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導讀：由(you)于生(sheng)產銅桿(gan)(gan)的兩者的工藝(yi)不(bu)同，所生(sheng)產的銅桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的含(han)氧量(liang)及外(wai)觀(guan)就(jiu)不(bu)同。上引生(sheng)產的銅桿(gan)(gan)，工藝(yi)得(de)當氧含(han)量(liang)在(zai)10ppm以下，叫(jiao)無氧銅桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產的銅桿(gan)(gan) 是在(zai)保護(hu)條件(jian)下的熱軋，氧含(han)量(liang)在(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但有(you)時也(ye)高達700ppm以上，一般情況下，此種方法生(sheng)產的銅外(wai)表光亮，低氧銅桿(gan)(gan)，有(you)時也(ye)叫(jiao)光桿(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)是電纜行(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)原(yuan)料，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式主要(yao)有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)和上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)，其特點是金屬(shu)在(zai)豎爐(lu)中融(rong)(rong)化后，銅(tong)(tong)液通(tong)過保溫爐(lu)、溜(liu)槽、中間包，從澆管(guan)進入(ru)封閉的(de)(de)(de)模腔內，采用較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻(que)強度進行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)卻(que)，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后進行(xing)(xing)多(duo)道(dao)次軋(ya)制(zhi)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為熱(re)加(jia)工(gong)組(zu)織，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組(zu)織已經破碎，含氧(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)為200~400ppm之間。無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)國內基本全部采用上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)，金屬(shu)在(zai)感應(ying)電爐(lu)中融(rong)(rong)化后通(tong)過石(shi)墨模進行(xing)(xing)上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)，之后進行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)軋(ya)或(huo)冷(leng)加(jia)工(gong)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組(zu)織，含氧(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)20ppm以下。由于制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)不同，所以在(zai)組(zu)織結構、氧(yang)含量(liang)分布、雜(za)質的(de)(de)(de)形式及分布等諸(zhu)多(duo)方(fang)面有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿(gan)的拉制性能跟很多(duo)因素有關，如(ru)雜質的含量、氧含量及分布(bu)、工藝控制等。下面(mian)分別從以上幾個方(fang)面(mian)對銅桿(gan)的拉制性能進行分析。

1、熔化方式對S等雜(za)質(zhi)的影響

連鑄連軋生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主(zhu)要是通過(guo)氣(qi)體的(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔(rong)化，在燃燒的(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，通過(guo)氧(yang)化和揮發作用，可一定(ding)程度減少(shao)部分雜(za)質進入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)，因此連鑄連軋法(fa)對原料要求(qiu)相對低一些。上引連鑄生產(chan)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由(you)于是用感(gan)應(ying)電爐熔(rong)化，電解銅(tong)(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔(rong)入(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong)熔(rong)入(ru)的(de)S對無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑性(xing)影響極大，會增加拉(la)絲斷線(xian)率。

2、鑄造過程中雜質的進入

在生產過程(cheng)中(zhong)，連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋工藝需通(tong)過保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉運銅(tong)液，相對(dui)容易造(zao)成耐火(huo)材料(liao)的(de)剝(bo)落(luo)，在軋制過程(cheng)中(zhong)需要通(tong)過軋輥，造(zao)成鐵質的(de)脫落(luo)，會給銅(tong)桿造(zao)成外部夾雜。而熱軋中(zhong)皮(pi)上和皮(pi)下(xia)氧化物的(de)軋入(ru)，會給低(di)氧桿的(de)拉絲造(zao)成不利的(de)影響。上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)法生產工藝流程(cheng)較短，銅(tong)液是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過聯體爐內(nei)潛流式完(wan)成，對(dui)耐火(huo)材料(liao)的(de)沖擊不大，結晶是(shi)(shi)通(tong)過石墨模內(nei)進(jin)行(xing)，所以過程(cheng)中(zhong)可能產生的(de)污染源較少(shao)(shao)，雜質進(jin)入(ru)的(de)機(ji)會較少(shao)(shao)。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)會生(sheng)產(chan)化(hua)(hua)合物的(de)元素。在熔態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)(yang)可以溶(rong)解一部分(fen)，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冷(leng)凝(ning)時(shi)，氧(yang)(yang)幾乎不溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中。熔態時(shi)所(suo)溶(rong)解的(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體析(xi)出(chu)(chu)，分(fen)布在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界(jie)處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體的(de)出(chu)(chu)現，顯(xian)著降(jiang)低(di)了(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。

硫(liu)可(ke)以溶解(jie)在熔體(ti)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)中，但在室(shi)溫下，其溶解(jie)度幾乎(hu)降(jiang)低到零，它以硫(liu)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)的(de)形式出現在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處(chu)，會顯(xian)著降(jiang)低銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。

3、氧在低氧銅桿(gan)和無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)中分布形式及其影(ying)響

氧含量(liang)(liang)對低(di)氧銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)拉線性能有(you)(you)著(zhu)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)影(ying)響。當氧含量(liang)(liang)增加到最(zui)佳值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)斷(duan)線率最(zui)低(di)。這是因為(wei)氧在與(yu)大部(bu)分雜(za)質反(fan)應的(de)(de)過程中都(dou)起到了(le)清除器(qi)的(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)氧還有(you)(you)利于去除銅(tong)液中的(de)(de)氫，生成(cheng)水蒸氣(qi)溢出(chu)，減少氣(qi)孔的(de)(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)佳的(de)(de)氧含量(liang)(liang)為(wei)拉線工藝提(ti)供了(le)最(zui)好的(de)(de)條件。

低(di)氧銅桿(gan)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在(zai)連續(xu)澆鑄中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)最初階段，散熱(re)速率和均勻冷卻是決定銅桿(gan)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)主要因素。不均勻冷卻會引起銅桿(gan)內部結構本質上的(de)(de)差異(yi)，但后續(xu)的(de)(de)熱(re)加(jia)工，柱狀晶通常會遭(zao)到破壞，使氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅顆(ke)(ke)粒細(xi)微化(hua)(hua)(hua)和均勻分(fen)布(bu)。氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒聚(ju)集而產生的(de)(de)典型情況(kuang)是中(zhong)心爆裂。除(chu)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)影響外，具有較小氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒的(de)(de)銅桿(gan)顯(xian)示出(chu)較好(hao)的(de)(de)拉線特性，較大的(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)粒容(rong)易造成應力集中(zhong)點而斷裂。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變脆，延伸率下降(jiang)，拉伸式(shi)樣(yang)端口顯暗紅色，結晶(jing)組織疏松。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)超出8ppm時，工(gong)藝性能(neng)(neng)變差，表現為鑄造及(ji)(ji)拉伸過(guo)程中斷桿(gan)及(ji)(ji)斷線率極具增高。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脆性相，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體，以網(wang)狀組織分布在境(jing)界上。這種脆性相硬度高，在冷(leng)變形時將會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)機(ji)體脫(tuo)離，導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機(ji)械性能(neng)(neng)下降(jiang)，在后續加工(gong)中容易(yi)造成(cheng)斷裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)高還(huan)能(neng)(neng)導(dao)致無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導(dao)電率下降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴格控(kong)制上引連鑄工(gong)藝及(ji)(ji)產(chan)品質量(liang)(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄(zhu)中，氧含量控制較低(di)，氧化(hua)物的(de)(de)副作用唄**降低(di)，但(dan)氫(qing)的(de)(de)影響成為較顯著的(de)(de)問題。吸(xi)氣后熔體中存(cun)在平(ping)衡反應(ying)：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體及(ji)疏(shu)松(song)(song)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，氫(qing)從(cong)過(guo)(guo)飽和(he)的(de)溶液(ye)中析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)并(bing)聚集(ji)而(er)(er)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前(qian)(qian)析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氫(qing)又(you)可(ke)還原(yuan)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)而(er)(er)生成(cheng)(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)。由于上(shang)(shang)引鑄造的(de)特(te)點是(shi)銅(tong)液(ye)自上(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)下(xia)的(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)液(ye)**形(xing)(xing)狀近(jin)似(si)錐型。銅(tong)液(ye)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前(qian)(qian)析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)浮過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中被堵在(zai)(zai)凝固組織內(nei)，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)鑄桿(gan)內(nei)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)(shang)引的(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量少時(shi)，析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)(jing)界(jie)處，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)(song)；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量多(duo)時(shi)，則聚集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因此(ci)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和(he)疏(shu)松(song)(song)是(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。

氫來源于上(shang)引(yin)生產過(guo)程中的(de)(de)各個工藝環(huan)節，如原(yuan)料(liao)電解銅(tong)的(de)(de)“銅(tong)綠”、輔料(liao)木炭(tan)**、氣候(hou)環(huan)境(jing)**、石墨結晶器未干燥等。因此，熔(rong)化爐中的(de)(de)銅(tong)液(ye)表面應覆(fu)蓋經烘(hong)烤的(de)(de)木炭(tan)，電解銅(tong)應盡量去除“銅(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)豆”“耳(er)朵”，對提(ti)高無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)質量非常重要(yao)。

在連鑄連軋工(gong)藝中，往往采用(yong)適度控制氧含(han)量來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅液在鑄造過程中是自下而上結晶(jing)，銅液中的(de)氧和氫所產生(sheng)的(de)水(shui)蒸氣很容(rong)易上浮跑出，銅液中的(de)氫大部(bu)分能(neng)被有效去除，因而對銅桿的(de)影響較小(xiao)。

二、表面質量

在生(sheng)產電磁(ci)線等產品的(de)(de)過(guo)程中，對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)表面質量(liang)(liang)也(ye)需(xu)提(ti)出要(yao)求(qiu)。需(xu)要(yao)拉(la)制(zhi)后的(de)(de)銅(tong)絲表面無毛(mao)刺、銅(tong)粉少、無油污。并通過(guo)扭轉試驗(yan)測量(liang)(liang)表面銅(tong)粉的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)和扭轉后觀(guan)察銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)復原(yuan)情況來判定其好壞。

在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，從(cong)鑄造(zao)到軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)制前，溫度高(gao)，完全暴露于空氣中(zhong)(zhong)，使鑄坯表(biao)面形成(cheng)(cheng)較厚的氧(yang)化層，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)制過程中(zhong)(zhong)，隨著軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥的轉動(dong)，氧(yang)化物(wu)顆粒軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)入(ru)銅(tong)線表(biao)面。由于氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)是高(gao)熔點脆性化合物(wu)，對于軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)入(ru)較深(shen)的氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)，當(dang)成(cheng)(cheng)條狀(zhuang)的聚集物(wu)遇模具(ju)拉伸時，就會(hui)是銅(tong)桿外(wai)表(biao)面產(chan)生毛刺，給(gei)后(hou)續的涂漆造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)麻煩。

而上引連鑄工藝(yi)制造(zao)的無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿，由(you)于鑄造(zao)和冷卻(que)完全(quan)與氧(yang)隔(ge)絕，后續亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅桿表(biao)面(mian)無(wu)軋入(ru)表(biao)面(mian)的氧(yang)化物(wu)，質量(liang)較好，拉制后銅粉(fen)少(shao)，上述問題較少(shao)存在。

無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)也(ye)分(fen)進(jin)口(kou)(kou)設(she)備做的(de)和國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備做的(de),但目前(qian)進(jin)口(kou)(kou)產(chan)品已無明顯優勢，銅(tong)桿(gan)產(chan)品出來后區別(bie)不(bu)是(shi)很大,只要銅(tong)板選的(de)好,生(sheng)產(chan)控制比較(jiao)穩定,國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備也(ye)能產(chan)出可拉伸0.05的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan).進(jin)口(kou)(kou)設(she)備一般是(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普(pu)的(de)設(she)備,國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備最(zui)好的(de)應該是(shi)上海的(de)海軍廠的(de)了，生(sheng)產(chan)時(shi)間最(zui)長，軍工(gong)企(qi)業，質(zhi)量可靠。

低氧銅桿進口設備國(guo)(guo)際主要(yao)有兩(liang)種,一種是(shi)美(mei)國(guo)(guo)南線設備,英文(wen)是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)(guo)內廠家是(shi)南京華新,江西(xi)銅業(ye),另一種是(shi)德(de)國(guo)(guo)CONTIROD設備,國(guo)(guo)內廠家是(shi)常州金(jin)源(yuan),天津大無縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上(shang)容(rong)易區(qu)別(bie),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)(zai)10-20個PPM以下,但目前有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)做(zuo)到50個PPM以下.低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)在(zai)(zai) 200-400個PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi)一(yi)般(ban)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在(zai)(zai)250個PPM左右(you),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一(yi)般(ban)采取的(de)(de)(de)是上(shang)引法,低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是連鑄連軋,兩(liang)種產品相(xiang)對(dui)而言低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)漆包線(xian)(xian)性 能(neng)更適應些(xie),如(ru)柔軟(ruan)性,回彈角,繞(rao)線(xian)(xian)性能(neng).但低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)拉絲條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)相(xiang)對(dui)要苛(ke)刻些(xie),同樣(yang)拉伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如(ru)果(guo)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)不(bu)好(hao),普通的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可拉而好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就(jiu)斷 線(xian)(xian),但如(ru)果(guo)放在(zai)(zai)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian),同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi),低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說不(bu)定就(jiu)能(neng)拉到雙(shuang)(shuang)零(ling)五,而普通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最多(duo)只能(neng)拉伸(shen)到0.1而已(yi),當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)最細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙(shuang)(shuang)零(ling)二卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)了.目前有(you)(you)企(qi)業嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式來處理低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian).但有(you)(you)關這方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我還不(bu)是很(hen)清楚。

音響(xiang)線一般反而喜歡用(yong)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan),這(zhe)和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是單(dan)晶銅(tong),低氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是多晶銅(tong)有關(guan)。

氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿由于(yu)制造方法(fa)的不同，致使存在差別(bie)，具有各自(zi)的特點。

一、關(guan)于氧的吸入和(he)脫去以(yi)及它的存在(zai)狀態

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)(chang)溫下(xia)(xia)氧(yang)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度約(yue)2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)含氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此(ci)氧(yang)的(de)(de)進入是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)態(tai)下(xia)(xia)吸入的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)上引(yin)法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則相反，氧(yang)在(zai)(zai)液(ye)(ye)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)(xia)保持相當時間后，被還原而(er)(er)脫(tuo)去(qu)，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)這種桿的(de)(de)含氧(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，最低(di)(di)可(ke)達1-2ppm，從組織上看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)粒邊界附(fu)近，這對低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而(er)(er)言可(ke)以(yi)說是(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)但對無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則很少(shao)見。氧(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)界出現對材料(liao)的(de)(de)韌性產生負面(mian)影響。而(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)很低(di)(di)，所以(yi)這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織是(shi)(shi)均勻的(de)(de)單相組織對韌性有利。在(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)多孔性是(shi)(shi)不常(chang)(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)一(yi)種缺陷。

二、熱軋組(zu)織(zhi)和鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)區別

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)由(you)于經(jing)過(guo)熱(re)(re)軋，所以其組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬熱(re)(re)加工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)(zao)(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)時已有(you)(you)再結晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式出現，而(er)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)屬鑄造(zao)(zao)(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗(cu)大，這(zhe)是(shi)為什么，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再結晶(jing)(jing)溫度較高(gao)，需要較高(gao)退(tui)(tui)火溫度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)有(you)(you)原因(yin)(yin)。這(zhe)是(shi)因(yin)(yin)為，再結晶(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界附近，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗(cu)大，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)尺寸(cun)甚至(zhi)能(neng)達幾(ji)個(ge)毫米，因(yin)(yin)而(er)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界少，即使(shi)通過(guo)拉制(zhi)變(bian)形，但(dan)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界相對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)還是(shi)較少，所以需要較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火功率。對無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火要求(qiu)是(shi)：由(you)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)經(jing)拉制(zhi)，但(dan)尚(shang)未鑄造(zao)(zao)(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一次退(tui)(tui)火，其退(tui)(tui)火功率應(ying)比(bi)同樣情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉制(zhi)，在(zai)以后階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火功率應(ying)留(liu)有(you)(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余(yu)量和(he)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區(qu)別(bie)執行不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火工(gong)藝(yi)，以保證在(zai)制(zhi)品和(he)成(cheng)品導線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔(rou)軟性。

三(san)、夾雜，氧(yang)(yang)含量波動(dong)，表面氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物和(he)可(ke)能(neng)存在的(de)熱軋(ya)缺陷的(de)差別

無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)可(ke)拉性在所(suo)有(you)線(xian)(xian)(xian)徑里與(yu)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)相比(bi)都是(shi)(shi)優越的(de)，除(chu)上述(shu)組織(zhi)原(yuan)因(yin)外，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)夾雜少(shao)，含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩(wen)定(ding)，無熱(re)軋可(ke)能產生(sheng)的(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生(sheng)產過程中(zhong)(zhong)如果工藝不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)監控不(bu)嚴(yan)，含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)將直接(jie)影(ying)響桿(gan)的(de)性能。如果桿(gan)的(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)能在后工序的(de)連(lian)續清洗中(zhong)(zhong)得(de)以彌補(bu)外，但(dan)比(bi)較麻(ma)煩的(de)是(shi)(shi)有(you)相當多(duo)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)存在于“皮(pi)下(xia)(xia)”，對(dui)拉線(xian)(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)影(ying)響更直接(jie)，故而在拉制微細線(xian)(xian)(xian)，超微細線(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi)，為了減(jian)少(shao)斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)，有(you)時(shi)要對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)采取不(bu)得(de)已的(de)辦法(fa)——剝皮(pi)，甚至二(er)次剝皮(pi)的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)所(suo)在，目的(de)要除(chu)去皮(pi)下(xia)(xia)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)。

四、低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的韌性有差別

兩者都(dou)可以拉到0.015mm，但(dan)在低溫超導線中的低溫級無氧銅，其細絲(si)間的間距只(zhi)有0.001mm.

五、從制(zhi)桿的原(yuan)材料到制(zhi)線(xian)的經濟性有差(cha)別(bie)。

制(zhi)(zhi)造無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿要求質量較高的(de)原材料(liao)。一般，拉制(zhi)(zhi)直徑(jing)>1mm的(de)銅線時，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)優(you)點比較明顯，而無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿顯得更為優(you)越的(de)是拉制(zhi)(zhi)直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)銅線。

六、低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的制線工藝與無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的有所不同。

低氧(yang)銅桿的制(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝不(bu)能(neng)照搬到無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿的制(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝上來，至(zhi)少(shao)兩者的退(tui)火工(gong)藝是不(bu)同的。因為線(xian)的柔軟性深受(shou)材料成(cheng)份和(he)(he)制(zhi)桿，制(zhi)線(xian)和(he)(he)退(tui)火工(gong)藝的影響(xiang)，不(bu)能(neng)簡(jian)單地說低氧(yang)銅或無(wu)氧(yang)銅誰(shui)軟誰(shui)硬。