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導(dao)讀：由于(yu)生產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)工藝(yi)不同(tong)，所(suo)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量及外觀就不同(tong)。上引(yin)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工藝(yi)得當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量在10ppm以(yi)下(xia)，叫無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是在保護條件下(xia)的(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量在200-500ppm范圍內，但有時也(ye)高(gao)達700ppm以(yi)上，一般情(qing)況下(xia)，此種方法生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)外表光亮，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有時也(ye)叫光桿(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)是(shi)電(dian)纜行業的(de)(de)主要原(yuan)料，生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)主要有兩種——連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋法(fa)和上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較多，其特(te)點是(shi)金屬在豎(shu)爐中融化后，銅(tong)(tong)液通(tong)過保溫爐、溜(liu)槽、中間(jian)包，從澆管進入封閉(bi)的(de)(de)模(mo)腔內(nei)(nei)，采用較大的(de)(de)冷卻強度進行冷卻，形(xing)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然(ran)后進行多道次(ci)軋制(zhi)，生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)熱加工組(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已經破碎，含氧量一般為(wei)200~400ppm之間(jian)。無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)國(guo)內(nei)(nei)基本全(quan)部采用上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)，金屬在感應電(dian)爐中融化后通(tong)過石墨模(mo)進行上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后進行冷軋或(huo)冷加工，生產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，含氧量一般在20ppm以下。由于(yu)制(zhi)造(zao)工藝(yi)的(de)(de)不同，所以在組(zu)織(zhi)結構、氧含量分(fen)布、雜質(zhi)的(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)及分(fen)布等諸多方(fang)面有較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)拉制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)能(neng)跟很多(duo)因素有關，如雜(za)質(zhi)的(de)(de)含量、氧(yang)含量及分布、工藝控制(zhi)(zhi)等。下(xia)面分別(bie)從以上(shang)幾個方面對銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)拉制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)能(neng)進行(xing)分析。

1、熔(rong)化方式(shi)對S等雜質(zhi)的影響(xiang)

連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋生產(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)主要是(shi)通過氣體的燃燒(shao)(shao)使銅(tong)桿(gan)熔化(hua)，在燃燒(shao)(shao)的過程(cheng)中，通過氧(yang)化(hua)和揮(hui)發作(zuo)用(yong)，可(ke)一(yi)定程(cheng)度減(jian)少部分雜質進入銅(tong)液，因此連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋法對原料要求相(xiang)對低(di)一(yi)些。上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)生產(chan)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)，由于(yu)是(shi)用(yong)感應電爐熔化(hua)，電解銅(tong)表(biao)面的“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆”基本都(dou)熔入到(dao)銅(tong)液中。其中熔入的S對無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)塑性影響極大，會(hui)增加拉絲斷線率。

2、鑄造過(guo)程中雜質的進(jin)入

在(zai)生產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)工(gong)藝需(xu)通過(guo)(guo)保(bao)溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)包轉運銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)，相對(dui)容易造成(cheng)(cheng)耐火(huo)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)剝(bo)落，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)需(xu)要通過(guo)(guo)軋(ya)(ya)輥(gun)，造成(cheng)(cheng)鐵質(zhi)的(de)脫落，會給銅(tong)桿造成(cheng)(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱(re)軋(ya)(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)皮上和皮下氧(yang)化物(wu)的(de)軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)，會給低氧(yang)桿的(de)拉絲(si)造成(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)利的(de)影響。上引連(lian)鑄法生產(chan)工(gong)藝流程較短，銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)聯體爐(lu)內潛(qian)流式完成(cheng)(cheng)，對(dui)耐火(huo)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)沖擊不(bu)大，結晶(jing)是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)石(shi)墨(mo)模內進(jin)(jin)行，所以(yi)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)可能產(chan)生的(de)污染源較少，雜質(zhi)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)的(de)機會較少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會(hui)生產化合物的(de)元素。在熔態銅(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)可以溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)一(yi)部(bu)分，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷(leng)凝時，氧(yang)幾乎(hu)不溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)中。熔態時所溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)的(de)氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)析出，分布在晶(jing)(jing)粒晶(jing)(jing)界(jie)處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)的(de)出現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。

硫可以(yi)(yi)溶(rong)解在熔(rong)體的(de)銅(tong)中，但在室(shi)溫下，其溶(rong)解度幾乎降低到零，它以(yi)(yi)硫化亞銅(tong)的(de)形式出現在晶粒晶界處，會顯著降低銅(tong)的(de)塑性。

3、氧(yang)(yang)在低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿中分布形式(shi)及其影響

氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)拉線(xian)性能(neng)有著明顯(xian)的(de)影響。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)增加(jia)到(dao)最(zui)(zui)佳值時(shi)，銅桿(gan)的(de)斷線(xian)率最(zui)(zui)低(di)。這是(shi)因為氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在與大(da)部分雜質反應(ying)的(de)過程中(zhong)都起到(dao)了清除(chu)器(qi)的(de)作(zuo)用。適度的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)還有利于去除(chu)銅液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)氫，生成(cheng)水蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔的(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)(zui)佳的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)為拉線(xian)工藝提(ti)供了最(zui)(zui)好的(de)條件(jian)。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分布：在連續澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散熱速(su)率和均勻冷卻是決定銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要因素。不均勻冷卻會(hui)引起銅(tong)桿(gan)內部結構本質上的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異，但后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱加工，柱狀晶通常會(hui)遭到破壞，使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)細微(wei)化(hua)和均勻分布。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)聚集而(er)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)情況是中(zhong)心爆裂。除氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響外，具(ju)有較小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯(xian)示出較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉線特性，較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)容易(yi)造(zao)成應力(li)集中(zhong)點而(er)斷裂。

無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)變脆，延伸(shen)率下(xia)降(jiang)，拉伸(shen)式樣端口顯暗紅(hong)色(se)，結(jie)晶組(zu)織(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)超(chao)出8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)性(xing)能(neng)變差，表現(xian)為鑄造(zao)及(ji)拉伸(shen)過程中斷(duan)(duan)桿(gan)(gan)及(ji)斷(duan)(duan)線率極具增高(gao)。這(zhe)是由于氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脆性(xing)相，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體(ti)，以網狀(zhuang)組(zu)織(zhi)分(fen)布在境界上。這(zhe)種脆性(xing)相硬度高(gao)，在冷變形時(shi)將(jiang)會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)機體(ti)脫離，導(dao)(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的機械(xie)性(xing)能(neng)下(xia)降(jiang)，在后續(xu)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)中容易造(zao)成(cheng)斷(duan)(duan)裂現(xian)象。氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)高(gao)還(huan)能(neng)導(dao)(dao)致無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)導(dao)(dao)電率下(xia)降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴格控制(zhi)上引連鑄工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)及(ji)產品質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上(shang)引連鑄中(zhong)，氧(yang)含量(liang)控制較低(di)，氧(yang)化物的(de)副作(zuo)用(yong)唄(bai)**降(jiang)低(di)，但氫的(de)影響成為較顯著(zhu)的(de)問題(ti)。吸(xi)氣后熔(rong)體中(zhong)存(cun)在平衡反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)及疏松(song)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，氫從過飽和(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)析(xi)出并(bing)聚(ju)集而(er)(er)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫又可(ke)還原氧化亞銅而(er)(er)生成水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上引鑄造的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點是(shi)(shi)銅液(ye)自上而(er)(er)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)，形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)**形狀(zhuang)近似錐(zhui)型(xing)。銅液(ye)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)在(zai)(zai)上浮過程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被堵在(zai)(zai)凝固組(zu)織內(nei)(nei)，結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)時在(zai)(zai)鑄桿(gan)內(nei)(nei)形成氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。上引的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量少時，析(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫存(cun)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)處(chu)，形成疏松(song)；含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量多時，則聚(ju)集成氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)，因(yin)此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)和(he)疏松(song)是(shi)(shi)氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

氫來源(yuan)于(yu)上引生(sheng)產過程中(zhong)的各個工藝環節，如原料電解銅(tong)的“銅(tong)綠”、輔料木(mu)炭**、氣候環境**、石墨結晶器未干燥等。因(yin)此，熔(rong)化爐中(zhong)的銅(tong)液表(biao)面應覆蓋經烘烤的木(mu)炭，電解銅(tong)應盡量去(qu)除“銅(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提(ti)高(gao)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)質量非常重要(yao)。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工(gong)藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適度控制(zhi)氧含量來(lai)控制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于(yu)銅液在鑄造過程中是自下(xia)而(er)上結晶，銅液中的(de)氧和氫(qing)所產生的(de)水蒸氣很容(rong)易上浮跑出，銅液中的(de)氫(qing)大部(bu)分能被有效去(qu)除，因而(er)對銅桿的(de)影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產電(dian)磁(ci)線等(deng)產品的(de)過(guo)程中，對銅桿的(de)表面(mian)質量也(ye)需(xu)提出要(yao)求(qiu)。需(xu)要(yao)拉制后的(de)銅絲表面(mian)無毛(mao)刺、銅粉少、無油污。并通(tong)過(guo)扭轉試驗測量表面(mian)銅粉的(de)質量和扭轉后觀察(cha)銅桿的(de)復原情況(kuang)來判定其好(hao)壞(huai)。

在(zai)連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)(ya)(ya)過程(cheng)中，從鑄(zhu)造到軋(ya)(ya)(ya)制(zhi)前(qian)，溫度高(gao)，完全暴露于空氣(qi)中，使鑄(zhu)坯表(biao)(biao)面形(xing)成較(jiao)厚的氧化(hua)層(ceng)，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過程(cheng)中，隨著(zhu)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)輥的轉動，氧化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)入銅線表(biao)(biao)面。由(you)于氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅是(shi)高(gao)熔點脆性化(hua)合物(wu)，對(dui)于軋(ya)(ya)(ya)入較(jiao)深(shen)的氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅，當成條狀的聚集物(wu)遇模具拉(la)伸時，就會是(shi)銅桿外(wai)表(biao)(biao)面產生毛刺，給后續的涂漆造成麻煩。

而上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)工藝制造的(de)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，由于鑄(zhu)造和冷卻完(wan)全與氧隔絕(jue)，后(hou)續亦(yi)無熱軋過程(cheng)，銅(tong)桿(gan)表(biao)面(mian)無軋入表(biao)面(mian)的(de)氧化物(wu)，質量較好，拉(la)制后(hou)銅(tong)粉少(shao)，上(shang)述問(wen)題(ti)較少(shao)存在。

無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿也(ye)分進口(kou)(kou)設(she)備(bei)(bei)做(zuo)的和國產(chan)(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)做(zuo)的,但目前進口(kou)(kou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品已無(wu)(wu)明顯優(you)勢，銅(tong)(tong)桿產(chan)(chan)(chan)品出來后區(qu)別(bie)不是(shi)(shi)很大(da),只要銅(tong)(tong)板選的好(hao),生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)控制(zhi)比(bi)較穩定,國產(chan)(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)也(ye)能產(chan)(chan)(chan)出可拉(la)伸0.05的銅(tong)(tong)桿.進口(kou)(kou)設(she)備(bei)(bei)一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)芬蘭(lan)奧(ao)托昆普的設(she)備(bei)(bei),國產(chan)(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)最好(hao)的應該(gai)是(shi)(shi)上海(hai)的海(hai)軍廠(chang)的了，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)時間最長，軍工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)，質(zhi)量(liang)可靠。

低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)進(jin)口(kou)設備國(guo)際主(zhu)要有(you)兩種,一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)美國(guo)南(nan)線設備,英文(wen)是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)家是(shi)(shi)南(nan)京華新,江西(xi)銅(tong)(tong)業,另(ling)一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設備,國(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)家是(shi)(shi)常州金源,天津大(da)無縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)及低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量上容(rong)易區(qu)別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅是含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量在10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)下(xia),但(dan)(dan)目前有的(de)(de)(de)廠家只能做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)50個(ge)PPM以(yi)下(xia).低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)在 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量控制(zhi)在250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一般采取的(de)(de)(de)是上引(yin)法,低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是連鑄連軋(ya),兩種產品相(xiang)對(dui)而言低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)漆包線性 能更適應些(xie),如柔軟性,回(hui)彈角,繞線性能.但(dan)(dan)低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)拉絲條(tiao)件相(xiang)對(dui)要苛刻些(xie),同(tong)(tong)樣拉伸0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲,如果伸線條(tiao)件不好(hao),普通的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉而好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就斷 線,但(dan)(dan)如果放在好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)伸線條(tiao)件,同(tong)(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說不定就能拉到(dao)(dao)雙零五,而普通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只能拉伸到(dao)(dao)0.1而已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細的(de)(de)(de)如雙零二卻(que)非得(de)依靠進口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)了.目前有企(qi)業嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方式來(lai)(lai)處理(li)低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來(lai)(lai)伸0.03線.但(dan)(dan)有關這方面的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我還不是很清楚(chu)。

音響線一般反而喜歡用(yong)無氧桿(gan)(gan),這和無氧桿(gan)(gan)是單晶銅(tong)(tong),低氧桿(gan)(gan)是多晶銅(tong)(tong)有(you)關。

氧銅桿和(he)無氧銅桿由于(yu)制造方法的(de)不同(tong)，致使存在差別，具有(you)各自的(de)特點。

一、關于氧(yang)的吸入和脫(tuo)去以及它的存在(zai)狀態

生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫(wen)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度(du)約2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此(ci)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是(shi)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液態(tai)下吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而上(shang)引法(fa)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)(ze)相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)液態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保(bao)持相(xiang)當時間后，被還(huan)原(yuan)而脫去，通常(chang)(chang)這種桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低可(ke)達(da)1-2ppm，從(cong)組(zu)織上(shang)看，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界附近(jin)，這對(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而言可(ke)以(yi)說是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)(ze)很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)(zai)晶界出現對(dui)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產生(sheng)負(fu)面影(ying)響(xiang)。而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低，所以(yi)這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織是(shi)均(jun)勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單相(xiang)組(zu)織對(dui)韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔性(xing)是(shi)不常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而在(zai)(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)則(ze)(ze)是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種缺陷(xian)。

二、熱(re)軋組織(zhi)和鑄造組織(zhi)的區別(bie)

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)由(you)于經過熱軋，所(suo)以其組(zu)織(zhi)屬熱加工組(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已經破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)時已有(you)再(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)出(chu)現，而無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)屬鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)粒粗大，這是為什(shen)么，無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)溫度(du)較(jiao)高(gao)，需要較(jiao)高(gao)退火(huo)溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)固有(you)原因。這是因為，再(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)發(fa)生在(zai)晶(jing)粒邊(bian)界(jie)附近(jin)，無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)粒粗大，晶(jing)粒尺(chi)寸甚至能達幾個毫米，因而晶(jing)粒邊(bian)界(jie)少(shao)(shao)，即使通(tong)過拉制變(bian)形，但晶(jing)粒邊(bian)界(jie)相對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)還是較(jiao)少(shao)(shao)，所(suo)以需要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)功率。對無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成功的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)要求是：由(you)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)經拉制，但尚未鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)時的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)次退火(huo)，其退火(huo)功率應比同樣情況的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經繼續拉制，在(zai)以后階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)功率應留有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)余量(liang)和對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切(qie)實(shi)區別執行不同的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)工藝，以保證在(zai)制品(pin)和成品(pin)導線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性。

三、夾雜，氧(yang)含量(liang)波動，表面氧(yang)化物(wu)和可能(neng)存在的(de)熱軋缺(que)陷的(de)差別

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)拉性(xing)在(zai)(zai)所(suo)有線(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)相比都是優越的(de)(de)(de)，除(chu)上述組(zu)織原因外，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)夾雜(za)少(shao)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩定(ding)，無熱軋(ya)可(ke)能(neng)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生(sheng)產過程中如果工藝不穩定(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量不穩定(ding)將(jiang)直接影響桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。如果桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)后(hou)工序的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續清洗中得以彌(mi)補外，但(dan)比較麻煩(fan)的(de)(de)(de)是有相當多的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)(zai)于“皮(pi)下(xia)”，對拉線(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)影響更直接，故而在(zai)(zai)拉制微(wei)細線(xian)，超(chao)微(wei)細線(xian)時，為了減少(shao)斷(duan)線(xian)，有時要(yao)對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)采取不得已(yi)的(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝皮(pi)，甚至二次剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)原因所(suo)在(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)除(chu)去(qu)皮(pi)下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)。

四、低氧(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)銅桿的韌性有(you)差別

兩者都可以(yi)拉到0.015mm，但(dan)在低溫超導線中的低溫級無氧銅，其細絲間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原材料到(dao)制線的經濟性有差別(bie)。

制造(zao)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿要求質量(liang)較高(gao)的原材料(liao)。一般，拉制直徑(jing)(jing)>1mm的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)線時，低氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的優(you)點比較明(ming)顯(xian)，而無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿顯(xian)得更為優(you)越的是(shi)拉制直徑(jing)(jing)<0.5mm的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)線。

六(liu)、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的制線工藝與無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的有所不同。

低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)工藝(yi)(yi)不能(neng)照搬(ban)到無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)工藝(yi)(yi)上(shang)來，至少兩者的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火工藝(yi)(yi)是(shi)不同的(de)(de)(de)。因為(wei)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性深受材(cai)料(liao)成份和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)桿，制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)和(he)退(tui)火工藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)影響，不能(neng)簡單地說(shuo)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)或無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)誰軟(ruan)誰硬。