熱門關鍵詞(ci)：
來源：行業(ye)動態 閱讀：109523 發布(bu)時間：2019-07-05
導讀(du)：由(you)于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)工藝不同，所生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)含氧量及(ji)外觀(guan)就(jiu)不同。上引生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工藝得當氧含量在(zai)(zai)10ppm以下(xia)，叫無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是在(zai)(zai)保護條件下(xia)的(de)(de)熱軋(ya)，氧含量在(zai)(zai)200-500ppm范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)，但有時也(ye)高(gao)達700ppm以上，一般(ban)情況下(xia)，此種(zhong)方法生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)外表(biao)光亮，低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有時也(ye)叫光桿(gan)(gan)。
銅桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)電纜行(xing)業的主(zhu)要原料，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的方式主(zhu)要有兩(liang)種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)法(fa)和(he)上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)低氧銅桿(gan)(gan)的生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方法(fa)較多，其特點是(shi)金屬(shu)在(zai)豎爐中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)融化后(hou)，銅液通(tong)過(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的模腔內，采用較大的冷(leng)卻強度(du)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻，形成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然(ran)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多道(dao)次軋(ya)(ya)制，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的低氧銅桿(gan)(gan)為熱加工組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，原來的鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)已(yi)經破(po)碎，含氧量(liang)一般為200~400ppm之間。無氧銅桿(gan)(gan)國內基本全部采用上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，金屬(shu)在(zai)感應電爐中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)融化后(hou)通(tong)過(guo)石墨模進(jin)行(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造，之后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋(ya)(ya)或冷(leng)加工，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的無氧銅桿(gan)(gan)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，含氧量(liang)一般在(zai)20ppm以下。由于制造工藝的不同，所以在(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結構、氧含量(liang)分布(bu)、雜質的形式及分布(bu)等諸多方面有較大差別。
一、拉制性能
銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制性能跟(gen)很多因素有(you)關，如雜質的(de)(de)含量(liang)、氧含量(liang)及(ji)分布、工(gong)藝(yi)控制等。下面分別從以上幾個方面對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制性能進行(xing)分析。
1、熔化方(fang)式對S等雜質的影響
連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要是通過氣體(ti)的燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔(rong)(rong)化，在燃燒的過程中，通過氧化和揮(hui)發作用，可一定程度減少部分雜質進入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)，因此(ci)連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)法(fa)對(dui)原料要求相(xiang)對(dui)低一些。上引連鑄(zhu)生產無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是用感應電爐(lu)熔(rong)(rong)化，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表(biao)面的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本(ben)都熔(rong)(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)中。其中熔(rong)(rong)入的S對(dui)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑性影響極大，會(hui)增加拉絲斷(duan)線率。
2、鑄(zhu)造(zao)過程中(zhong)雜質(zhi)的進入(ru)
在(zai)生產(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)工藝(yi)需通(tong)(tong)過保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)間包(bao)轉運銅(tong)液，相(xiang)對容易造(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火材料(liao)(liao)的剝落(luo)，在(zai)軋(ya)制(zhi)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)需要(yao)通(tong)(tong)過軋(ya)輥(gun)，造(zao)成(cheng)鐵質(zhi)(zhi)的脫落(luo)，會給銅(tong)桿(gan)造(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱軋(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)皮上和皮下氧(yang)化物的軋(ya)入，會給低氧(yang)桿(gan)的拉(la)絲(si)造(zao)成(cheng)不利的影響。上引連(lian)鑄法(fa)生產(chan)工藝(yi)流程(cheng)較短，銅(tong)液是通(tong)(tong)過聯體爐內(nei)潛(qian)流式完成(cheng)，對耐(nai)火材料(liao)(liao)的沖擊不大，結(jie)晶是通(tong)(tong)過石墨(mo)模內(nei)進行，所以(yi)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)可能產(chan)生的污染源較少，雜質(zhi)(zhi)進入的機會較少。
O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產化(hua)合物的(de)(de)元素。在熔(rong)(rong)態銅(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)可以溶解一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)幾乎(hu)不溶解于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)中。熔(rong)(rong)態時所溶解的(de)(de)氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體(ti)析(xi)出(chu)(chu)，分布在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體(ti)的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現，顯著(zhu)降低了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。
硫可以(yi)溶解在熔體的(de)銅(tong)中，但在室溫下(xia)，其(qi)溶解度幾乎降低(di)到零(ling)，它以(yi)硫化(hua)亞銅(tong)的(de)形式出現在晶粒(li)晶界處(chu)，會顯著(zhu)降低(di)銅(tong)的(de)塑性(xing)。
3、氧在低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)和(he)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中分(fen)布形式及其影響
氧含量對低(di)氧銅桿的(de)拉線(xian)性能有著明顯的(de)影響。當氧含量增加(jia)到最(zui)佳值時，銅桿的(de)斷線(xian)率最(zui)低(di)。這是因為氧在與大部分雜質反應(ying)的(de)過程中都(dou)起到了清除(chu)器的(de)作(zuo)用。適度的(de)氧還(huan)有利于去除(chu)銅液中的(de)氫(qing)，生成(cheng)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣(qi)溢出，減少(shao)氣(qi)孔的(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)佳的(de)氧含量為拉線(xian)工藝(yi)提供了最(zui)好(hao)的(de)條(tiao)件(jian)。
低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)化物的分(fen)(fen)布：在連(lian)續澆鑄中(zhong)凝固的最初階段，散熱(re)速率(lv)和均(jun)勻冷(leng)卻是決定(ding)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)化物分(fen)(fen)布的主要因素。不均(jun)勻冷(leng)卻會引起銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)內部結構(gou)本(ben)質上的差異，但后續的熱(re)加工(gong)，柱(zhu)狀晶通常會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)顆(ke)粒(li)細(xi)微化和均(jun)勻分(fen)(fen)布。氧(yang)化物顆(ke)粒(li)聚集而(er)產生(sheng)的典型(xing)情況(kuang)是中(zhong)心爆裂。除氧(yang)化物顆(ke)粒(li)分(fen)(fen)布的影響外，具有較(jiao)小氧(yang)化物顆(ke)粒(li)的銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)顯示出較(jiao)好的拉線特性(xing)，較(jiao)大的Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)容易造(zao)成應力集中(zhong)點(dian)而(er)斷(duan)裂。
無氧銅(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)氧量(liang)超標(biao)，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變脆，延伸率(lv)(lv)下降，拉伸式樣端(duan)口顯暗(an)紅色(se)，結晶組織疏松。當氧含(han)(han)量(liang)超出(chu)8ppm時，工(gong)藝性能(neng)變差，表現為(wei)鑄造(zao)及拉伸過(guo)程中斷桿(gan)及斷線率(lv)(lv)極具增高(gao)(gao)。這是(shi)由(you)于氧能(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)生成氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)脆性相(xiang)(xiang)，形成銅(tong)(tong)-氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶體，以網(wang)狀組織分布在(zai)境界上。這種脆性相(xiang)(xiang)硬度高(gao)(gao)，在(zai)冷變形時將(jiang)會與銅(tong)(tong)機體脫離，導(dao)(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機械性能(neng)下降，在(zai)后續(xu)加工(gong)中容易造(zao)成斷裂(lie)現象。氧含(han)(han)量(liang)高(gao)(gao)還能(neng)導(dao)(dao)致無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導(dao)(dao)電率(lv)(lv)下降。因此(ci)，必須嚴格控制上引連鑄工(gong)藝及產品(pin)質量(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在上引連鑄中，氧含量(liang)控制較(jiao)低，氧化物的副作(zuo)用(yong)唄**降低，但(dan)氫的影響成(cheng)為較(jiao)顯著的問題。吸(xi)氣(qi)后熔體中存(cun)在平衡反(fan)應(ying)：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)體及疏(shu)松是(shi)在(zai)結晶的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，氫從過(guo)飽(bao)和的(de)(de)溶液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)析(xi)出(chu)并聚(ju)集而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。在(zai)結晶前(qian)析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫又可還(huan)原氧化亞銅而(er)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)(shui)氣(qi)泡。由于上引鑄造的(de)(de)特點是(shi)銅液(ye)自上而(er)下的(de)(de)結晶，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)液(ye)**形(xing)狀近似錐型。銅液(ye)結晶前(qian)析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)體在(zai)上浮過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)被堵在(zai)凝固組織(zhi)內，結晶時(shi)在(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)孔(kong)。上引的(de)(de)含氣(qi)量(liang)少時(shi)，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)氫存在(zai)于晶界處，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏(shu)松；含氣(qi)量(liang)多時(shi)，則聚(ju)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)孔(kong)，因此，氣(qi)孔(kong)和疏(shu)松是(shi)氫氣(qi)和水(shui)(shui)蒸氣(qi)兩者(zhe)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。
氫來(lai)源于上引生產過程中的各(ge)個工藝環(huan)節，如原料電(dian)解銅的“銅綠”、輔(fu)料木炭**、氣候環(huan)境(jing)**、石墨結晶器未干燥等。因此，熔化爐中的銅液(ye)表面應覆(fu)蓋經烘烤的木炭，電(dian)解銅應盡量去除“銅綠”、“銅豆”“耳朵(duo)”，對提(ti)高無氧銅桿質(zhi)量非常(chang)重(zhong)要。
在(zai)連鑄連軋工藝(yi)中，往(wang)往(wang)采(cai)用適度控制氧含量來控制氫(qing)。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由(you)于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)在鑄造過程中(zhong)是(shi)自下(xia)而上結晶，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)氧和氫(qing)所(suo)產生(sheng)的(de)水蒸(zheng)氣(qi)很容易(yi)上浮跑出，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)氫(qing)大部分能被有效去除，因而對銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)影響較(jiao)小(xiao)。
二、表面質量
在生產電磁線等產品的過程中，對銅(tong)桿的表面質(zhi)量也(ye)需(xu)提出(chu)要求。需(xu)要拉制后(hou)(hou)的銅(tong)絲表面無(wu)毛刺、銅(tong)粉(fen)(fen)少、無(wu)油污。并通過扭轉試驗測量表面銅(tong)粉(fen)(fen)的質(zhi)量和扭轉后(hou)(hou)觀察銅(tong)桿的復(fu)原(yuan)情況來判定其(qi)好壞。
在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，從(cong)鑄造到軋(ya)制前，溫度高，完全暴露于(yu)空氣中(zhong)(zhong)，使鑄坯表(biao)面形成(cheng)較(jiao)厚的(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)層，在軋(ya)制過程中(zhong)(zhong)，隨(sui)著軋(ya)輥的(de)(de)轉動，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物顆粒軋(ya)入銅(tong)(tong)線表(biao)面。由于(yu)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)是高熔點脆性化(hua)(hua)合物，對于(yu)軋(ya)入較(jiao)深的(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)，當成(cheng)條(tiao)狀的(de)(de)聚集物遇模具拉伸時，就(jiu)會是銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)外表(biao)面產生(sheng)毛刺，給后續的(de)(de)涂漆造成(cheng)麻煩(fan)。
而上引連鑄工(gong)藝制(zhi)造的無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，由于(yu)鑄造和冷卻完全(quan)與氧(yang)隔絕，后續亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅(tong)桿表面(mian)無(wu)軋入表面(mian)的氧(yang)化物，質量較好，拉(la)制(zhi)后銅(tong)粉少，上述問(wen)題較少存在。
無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)也分進口設(she)備做的(de)(de)(de)和國產(chan)設(she)備做的(de)(de)(de),但目前進口產(chan)品已無明顯優(you)勢，銅(tong)桿(gan)產(chan)品出來后區別不是很大,只要銅(tong)板選(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)好,生產(chan)控制比較穩定,國產(chan)設(she)備也能產(chan)出可(ke)拉伸0.05的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan).進口設(she)備一般是芬蘭奧托(tuo)昆普的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備,國產(chan)設(she)備最好的(de)(de)(de)應該是上海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)軍廠的(de)(de)(de)了，生產(chan)時間(jian)最長，軍工企業，質量可(ke)靠(kao)。
低氧銅桿進口(kou)設(she)備國(guo)際主要(yao)有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)美國(guo)南(nan)線設(she)備,英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)南(nan)京華新,江(jiang)西銅業,另一種(zhong)是(shi)德(de)國(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備,國(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)常州金源,天津大無縫。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從(cong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上(shang)容易區(qu)別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下,但(dan)目前(qian)有(you)的(de)廠家只(zhi)能做到(dao)50個(ge)PPM以下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子一般(ban)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控(kong)制在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右(you),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一般(ban)采取的(de)是上(shang)引法(fa),低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋,兩種(zhong)產(chan)品相對(dui)而(er)(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)漆包線(xian)(xian)性 能更適應些,如(ru)柔軟性,回彈角,繞線(xian)(xian)性能.但(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)拉(la)(la)(la)絲條件(jian)相對(dui)要苛刻些,同樣(yang)拉(la)(la)(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)細絲,如(ru)果(guo)(guo)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)條件(jian)不(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao),普通的(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)(la)(la)而(er)(er)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian)(xian),但(dan)如(ru)果(guo)(guo)放在(zai)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)條件(jian),同樣(yang)的(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就能拉(la)(la)(la)到(dao)雙零(ling)五,而(er)(er)普通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只(zhi)能拉(la)(la)(la)伸(shen)到(dao)0.1而(er)(er)已,當然做的(de)最(zui)細的(de)如(ru)雙零(ling)二卻非得依靠進口的(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了(le).目前(qian)有(you)企業嘗試用剝(bo)皮(pi)的(de)方式(shi)來(lai)處理(li)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian).但(dan)有(you)關這方面的(de)內容我還不(bu)是很清楚(chu)。
音響線一般反(fan)而(er)喜歡(huan)用無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan),這和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是單晶銅,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是多晶銅有(you)關(guan)。
氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和(he)無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)由于制造(zao)方法(fa)的不同，致使存在差別，具有各自的特點。
一、關(guan)于氧的(de)吸入和脫去(qu)以(yi)及(ji)它的(de)存在狀態
生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在10—50ppm，在常溫下(xia)(xia)氧(yang)(yang)在銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶(rong)度約(yue)2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入(ru)是在銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)態下(xia)(xia)吸入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而上(shang)(shang)引法無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則相反，氧(yang)(yang)在液(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)(xia)保(bao)持相當(dang)時間后，被(bei)還原而脫去(qu)，通常這種桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)，最低(di)可達(da)1-2ppm，從(cong)組(zu)織(zhi)上(shang)(shang)看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在于晶(jing)粒邊界附近，這對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而言可以(yi)(yi)說是常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)但(dan)對無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則很(hen)少見。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜形式在晶(jing)界出現(xian)對材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性產生負面(mian)影響。而無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)是均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)單相組(zu)織(zhi)對韌性有利。在無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔(kong)性是不常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而在低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)則是常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種缺(que)陷。
二、熱(re)軋(ya)組織和(he)鑄造組織的區別
低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)由于經(jing)過熱(re)軋，所(suo)以其(qi)(qi)組(zu)織(zhi)屬熱(re)加工組(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經(jing)破碎(sui)，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)時(shi)已(yi)有再結晶的(de)(de)形式出現，而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)屬鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，晶粒(li)粗(cu)大，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)為什么，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)的(de)(de)再結晶溫(wen)度(du)較(jiao)高(gao)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)固有原因(yin)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為，再結晶發生在(zai)晶粒(li)邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)附近，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)晶粒(li)粗(cu)大，晶粒(li)尺寸甚(shen)至能達幾個毫米(mi)，因(yin)而晶粒(li)邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)少，即使(shi)通(tong)過拉(la)制變形，但晶粒(li)邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)相對低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)還是(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少，所(suo)以需(xu)要(yao)(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)。對無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)成功(gong)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)要(yao)(yao)求是(shi)(shi)：由桿(gan)(gan)經(jing)拉(la)制，但尚未鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)第一次退(tui)(tui)火(huo)，其(qi)(qi)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應比同樣情況的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉(la)制，在(zai)以后(hou)階段(duan)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應留(liu)有足夠的(de)(de)余量和(he)對低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)和(he)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)切實區別執行不同的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)工藝，以保(bao)證在(zai)制品(pin)和(he)成品(pin)導線的(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性。
三、夾雜，氧(yang)含量波動(dong)，表面(mian)氧(yang)化(hua)物和(he)可能存在的熱(re)軋缺陷(xian)的差別
無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)可(ke)拉性(xing)在(zai)所有(you)線(xian)徑里(li)與低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)相比都是(shi)優越的(de)，除(chu)上述組(zu)織(zhi)原因外(wai)，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)夾(jia)雜(za)少(shao)，含氧(yang)(yang)量穩定(ding)，無熱軋可(ke)能產(chan)生的(de)缺(que)陷，桿(gan)(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)厚(hou)度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋生產(chan)過程中如(ru)果工藝(yi)不穩定(ding)，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)監控不嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)量不穩定(ding)將直(zhi)接影(ying)響(xiang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)性(xing)能。如(ru)果桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)表面(mian)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)能在(zai)后工序的(de)連(lian)(lian)續清洗中得以彌補外(wai)，但比較麻煩的(de)是(shi)有(you)相當多的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)存在(zai)于“皮(pi)下”，對(dui)拉線(xian)斷線(xian)影(ying)響(xiang)更(geng)直(zhi)接，故而在(zai)拉制微細(xi)線(xian)，超微細(xi)線(xian)時，為(wei)了減少(shao)斷線(xian)，有(you)時要對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)采取(qu)不得已的(de)辦法——剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)，甚(shen)至二次(ci)剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)的(de)原因所在(zai)，目的(de)要除(chu)去(qu)皮(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)。
四、低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿的韌性有差別
兩者都可以拉(la)到0.015mm，但(dan)在(zai)低(di)溫(wen)超導線中的低(di)溫(wen)級無氧銅，其細絲(si)間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.
五、從制(zhi)桿的原(yuan)材料到制(zhi)線的經濟性有差別。
制造(zao)無氧銅(tong)桿要求質量較高的(de)(de)原(yuan)材料。一般，拉(la)制直徑>1mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)線(xian)(xian)時，低氧銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)優(you)點比較明顯，而無氧銅(tong)桿顯得(de)更為優(you)越的(de)(de)是拉(la)制直徑<0.5mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)線(xian)(xian)。
六(liu)、低(di)氧銅桿的(de)制線工藝與(yu)無氧銅桿的(de)有所不同。
低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿的制線工藝(yi)(yi)不(bu)(bu)能照搬到無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿的制線工藝(yi)(yi)上來，至少兩者的退火(huo)工藝(yi)(yi)是不(bu)(bu)同的。因為線的柔(rou)軟性深(shen)受(shou)材料(liao)成份和(he)(he)制桿，制線和(he)(he)退火(huo)工藝(yi)(yi)的影響，不(bu)(bu)能簡單地說低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅或無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅誰軟誰硬。
