dao)雙零(ling)五,而(er)普(pu)通無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只能(neng)拉(la)(la)(la)伸(shen)到(dao)(dao)0.1而(er)已,當然做(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)最細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)如雙零(ling)二卻非得(de)依(yi)靠(kao)進口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前有企業(ye)嘗(chang)試用剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)(de)方式來(lai)處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)0.03線.但有關這方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我還不(bu)是(shi)很(hen)清楚。

音(yin)響線一(yi)般反而(er)喜(xi)歡用(yong)無(wu)氧桿,這和無(wu)氧桿是(shi)單晶銅(tong)(tong),低(di)氧桿是(shi)多晶銅(tong)(tong)有關。

氧(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)銅桿由于制造(zao)方法的(de)不同，致使存在差(cha)別，具有各自的(de)特點。

一、關于(yu)氧的吸入(ru)和脫去以及它的存在狀態

生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)陰極(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)態下(xia)吸入的(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液(ye)(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相(xiang)當時間后，被還原而(er)脫(tuo)去，通常這(zhe)種桿(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)，最低可(ke)達(da)1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)上看，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界附(fu)近，這(zhe)對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而(er)言可(ke)以(yi)說是(shi)常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)但對無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則很少見(jian)(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜(za)形(xing)式(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界出現對材料的(de)(de)韌(ren)性(xing)產(chan)生(sheng)負面影(ying)響(xiang)。而(er)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低，所以(yi)這(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織(zhi)是(shi)均勻的(de)(de)單相(xiang)組織(zhi)對韌(ren)性(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)多孔性(xing)是(shi)不常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)一種缺陷。

二、熱軋組(zu)織(zhi)和鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)區(qu)別

低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿由于經過熱軋，所以其(qi)(qi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬熱加工組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已(yi)經破碎(sui)，在(zai)(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿時(shi)(shi)已(yi)有(you)再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)形式出(chu)現(xian)，而無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿屬鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大，這(zhe)是為什(shen)么，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)溫度較(jiao)高(gao)，需要較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)溫度的(de)(de)固(gu)有(you)原(yuan)因。這(zhe)是因為，再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界附近，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺寸甚至能達幾個毫米(mi)，因而晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界少，即(ji)使通過拉(la)制變(bian)形，但(dan)(dan)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿還是較(jiao)少，所以需要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)功率。對(dui)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)要求是：由桿經拉(la)制，但(dan)(dan)尚未鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)線(xian)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)第一次退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)，其(qi)(qi)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)功率應比同樣(yang)情況的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經繼續(xu)拉(la)制，在(zai)(zai)以后(hou)階段的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)功率應留有(you)足夠的(de)(de)余量和對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切(qie)實區別執(zhi)行不(bu)同的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)工藝，以保證在(zai)(zai)制品和成品導線(xian)的(de)(de)柔軟性(xing)。

三、夾雜，氧含量(liang)波動，表面氧化(hua)物和可能存在的熱軋缺(que)陷(xian)的差(cha)別

無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)拉性在所有線(xian)(xian)徑(jing)里與低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)相比(bi)都(dou)是優(you)越的(de)(de)(de)，除(chu)上述(shu)組織原因(yin)外(wai)，無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)夾雜少(shao)，含氧(yang)量穩(wen)定(ding)，無熱軋可(ke)能(neng)產生的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表(biao)氧(yang)化(hua)物厚(hou)度可(ke)達≤15A。在連鑄連軋生產過程中如果(guo)工(gong)藝不穩(wen)定(ding)，對(dui)氧(yang)監控不嚴，含氧(yang)量不穩(wen)定(ding)將直接影(ying)響(xiang)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)。如果(guo)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面氧(yang)化(hua)物能(neng)在后工(gong)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)連續清洗中得以彌補(bu)外(wai)，但比(bi)較麻煩的(de)(de)(de)是有相當多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)物存在于“皮(pi)下”，對(dui)拉線(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)影(ying)響(xiang)更直接，故(gu)而在拉制微細線(xian)(xian)，超微細線(xian)(xian)時，為了(le)減少(shao)斷線(xian)(xian)，有時要(yao)對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)采取不得已的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法——剝皮(pi)，甚至二次剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)所在，目的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)除(chu)去皮(pi)下氧(yang)化(hua)物。

四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌性有差別

兩者(zhe)都可以拉到0.015mm，但在(zai)低(di)溫超(chao)導線中(zhong)的低(di)溫級無氧(yang)銅，其細(xi)絲間的間距只有(you)0.001mm.

五(wu)、從制(zhi)桿的原材料到制(zhi)線的經濟性有差別(bie)。

制(zhi)造無氧銅(tong)桿要求(qiu)質(zhi)量較高的(de)原材料。一(yi)般，拉(la)制(zhi)直徑(jing)>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線(xian)時，低(di)氧銅(tong)桿的(de)優(you)點比(bi)較明(ming)顯(xian)，而(er)無氧銅(tong)桿顯(xian)得更為(wei)優(you)越(yue)的(de)是拉(la)制(zhi)直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線(xian)。

六、低氧銅(tong)桿的制線工藝(yi)與(yu)無氧銅(tong)桿的有(you)所不同。

低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)工藝(yi)不能照搬到無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)工藝(yi)上來，至少兩者的(de)(de)退火工藝(yi)是不同的(de)(de)。因為(wei)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)柔軟性深(shen)受材料成(cheng)份(fen)和制(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和退火工藝(yi)的(de)(de)影響，不能簡單地說低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)或無氧銅(tong)(tong)誰(shui)(shui)軟誰(shui)(shui)硬。