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導讀：由于生產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)兩(liang)者(zhe)的(de)工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)同，所生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)含(han)氧量(liang)及(ji)外觀就(jiu)不(bu)同。上引生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工(gong)藝(yi)得當氧含(han)量(liang)在(zai)10ppm以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，叫(jiao)(jiao)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是在(zai)保護條件下(xia)(xia)的(de)熱(re)軋，氧含(han)量(liang)在(zai)200-500ppm范圍(wei)內，但有時也(ye)高達700ppm以(yi)上，一(yi)般情(qing)況下(xia)(xia)，此種方法生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)外表光(guang)亮，低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有時也(ye)叫(jiao)(jiao)光(guang)桿(gan)(gan)。

銅桿(gan)是(shi)電纜行(xing)(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要原料(liao)，生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)主(zhu)要有兩種(zhong)——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋法和上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)方法較多(duo)，其(qi)特點是(shi)金(jin)屬在豎爐中融(rong)化后(hou)，銅液通(tong)過(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中間(jian)包，從澆管(guan)進(jin)入封閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模腔內(nei)，采用(yong)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻(que)強(qiang)度(du)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)卻(que)，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)多(duo)道次(ci)軋制(zhi)，生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)為(wei)熱加工組織，原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組織已經破碎，含氧(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)200~400ppm之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)。無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)國內(nei)基本全(quan)部(bu)采用(yong)上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法生產(chan)(chan)，金(jin)屬在感應電爐中融(rong)化后(hou)通(tong)過(guo)石墨模進(jin)行(xing)(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)軋或冷(leng)加工，生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組織，含氧(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般(ban)在20ppm以下。由于制(zhi)造(zao)工藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)，所以在組織結(jie)構、氧(yang)(yang)含量分布、雜質的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)及分布等諸多(duo)方面有較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制(zhi)性能跟很多因素有關，如雜質的(de)(de)含(han)量、氧含(han)量及(ji)分(fen)布、工藝控制(zhi)等。下面分(fen)別從以上幾個方(fang)面對銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制(zhi)性能進行分(fen)析。

1、熔化(hua)方式對S等雜質的影響

連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要是通過氣(qi)體的(de)燃燒(shao)使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔化，在燃燒(shao)的(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，通過氧(yang)(yang)化和揮發作(zuo)用，可一(yi)定程(cheng)度減(jian)少部分(fen)雜質進入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因此(ci)連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)對原(yuan)料要求相對低一(yi)些。上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由(you)于(yu)是用感(gan)應電(dian)爐熔化，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表面(mian)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔入(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong)熔入(ru)的(de)S對無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑性影(ying)響(xiang)極(ji)大，會增加(jia)拉絲(si)斷(duan)線率。

2、鑄造(zao)過程(cheng)中雜質(zhi)的進入

在生產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)工(gong)藝需(xu)通過(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)間包(bao)轉運銅液(ye)，相對容易(yi)造成(cheng)耐火材料的(de)剝落(luo)，在軋(ya)制過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)需(xu)要(yao)通過(guo)軋(ya)輥，造成(cheng)鐵(tie)質(zhi)的(de)脫落(luo)，會(hui)給(gei)(gei)銅桿造成(cheng)外(wai)部(bu)夾雜(za)。而熱軋(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)皮上和皮下氧(yang)化(hua)物的(de)軋(ya)入，會(hui)給(gei)(gei)低氧(yang)桿的(de)拉(la)絲造成(cheng)不(bu)利的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。上引連鑄(zhu)法生產(chan)工(gong)藝流(liu)程(cheng)較短，銅液(ye)是(shi)通過(guo)聯體爐內潛流(liu)式(shi)完成(cheng)，對耐火材料的(de)沖擊不(bu)大，結晶是(shi)通過(guo)石墨模內進行，所以過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)可能產(chan)生的(de)污(wu)染(ran)源較少，雜(za)質(zhi)進入的(de)機會(hui)較少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)會生產化(hua)合(he)物的元(yuan)素(su)。在熔態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)(yang)可以溶解(jie)一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)(yang)幾乎不溶解(jie)于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中。熔態(tai)時所溶解(jie)的氧(yang)(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體析出，分布在晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體的出現，顯著降低了(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的塑性。

硫(liu)可以(yi)(yi)溶解在(zai)熔體的(de)銅中，但在(zai)室溫(wen)下(xia)，其溶解度幾(ji)乎降低到零，它以(yi)(yi)硫(liu)化(hua)亞銅的(de)形式出現在(zai)晶粒晶界處，會(hui)顯著降低銅的(de)塑性。

3、氧(yang)在(zai)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿和無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿中分布形式及其(qi)影(ying)響

氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)拉線性能有著明顯的(de)影響。當氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)增加到最(zui)佳(jia)值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)斷線率最(zui)低(di)。這(zhe)是(shi)因為氧(yang)(yang)在與(yu)大部(bu)分雜(za)質反應的(de)過程中都起到了(le)清除(chu)器(qi)的(de)作(zuo)用。適度(du)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)還(huan)有利于去(qu)除(chu)銅(tong)液(ye)中的(de)氫，生成(cheng)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)溢出，減少氣(qi)孔的(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)為拉線工藝提供了(le)最(zui)好的(de)條件(jian)。

低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)分布：在(zai)連(lian)續澆鑄中(zhong)(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)(de)最初(chu)階段，散熱速率和均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻(yun)冷卻是決定銅桿(gan)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)分布的(de)(de)(de)主要因素(su)。不均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻(yun)冷卻會(hui)引起銅桿(gan)內(nei)部結構本質上的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異，但后續的(de)(de)(de)熱加工，柱狀晶(jing)通常會(hui)遭到(dao)破壞(huai)，使氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅顆粒(li)細微化(hua)和均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻(yun)分布。氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)聚集而(er)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)典型情(qing)況是中(zhong)(zhong)心爆裂。除氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)分布的(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較(jiao)(jiao)小氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)的(de)(de)(de)銅桿(gan)顯示出較(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)拉線(xian)特性，較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)容易造(zao)成應(ying)力集中(zhong)(zhong)點而(er)斷裂。

無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變脆(cui)，延伸率下降(jiang)，拉伸式樣端口(kou)顯(xian)暗紅色(se)，結(jie)晶組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)超出8ppm時(shi)，工藝(yi)性(xing)能變差，表現為鑄造及(ji)拉伸過程中斷桿(gan)及(ji)斷線率極具增高(gao)。這(zhe)是由于(yu)氧(yang)能與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性(xing)相(xiang)，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網狀組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)分布在(zai)境界上(shang)。這(zhe)種(zhong)脆(cui)性(xing)相(xiang)硬度高(gao)，在(zai)冷變形時(shi)將會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)機體脫離，導(dao)(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機械性(xing)能下降(jiang)，在(zai)后續加工中容易(yi)造成(cheng)斷裂(lie)現象。氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)高(gao)還能導(dao)(dao)致無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導(dao)(dao)電率下降(jiang)。因(yin)此，必(bi)須嚴格(ge)控制上(shang)引(yin)連鑄工藝(yi)及(ji)產品質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧含量控(kong)制較低，氧化物的(de)(de)副作(zuo)用(yong)唄**降低，但氫的(de)(de)影(ying)響成為(wei)較顯著的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。吸氣后熔體中存(cun)在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體及(ji)疏松是在結(jie)晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中，氫從過(guo)飽和(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液中析(xi)出(chu)并聚(ju)集而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在結(jie)晶前(qian)析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫又可還原氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)而生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于上引(yin)鑄(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是銅(tong)液自上而下的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液**形(xing)狀近似錐型(xing)。銅(tong)液結(jie)晶前(qian)析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體在上浮過(guo)程中被堵在凝固組織內，結(jie)晶時(shi)在鑄(zhu)桿內形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔。上引(yin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)少時(shi)，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫存在于晶界處(chu)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏松；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)多時(shi)，則聚(ju)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔，因(yin)此，氣(qi)(qi)孔和(he)疏松是氫氣(qi)(qi)和(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者(zhe)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引生產(chan)過(guo)程中的(de)各個(ge)工藝環(huan)節(jie)，如(ru)原料電解銅(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木(mu)炭**、氣候環(huan)境**、石墨結晶器未干燥等(deng)。因此，熔化爐(lu)中的(de)銅(tong)(tong)液表面(mian)應覆蓋經烘烤(kao)的(de)木(mu)炭，電解銅(tong)(tong)應盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對(dui)提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質量非常重要(yao)。

在(zai)連鑄連軋工藝中，往往采(cai)用適度控制氧含量來控制氫(qing)。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)液(ye)在鑄造過程(cheng)中(zhong)是自(zi)下而(er)上結(jie)晶，銅(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)氧和(he)氫所(suo)產生(sheng)的(de)水蒸氣很容(rong)易上浮跑出，銅(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)氫大部分能(neng)被(bei)有(you)效去(qu)除，因而(er)對銅(tong)桿的(de)影響較(jiao)小。

二、表面質量

在(zai)生產(chan)電磁線等產(chan)品(pin)的(de)過程中，對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)表(biao)面質(zhi)量也需提出要(yao)求(qiu)。需要(yao)拉制后(hou)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)絲表(biao)面無(wu)毛刺、銅(tong)(tong)粉(fen)(fen)少、無(wu)油污。并通過扭(niu)轉(zhuan)試驗測量表(biao)面銅(tong)(tong)粉(fen)(fen)的(de)質(zhi)量和扭(niu)轉(zhuan)后(hou)觀察銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)復(fu)原情況來判定(ding)其好(hao)壞。

在(zai)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)過程(cheng)中，從鑄(zhu)(zhu)造到(dao)軋(ya)(ya)制前，溫(wen)度高，完(wan)全暴露(lu)于(yu)(yu)空氣中，使鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯表面形成(cheng)(cheng)較厚的氧(yang)(yang)化層，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制過程(cheng)中，隨著軋(ya)(ya)輥(gun)的轉動，氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線(xian)表面。由于(yu)(yu)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)高熔點脆性化合物(wu)(wu)(wu)，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)較深(shen)的氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，當成(cheng)(cheng)條狀的聚集物(wu)(wu)(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就會(hui)是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿外表面產生毛刺，給后續的涂漆造成(cheng)(cheng)麻煩。

而上引連鑄工藝(yi)制造(zao)(zao)的無(wu)氧銅桿，由于鑄造(zao)(zao)和冷卻(que)完全與氧隔絕，后續(xu)亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅桿表面無(wu)軋入表面的氧化(hua)物(wu)，質(zhi)量(liang)較好，拉(la)制后銅粉少(shao)，上述(shu)問題較少(shao)存在(zai)。

無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)也分(fen)進口設(she)備(bei)(bei)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)和國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de),但目前進口產(chan)品已無明顯優(you)勢，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)產(chan)品出來后區別不是(shi)很大,只要銅(tong)(tong)板選的(de)(de)(de)好(hao),生產(chan)控制比較穩定,國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)也能產(chan)出可(ke)拉伸0.05的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan).進口設(she)備(bei)(bei)一般是(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei),國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)最好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)應該是(shi)上海的(de)(de)(de)海軍(jun)廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)了，生產(chan)時間最長，軍(jun)工企業，質(zhi)量(liang)可(ke)靠(kao)。

低氧銅(tong)桿進(jin)口(kou)設(she)備(bei)國(guo)(guo)際主要(yao)有兩種,一種是(shi)(shi)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)南(nan)線(xian)設(she)備(bei),英(ying)文是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)(guo)內廠(chang)(chang)家是(shi)(shi)南(nan)京華新(xin),江西(xi)銅(tong)業,另一種是(shi)(shi)德國(guo)(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備(bei),國(guo)(guo)內廠(chang)(chang)家是(shi)(shi)常(chang)州金源(yuan),天津(jin)大無縫(feng)。

無氧(yang)(yang)及低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)量上容(rong)易區別,無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)量在(zai)10-20個PPM以下,但(dan)(dan)目(mu)(mu)前(qian)有的(de)(de)(de)廠家(jia)只能(neng)(neng)做到50個PPM以下.低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子一般含氧(yang)(yang)量控制(zhi)在(zai)250個PPM左右,無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一般采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上引法,低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種產(chan)品相對(dui)而(er)言低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)漆包線(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)(neng)更適應些(xie),如(ru)柔軟性(xing),回(hui)彈角,繞線(xian)性(xing)能(neng)(neng).但(dan)(dan)低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)拉(la)絲條件(jian)相對(dui)要(yao)苛刻些(xie),同樣拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條件(jian)不(bu)好,普通的(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)而(er)好的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian),但(dan)(dan)如(ru)果放在(zai)好的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條件(jian),同樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定(ding)就能(neng)(neng)拉(la)到雙零五,而(er)普通無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最多(duo)只能(neng)(neng)拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)到0.1而(er)已,當然做的(de)(de)(de)最細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻非得(de)依靠進口的(de)(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了(le).目(mu)(mu)前(qian)有企業嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方式來(lai)處理低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)(shen)0.03線(xian).但(dan)(dan)有關這方面的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我還不(bu)是(shi)很清楚(chu)。

音響線(xian)一般反而喜歡用無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan),這和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)單晶銅(tong),低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)多晶銅(tong)有(you)關。

氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)由(you)于制造(zao)方法的不同(tong)，致使存在差別，具有各(ge)自的特點。

一(yi)、關于氧的(de)(de)吸入和(he)脫(tuo)去以及它(ta)的(de)(de)存(cun)在狀態

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進(jin)入是在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液態(tai)下(xia)吸入的(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則相反(fan)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相當(dang)時間后，被(bei)還原而(er)脫去，通常這種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)，最低(di)(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織上看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)于(yu)晶粒邊界附近，這對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)言可以(yi)(yi)(yi)說是常見(jian)的(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)晶界出現對(dui)材料的(de)(de)韌性(xing)(xing)產生負面影響。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)(di)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)這種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織是均(jun)勻的(de)(de)單(dan)相組織對(dui)韌性(xing)(xing)有利。在(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)多(duo)孔性(xing)(xing)是不常見(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)則是常見(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)缺陷(xian)。

二(er)、熱軋組織(zhi)和鑄造組織(zhi)的(de)區別

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由(you)于經(jing)過熱軋，所(suo)以(yi)其組(zu)織屬熱加工組(zu)織，原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織已(yi)經(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)時(shi)已(yi)有再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)出現，而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織，晶(jing)(jing)粒粗大，這是(shi)為什么(me)，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)溫度較(jiao)高，需要較(jiao)高退(tui)火(huo)(huo)溫度的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)有原因。這是(shi)因為，再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒邊(bian)界附(fu)近，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)織晶(jing)(jing)粒粗大，晶(jing)(jing)粒尺寸甚至能達幾個(ge)毫米，因而晶(jing)(jing)粒邊(bian)界少(shao)，即使通過拉(la)制變形，但(dan)(dan)晶(jing)(jing)粒邊(bian)界相(xiang)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是(shi)較(jiao)少(shao)，所(suo)以(yi)需要較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)率。對無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成功(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)要求(qiu)是(shi)：由(you)桿(gan)經(jing)拉(la)制，但(dan)(dan)尚未(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一次退(tui)火(huo)(huo)，其退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應比同樣情況的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉(la)制，在(zai)以(yi)后(hou)階段的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應留有足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)余量和(he)(he)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切實區別執行(xing)不同的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)工藝，以(yi)保證在(zai)制品和(he)(he)成品導線的(de)(de)(de)柔軟性(xing)。

三、夾雜，氧含量波動，表面氧化物和(he)可能存在的(de)熱軋(ya)缺陷的(de)差別

無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的可拉(la)(la)性在(zai)所有線(xian)徑里與低(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)相比都是優越(yue)的，除上述組織原(yuan)因外(wai)，無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)夾雜少，含(han)氧(yang)量穩定，無熱軋可能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)的缺陷，桿(gan)表(biao)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)厚(hou)度可達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋生(sheng)產(chan)過程中如(ru)果工(gong)藝不穩定，對氧(yang)監控不嚴，含(han)氧(yang)量不穩定將直接影(ying)響(xiang)桿(gan)的性能(neng)。如(ru)果桿(gan)的表(biao)面氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)能(neng)在(zai)后(hou)工(gong)序(xu)的連(lian)(lian)續清洗中得以(yi)彌補外(wai)，但比較麻煩的是有相當多的氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)于“皮下”，對拉(la)(la)線(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)影(ying)響(xiang)更直接，故而在(zai)拉(la)(la)制(zhi)微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)，超微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)時，為了減少斷(duan)線(xian)，有時要對銅桿(gan)采(cai)取不得已的辦法——剝皮，甚至二(er)次剝皮的原(yuan)因所在(zai)，目(mu)的要除去皮下氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)。

四(si)、低氧(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)銅桿的韌性有差別

兩者都可(ke)以拉(la)到0.015mm，但在低(di)溫超(chao)導(dao)線中(zhong)的(de)低(di)溫級無氧(yang)銅(tong)，其細絲間(jian)的(de)間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原材料到制線的經濟(ji)性(xing)有(you)差別。

制(zhi)造無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿要求質量較(jiao)高的(de)原材料。一般(ban)，拉(la)制(zhi)直徑(jing)>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線時，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)優點(dian)比(bi)較(jiao)明顯(xian)，而無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿顯(xian)得更為優越的(de)是拉(la)制(zhi)直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線。

六、低氧銅桿(gan)的(de)制線工藝與(yu)無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)的(de)有所(suo)不同。

低氧銅桿的制線工(gong)藝(yi)不能照搬到(dao)無氧銅桿的制線工(gong)藝(yi)上來，至少兩者的退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝(yi)是不同的。因(yin)為(wei)線的柔軟性深受材料成份和制桿，制線和退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝(yi)的影響(xiang)，不能簡單地說(shuo)低氧銅或無氧銅誰軟誰硬。