国产精品成人网站/两攻一受3p双龙h调教/玩弄人妻少妇500系列/人妻换人妻仑乱/国产成人一区二区三区别

導讀(du)：由于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝不(bu)同，所(suo)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿中的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)及外(wai)觀就不(bu)同。上引生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿，工(gong)藝得當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)在10ppm以下，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿 是(shi)在保護(hu)條件下的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)在200-500ppm范圍內，但有時也高達700ppm以上，一般情況下，此種(zhong)方(fang)法生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)外(wai)表光(guang)亮(liang)，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿，有時也叫(jiao)光(guang)桿。

銅桿(gan)(gan)是電纜行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)主要原料(liao)，生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式主要有(you)兩種(zhong)——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋法(fa)和上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)較(jiao)(jiao)多，其(qi)特(te)點是金屬在(zai)(zai)豎爐中融化后(hou)(hou)，銅液通(tong)過保(bao)溫爐、溜槽、中間包，從(cong)澆管進(jin)入封(feng)閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)腔內(nei)，采(cai)用(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻(que)強度進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻(que)，形(xing)成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多道次(ci)軋制(zhi)(zhi)，生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)為(wei)(wei)熱加工組(zu)織(zhi)，原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)已經破(po)碎，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般為(wei)(wei)200~400ppm之間。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)國內(nei)基本(ben)全部采(cai)用(yong)上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生產(chan)，金屬在(zai)(zai)感(gan)應電爐中融化后(hou)(hou)通(tong)過石墨模(mo)進(jin)行(xing)上引連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造，之后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋或冷(leng)加工，生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)為(wei)(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)20ppm以下(xia)。由于制(zhi)(zhi)造工藝的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)，所以在(zai)(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)(fen)布、雜質的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式及(ji)分(fen)(fen)布等諸多方(fang)(fang)面有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)差別(bie)。

一、拉制性能

銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)拉制性(xing)能跟(gen)很多因(yin)素(su)有關，如雜(za)質的(de)含(han)量、氧(yang)含(han)量及分布、工藝控制等。下面(mian)分別(bie)從以上幾個方(fang)面(mian)對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)拉制性(xing)能進行分析(xi)。

1、熔化方(fang)式對(dui)S等雜(za)質的影響

連鑄(zhu)連軋生(sheng)產銅(tong)桿主要是通過氣(qi)體的(de)(de)燃燒(shao)使銅(tong)桿熔(rong)化(hua)，在(zai)燃燒(shao)的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)，通過氧化(hua)和(he)揮發作用(yong)，可(ke)一(yi)定程度減(jian)少部分雜質進入(ru)(ru)銅(tong)液，因(yin)此連鑄(zhu)連軋法(fa)對(dui)原(yuan)料(liao)要求相對(dui)低一(yi)些。上引(yin)連鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)桿，由于是用(yong)感應電爐熔(rong)化(hua)，電解銅(tong)表面的(de)(de)“銅(tong)綠(lv)”“銅(tong)豆”基(ji)本都熔(rong)入(ru)(ru)到銅(tong)液中(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong)熔(rong)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)S對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)桿塑性影響極大，會增加拉絲斷線(xian)率。

2、鑄造過程中雜質的進入

在(zai)生產(chan)過(guo)程中，連鑄連軋工藝(yi)(yi)需(xu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)保溫(wen)爐(lu)、溜槽(cao)、中間包轉運銅液，相對容易造成耐(nai)火(huo)材(cai)料的剝落，在(zai)軋制(zhi)過(guo)程中需(xu)要通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)軋輥，造成鐵質的脫落，會(hui)給銅桿(gan)(gan)造成外部夾雜(za)。而熱(re)軋中皮(pi)上和皮(pi)下氧化物(wu)的軋入，會(hui)給低(di)氧桿(gan)(gan)的拉絲(si)造成不利的影響。上引連鑄法生產(chan)工藝(yi)(yi)流(liu)程較短，銅液是通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)聯(lian)體爐(lu)內潛(qian)流(liu)式完(wan)成，對耐(nai)火(huo)材(cai)料的沖(chong)擊不大，結(jie)晶是通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)石墨模內進行，所以過(guo)程中可能產(chan)生的污染源較少，雜(za)質進入的機會(hui)較少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產(chan)化合物的(de)(de)元素(su)。在(zai)熔(rong)態銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧可(ke)以(yi)(yi)溶(rong)解(jie)一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧幾乎不溶(rong)解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔(rong)態時(shi)所(suo)溶(rong)解(jie)的(de)(de)氧，以(yi)(yi)銅(tong)(tong)=氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體析出，分布在(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處(chu)。銅(tong)(tong)-氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體的(de)(de)出現，顯著降(jiang)低了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。

硫(liu)(liu)可以溶解在(zai)熔體的(de)銅中，但在(zai)室溫下，其溶解度幾乎降(jiang)(jiang)低到零，它以硫(liu)(liu)化亞(ya)銅的(de)形(xing)式出現在(zai)晶粒晶界處，會顯著降(jiang)(jiang)低銅的(de)塑性(xing)。

3、氧在低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)和無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)分布形式及其影響(xiang)

氧(yang)含(han)量對(dui)低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)拉線性能有(you)著明顯的(de)影響。當氧(yang)含(han)量增(zeng)加到(dao)最(zui)(zui)(zui)佳值時，銅桿(gan)的(de)斷線率(lv)最(zui)(zui)(zui)低。這是因為(wei)氧(yang)在與大(da)部(bu)分雜質反應的(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)都起到(dao)了(le)清(qing)除器的(de)作(zuo)用。適度的(de)氧(yang)還有(you)利于去除銅液中(zhong)的(de)氫，生成水蒸氣溢出(chu)，減少氣孔的(de)形成。最(zui)(zui)(zui)佳的(de)氧(yang)含(han)量為(wei)拉線工藝提供了(le)最(zui)(zui)(zui)好的(de)條件。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化物的分(fen)(fen)布：在(zai)連續澆(jiao)鑄中凝固的最初階段，散熱(re)速率和均勻冷卻(que)是(shi)決定(ding)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化物分(fen)(fen)布的主要(yao)因素。不均勻冷卻(que)會(hui)引起(qi)銅(tong)桿(gan)內部結(jie)構本質上(shang)的差異，但后續的熱(re)加(jia)工，柱(zhu)狀(zhuang)晶(jing)通(tong)常會(hui)遭到破壞，使氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)顆(ke)(ke)粒細微化和均勻分(fen)(fen)布。氧(yang)化物顆(ke)(ke)粒聚集而(er)產生的典型情(qing)況(kuang)是(shi)中心(xin)爆裂。除氧(yang)化物顆(ke)(ke)粒分(fen)(fen)布的影(ying)響外，具有較小氧(yang)化物顆(ke)(ke)粒的銅(tong)桿(gan)顯示出較好的拉線特性(xing)，較大的Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)粒容易造成應力集中點而(er)斷裂。

無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧量超(chao)標(biao)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿變脆(cui)，延伸率下(xia)(xia)降，拉伸式樣端(duan)口顯暗紅色，結晶(jing)組(zu)織疏松。當氧含量超(chao)出8ppm時，工藝(yi)性能(neng)變差，表(biao)現(xian)(xian)為鑄造(zao)及拉伸過程中(zhong)斷桿及斷線率極具增(zeng)高(gao)(gao)。這(zhe)是由于氧能(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性相，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體，以網狀組(zu)織分(fen)布(bu)在境界上。這(zhe)種脆(cui)性相硬度高(gao)(gao)，在冷(leng)變形時將會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機體脫(tuo)離，導致(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的機械性能(neng)下(xia)(xia)降，在后續加工中(zhong)容(rong)易造(zao)成(cheng)斷裂現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。氧含量高(gao)(gao)還能(neng)導致(zhi)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿導電率下(xia)(xia)降。因(yin)此，必(bi)須(xu)嚴格(ge)控制上引(yin)連鑄工藝(yi)及產品質量。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧含量(liang)控制(zhi)較低，氧化物的(de)副作(zuo)用唄**降低，但(dan)氫(qing)的(de)影響(xiang)成為較顯著的(de)問題(ti)。吸氣后熔體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)體及疏松是在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，氫(qing)從過(guo)飽和的(de)溶液中析出并聚集而形(xing)成的(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)前析出的(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧化亞(ya)銅而生成水(shui)氣(qi)泡(pao)。由于(yu)上(shang)引鑄造的(de)特(te)點是銅液自上(shang)而下的(de)結(jie)晶(jing)，形(xing)成的(de)液**形(xing)狀近(jin)似錐(zhui)型。銅液結(jie)晶(jing)前析出的(de)氣(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上(shang)浮過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中被堵在(zai)(zai)凝固組織內(nei)，結(jie)晶(jing)時在(zai)(zai)鑄桿(gan)內(nei)形(xing)成氣(qi)孔。上(shang)引的(de)含氣(qi)量少時，析出的(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)界處，形(xing)成疏松；含氣(qi)量多時，則聚集成氣(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)孔和疏松是氫(qing)氣(qi)和水(shui)蒸氣(qi)兩者形(xing)成的(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過程中(zhong)的(de)各個工藝環節，如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料木炭**、氣候環境**、石墨結晶器未(wei)干燥等(deng)。因此(ci)，熔化爐(lu)中(zhong)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)液表面(mian)應覆蓋經(jing)烘烤的(de)木炭，電解銅(tong)(tong)應盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳(er)朵(duo)”，對提(ti)高無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿質量非常重要。

在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)工藝中，往往采用適(shi)度控制氧含量(liang)來控制氫(qing)。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅液在鑄造過程中(zhong)是自(zi)下而(er)上結晶(jing)，銅液中(zhong)的氧(yang)和氫(qing)所產生的水蒸氣很容易上浮跑(pao)出，銅液中(zhong)的氫(qing)大部分能被有效(xiao)去除(chu)，因而(er)對銅桿的影(ying)響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產電磁線等產品的過程中，對銅桿的表面(mian)質量(liang)(liang)也需提出要(yao)求。需要(yao)拉制后(hou)的銅絲表面(mian)無毛刺(ci)、銅粉少、無油污。并通(tong)過扭(niu)(niu)轉(zhuan)試(shi)驗測量(liang)(liang)表面(mian)銅粉的質量(liang)(liang)和(he)扭(niu)(niu)轉(zhuan)后(hou)觀察(cha)銅桿的復原情況來判(pan)定其好壞。

在連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)過(guo)程中(zhong)，從鑄(zhu)造(zao)到軋(ya)制(zhi)前(qian)，溫度高，完全暴露(lu)于空氣中(zhong)，使鑄(zhu)坯(pi)表面形(xing)成(cheng)較厚的(de)氧化(hua)層，在軋(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)，隨著(zhu)軋(ya)輥的(de)轉(zhuan)動(dong)，氧化(hua)物顆粒軋(ya)入銅線表面。由(you)于氧化(hua)亞銅是高熔點脆性化(hua)合物，對于軋(ya)入較深的(de)氧化(hua)亞銅，當成(cheng)條狀(zhuang)的(de)聚集物遇模(mo)具拉伸時，就(jiu)會(hui)是銅桿外(wai)表面產生毛刺，給(gei)后續的(de)涂漆造(zao)成(cheng)麻煩。

而上(shang)(shang)引連鑄(zhu)工藝(yi)制造的(de)無氧銅(tong)桿，由于鑄(zhu)造和冷卻完全與氧隔絕，后續亦無熱軋(ya)過程，銅(tong)桿表面無軋(ya)入表面的(de)氧化物(wu)，質(zhi)量(liang)較好(hao)，拉制后銅(tong)粉(fen)少，上(shang)(shang)述問題較少存在。

無氧銅(tong)桿也分進口設(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de)(de)和國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de)(de),但目前進口產(chan)品已無明顯優勢(shi)，銅(tong)桿產(chan)品出來后區別不(bu)是很(hen)大,只要銅(tong)板(ban)選的(de)(de)(de)好,生產(chan)控制(zhi)比較(jiao)穩定,國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)也能產(chan)出可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿.進口設(she)備(bei)一般是芬蘭奧托昆(kun)普(pu)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備(bei),國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)最好的(de)(de)(de)應該是上海的(de)(de)(de)海軍廠(chang)的(de)(de)(de)了，生產(chan)時間最長，軍工企(qi)業，質量可靠(kao)。

低氧銅桿進口(kou)設備(bei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際主要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)南線設備(bei),英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)南京華新,江西銅業(ye),另(ling)一種(zhong)是(shi)德國(guo)(guo)(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei),國(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)常州金(jin)源,天(tian)津大無(wu)縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及(ji)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容易(yi)區別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)(yi)下,但(dan)目(mu)前有的(de)(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)做(zuo)到(dao)50個(ge)PPM以(yi)(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)在(zai)(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在(zai)(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右(you),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一般采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)上引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)(shi)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋,兩種(zhong)產品相對(dui)而(er)(er)(er)言低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)漆(qi)包線(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)(neng)更(geng)適應些,如(ru)柔軟性(xing),回彈(dan)角,繞(rao)線(xian)性(xing)能(neng)(neng).但(dan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)拉(la)(la)絲條(tiao)件相對(dui)要苛刻些,同(tong)樣拉(la)(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件不好(hao),普通的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉(la)(la)而(er)(er)(er)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線(xian),但(dan)如(ru)果放在(zai)(zai)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件,同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說不定(ding)就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)拉(la)(la)到(dao)雙零五,而(er)(er)(er)普通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最(zui)多(duo)只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)拉(la)(la)伸(shen)到(dao)0.1而(er)(er)(er)已,當然(ran)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻非得依靠進口(kou)的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)了(le).目(mu)前有企業(ye)嘗(chang)試(shi)用剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)來處(chu)理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian).但(dan)有關這(zhe)方面的(de)(de)(de)內容我(wo)還(huan)不是(shi)(shi)很清楚。

音(yin)響線一(yi)般(ban)反(fan)而喜歡用(yong)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)桿,這(zhe)和無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)桿是(shi)單(dan)晶銅(tong),低(di)氧(yang)桿是(shi)多晶銅(tong)有關。

氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿由于制(zhi)造方(fang)法的不(bu)同，致使(shi)存在差別，具有各自的特點。

一、關于氧的吸入(ru)和(he)脫去以及它的存在狀態

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的陰極(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)常(chang)溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的固(gu)溶度約(yue)2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)(yang)的進入是(shi)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的液(ye)態(tai)下(xia)吸入的，而(er)(er)上(shang)(shang)引法(fa)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則相反，氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)液(ye)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相當時間后，被還原而(er)(er)脫去，通常(chang)這種(zhong)(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)的含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下(xia)，最(zui)低(di)(di)可達1-2ppm，從(cong)組織上(shang)(shang)看(kan)，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的氧(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界附近(jin)，這對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而(er)(er)言可以(yi)(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)的但對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)(zai)晶界出現(xian)對(dui)材料(liao)的韌(ren)性(xing)產生負面影響(xiang)。而(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的氧(yang)(yang)很低(di)(di)，所以(yi)(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的組織是(shi)均勻(yun)的單相組織對(dui)韌(ren)性(xing)有(you)利。在(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的多孔(kong)性(xing)是(shi)不常(chang)見(jian)的，而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中則是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)的一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)缺陷。

二、熱(re)軋組織(zhi)和鑄造組織(zhi)的區別

低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)由于經(jing)(jing)過熱軋，所以(yi)其(qi)組織屬熱加工(gong)組織，原(yuan)來的鑄(zhu)造組織已(yi)經(jing)(jing)破(po)碎，在(zai)8mm的桿(gan)(gan)時已(yi)有再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的形(xing)式出現(xian)，而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)屬鑄(zhu)造組織，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大(da)，這是為什(shen)么，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)，需要較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)的固(gu)有原(yuan)因(yin)。這是因(yin)為，再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)附近，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)組織晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大(da)，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺寸甚至(zhi)能達幾(ji)個毫米，因(yin)而晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)少，即使通過拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)變形(xing)，但晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)相(xiang)對(dui)低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)還是較(jiao)少，所以(yi)需要較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)。對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)要求是：由桿(gan)(gan)經(jing)(jing)拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，但尚未鑄(zhu)造組織的線時的第一次退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應比同(tong)樣情況的低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)(gao)10——15%。經(jing)(jing)繼(ji)續拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)以(yi)后階段的退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應留有足(zu)夠的余量(liang)和(he)(he)對(dui)低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區別執行不同(tong)的退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)工(gong)藝，以(yi)保(bao)證在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)和(he)(he)成品(pin)導線的柔軟性。

三、夾(jia)雜，氧含量波動，表面(mian)氧化(hua)物和可能存在的熱軋缺陷的差別

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)拉性在(zai)(zai)所有(you)線(xian)(xian)(xian)徑里(li)與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿相比都(dou)是優越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)，除上述組織(zhi)原因外，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿夾雜(za)少，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩定(ding)，無(wu)熱(re)軋(ya)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)產生的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)厚度可(ke)(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)生產過程中如(ru)果(guo)工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)穩定(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)控不(bu)嚴，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量不(bu)穩定(ding)將(jiang)直(zhi)接(jie)影響桿的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)。如(ru)果(guo)桿的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)后(hou)工(gong)序的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)清洗中得(de)以彌補(bu)外，但(dan)比較麻煩的(de)(de)(de)是有(you)相當多的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)(zai)于“皮下”，對拉線(xian)(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)影響更直(zhi)接(jie)，故而在(zai)(zai)拉制微細線(xian)(xian)(xian)，超微細線(xian)(xian)(xian)時，為(wei)了減少斷線(xian)(xian)(xian)，有(you)時要對銅桿采(cai)取不(bu)得(de)已的(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝皮，甚至二次剝皮的(de)(de)(de)原因所在(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)要除去皮下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)。

四、低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿和無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)韌性有(you)差(cha)別(bie)

兩(liang)者都(dou)可以拉到(dao)0.015mm，但在(zai)低(di)溫(wen)超(chao)導線中的(de)低(di)溫(wen)級無氧銅，其細(xi)絲間的(de)間距只(zhi)有(you)0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原材料(liao)到制線的經濟性有差別(bie)。

制造無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿要求質量較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)原材(cai)料。一般，拉(la)制直徑(jing)>1mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)時，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)優點比較(jiao)(jiao)明顯，而無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿顯得更為(wei)優越的(de)是拉(la)制直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)。

六(liu)、低氧銅桿的(de)制線工藝與無氧銅桿的(de)有所(suo)不同。

低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的制線(xian)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)能(neng)照(zhao)搬到無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的制線(xian)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)上(shang)來，至少兩者的退火(huo)(huo)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)是(shi)不(bu)同的。因為線(xian)的柔軟性深受(shou)材料成(cheng)份和(he)(he)制桿(gan)，制線(xian)和(he)(he)退火(huo)(huo)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的影(ying)響，不(bu)能(neng)簡(jian)單地說低氧銅(tong)或無(wu)氧銅(tong)誰(shui)軟誰(shui)硬。