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導讀：由于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)者的(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)不同，所生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧量及外(wai)觀就不同。上(shang)引生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿，工藝(yi)得當氧含(han)量在(zai)10ppm以(yi)下，叫(jiao)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿；連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)鑄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿 是在(zai)保護條件下的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)軋，氧含(han)量在(zai)200-500ppm范圍內(nei)，但有時也高達700ppm以(yi)上(shang)，一般情況下，此種(zhong)方法生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)外(wai)表(biao)光亮，低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿，有時也叫(jiao)光桿。

銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)纜行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)主要(yao)原料，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)方(fang)式主要(yao)有兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋法和上(shang)(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)法。連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)法較多(duo)，其特點是(shi)(shi)金(jin)屬(shu)在(zai)豎(shu)爐(lu)中(zhong)融(rong)化后(hou)，銅(tong)液(ye)通(tong)過保溫爐(lu)、溜(liu)槽、中(zhong)間包(bao)，從澆管進(jin)入(ru)封閉的(de)(de)模腔內，采(cai)用(yong)較大的(de)(de)冷(leng)卻強度進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻，形(xing)成鑄(zhu)坯(pi)，然后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多(duo)道次軋制，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)為熱加工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)已經破碎(sui)，含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)般為200~400ppm之(zhi)間。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)國內基本全(quan)部采(cai)用(yong)上(shang)(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)法生(sheng)產(chan)，金(jin)屬(shu)在(zai)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)爐(lu)中(zhong)融(rong)化后(hou)通(tong)過石墨(mo)模進(jin)行(xing)上(shang)(shang)引連(lian)續鑄(zhu)造，之(zhi)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋或(huo)冷(leng)加工(gong)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)為鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)，含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)20ppm以(yi)下。由于(yu)制造工(gong)藝的(de)(de)不同，所以(yi)在(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)結(jie)構、氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)分布(bu)、雜質(zhi)的(de)(de)形(xing)式及分布(bu)等諸(zhu)多(duo)方(fang)面有較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿(gan)的(de)拉制性能跟(gen)很多因素有關，如雜(za)質(zhi)的(de)含量(liang)、氧(yang)含量(liang)及分布、工藝(yi)控制等。下面分別從以(yi)上幾個(ge)方面對銅桿(gan)的(de)拉制性能進(jin)行分析。

1、熔(rong)化(hua)方(fang)式對S等雜質的(de)影響

連鑄連軋生(sheng)產(chan)銅桿主要是通過(guo)氣體(ti)的燃燒使銅桿熔(rong)化，在燃燒的過(guo)程(cheng)中，通過(guo)氧化和揮(hui)發作用，可(ke)一定程(cheng)度減(jian)少(shao)部分雜質進(jin)入(ru)銅液，因此(ci)連鑄連軋法對原料要求相對低一些。上引(yin)連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)無(wu)氧銅桿，由于是用感應電爐熔(rong)化，電解銅表面的“銅綠”“銅豆”基(ji)本都(dou)熔(rong)入(ru)到銅液中。其中熔(rong)入(ru)的S對無(wu)氧銅桿塑性影響極(ji)大，會增加拉絲(si)斷線率。

2、鑄造過程(cheng)中雜(za)質(zhi)的進入

在(zai)生產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)工藝需通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)保溫(wen)爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉運銅液(ye)，相對容易造(zao)成耐(nai)(nai)火材料的(de)剝落，在(zai)軋(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)需要通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)軋(ya)輥，造(zao)成鐵質的(de)脫落，會(hui)(hui)(hui)給銅桿造(zao)成外部夾雜(za)。而(er)熱軋(ya)中(zhong)皮上和皮下氧(yang)化物的(de)軋(ya)入，會(hui)(hui)(hui)給低氧(yang)桿的(de)拉絲造(zao)成不利的(de)影響。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄法生產(chan)(chan)工藝流(liu)程較(jiao)短，銅液(ye)是通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)聯(lian)體爐內潛流(liu)式(shi)完成，對耐(nai)(nai)火材料的(de)沖擊不大，結晶是通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)石墨(mo)模內進行，所以過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)可(ke)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)污染源較(jiao)少，雜(za)質進入的(de)機會(hui)(hui)(hui)較(jiao)少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)會生(sheng)產化(hua)合物的元素。在熔態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)可以溶解一部(bu)分，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧(yang)幾乎不溶解于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔態時(shi)所溶解的氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體析(xi)出(chu)，分布在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界(jie)處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體的出(chu)現，顯著降低了(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的塑性(xing)。

硫可以(yi)溶(rong)解(jie)在(zai)熔體的(de)銅中，但在(zai)室溫下，其溶(rong)解(jie)度幾乎降低(di)到零，它以(yi)硫化亞銅的(de)形式出(chu)現在(zai)晶粒晶界處(chu)，會顯著降低(di)銅的(de)塑性(xing)。

3、氧(yang)在(zai)低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和(he)無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)中(zhong)分(fen)布形(xing)式及其影響

氧含(han)量對低(di)氧銅(tong)桿的拉(la)線(xian)性(xing)能有(you)著明顯的影(ying)響(xiang)。當氧含(han)量增(zeng)加到最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)(jia)值時(shi)，銅(tong)桿的斷線(xian)率(lv)最(zui)(zui)低(di)。這是因為氧在與大部分(fen)雜質反應的過程(cheng)中都起到了清除(chu)器的作用(yong)。適(shi)度的氧還有(you)利(li)于去除(chu)銅(tong)液中的氫(qing)，生(sheng)成水蒸(zheng)氣溢出(chu)，減少氣孔的形成。最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)(jia)的氧含(han)量為拉(la)線(xian)工(gong)藝提供了最(zui)(zui)好的條件。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)的分布(bu)：在連(lian)續澆鑄中凝固的最(zui)初階(jie)段，散(san)熱速率(lv)和(he)均(jun)勻冷卻(que)是決定(ding)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)分布(bu)的主要因素。不均(jun)勻冷卻(que)會引起銅(tong)桿(gan)內部結(jie)構本質(zhi)上(shang)的差異，但(dan)后續的熱加工，柱狀晶通(tong)常(chang)會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)顆(ke)粒(li)細微化(hua)和(he)均(jun)勻分布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)聚集(ji)而(er)產生的典型情況是中心爆裂。除氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)分布(bu)的影(ying)響外，具有較小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)的銅(tong)桿(gan)顯示出較好的拉線特(te)性，較大(da)的Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)容易造成(cheng)應力集(ji)中點而(er)斷裂。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量超標，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變脆(cui)，延伸率(lv)下(xia)(xia)降，拉伸式(shi)樣端(duan)口顯暗紅色，結晶(jing)組織疏(shu)松(song)。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量超出8ppm時(shi)，工藝性(xing)能變差，表(biao)現為鑄造(zao)及拉伸過程(cheng)中斷(duan)桿(gan)及斷(duan)線率(lv)極具增高。這(zhe)是由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能與銅(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性(xing)相(xiang)，形成銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體，以網狀組織分布在境界上(shang)。這(zhe)種(zhong)脆(cui)性(xing)相(xiang)硬度高，在冷(leng)變形時(shi)將會與銅(tong)(tong)機體脫離(li)，導致銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機械性(xing)能下(xia)(xia)降，在后續(xu)加工中容易造(zao)成斷(duan)裂現象(xiang)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量高還(huan)能導致無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導電率(lv)下(xia)(xia)降。因此，必須嚴格(ge)控制上(shang)引連鑄工藝及產品質量。

4、氫的影響

在上(shang)引連(lian)鑄中，氧含量控制較低(di)(di)，氧化物的副作(zuo)用唄(bai)**降低(di)(di)，但(dan)氫的影響成為較顯著的問題。吸氣后(hou)熔體中存(cun)在平衡(heng)反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體及(ji)疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，氫(qing)從過(guo)飽和的(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)析(xi)出(chu)(chu)并聚(ju)集(ji)而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。在(zai)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)又可還(huan)原氧(yang)化亞銅而生成(cheng)(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)。由(you)于上(shang)引鑄造的(de)(de)特點是(shi)(shi)銅液(ye)(ye)自(zi)上(shang)而下的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)**形(xing)狀(zhuang)近似(si)錐型(xing)。銅液(ye)(ye)結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)上(shang)浮過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)被堵(du)在(zai)凝固(gu)組(zu)織內，結(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)引的(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量少時(shi)(shi)(shi)，析(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)于晶(jing)(jing)界處，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)；含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量多時(shi)(shi)(shi)，則聚(ju)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。

氫來源(yuan)于上引生產(chan)過程中(zhong)的各個(ge)工藝(yi)環節，如原料(liao)電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料(liao)木炭**、氣候(hou)環境**、石墨結晶器未干燥等。因此，熔化爐中(zhong)的銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)表面(mian)應覆蓋經烘烤的木炭，電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)應盡量(liang)去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質(zhi)量(liang)非常重(zhong)要。

在連鑄連軋工藝(yi)中，往往采用適度(du)控制(zhi)氧含(han)量來控制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由(you)于(yu)銅液在鑄(zhu)造過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)是自下而上(shang)結晶(jing)，銅液中(zhong)的氧和氫所產生的水蒸氣很容易上(shang)浮跑出(chu)，銅液中(zhong)的氫大部分能(neng)被有(you)效去(qu)除(chu)，因而對銅桿的影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產電(dian)磁線等產品的(de)過程中，對銅(tong)桿的(de)表面(mian)質量也需提(ti)出(chu)要求。需要拉制(zhi)后的(de)銅(tong)絲表面(mian)無毛刺(ci)、銅(tong)粉(fen)少、無油污。并(bing)通過扭轉(zhuan)(zhuan)試驗測量表面(mian)銅(tong)粉(fen)的(de)質量和扭轉(zhuan)(zhuan)后觀察銅(tong)桿的(de)復原情況(kuang)來判定其好壞。

在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)過程(cheng)中，從鑄造到軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)前，溫度高，完(wan)全(quan)暴露于(yu)空氣中，使鑄坯表面(mian)形成較(jiao)(jiao)厚的氧化(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過程(cheng)中，隨(sui)著軋(ya)(ya)輥的轉動，氧化(hua)物(wu)顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入銅(tong)線表面(mian)。由于(yu)氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)是(shi)高熔(rong)點脆性化(hua)合物(wu)，對(dui)于(yu)軋(ya)(ya)入較(jiao)(jiao)深的氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)，當(dang)成條狀(zhuang)的聚集(ji)物(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就(jiu)會是(shi)銅(tong)桿(gan)外表面(mian)產生毛(mao)刺(ci)，給后(hou)續的涂漆造成麻煩。

而上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)工藝(yi)制造的(de)無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)，由于鑄(zhu)造和冷(leng)卻完全(quan)與氧(yang)隔絕(jue)，后(hou)續亦無熱軋(ya)(ya)過(guo)程，銅桿(gan)表面無軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)表面的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)物，質(zhi)量較好，拉制后(hou)銅粉少，上(shang)述問題較少存在(zai)。

無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿也分進(jin)口設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de)和國(guo)產設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de),但目前進(jin)口產品已無(wu)明(ming)顯優勢，銅(tong)(tong)桿產品出來后區別(bie)不是很大,只(zhi)要銅(tong)(tong)板選的(de)(de)好,生產控制比(bi)較穩定,國(guo)產設(she)(she)備(bei)也能產出可(ke)拉(la)伸0.05的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿.進(jin)口設(she)(she)備(bei)一(yi)般是芬(fen)蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei),國(guo)產設(she)(she)備(bei)最好的(de)(de)應(ying)該是上海的(de)(de)海軍(jun)(jun)廠的(de)(de)了，生產時(shi)間最長，軍(jun)(jun)工企業(ye)，質量可(ke)靠。

低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)進口設(she)備(bei)國(guo)際主要有兩(liang)種(zhong),一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)美(mei)國(guo)南線(xian)設(she)備(bei),英文是(shi)(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)廠家(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)南京華新,江西(xi)銅(tong)業,另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備(bei),國(guo)內(nei)廠家(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)州金源,天(tian)津大無縫。

無氧(yang)(yang)及(ji)低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)上(shang)容易區別(bie),無氧(yang)(yang)銅是含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)在10-20個PPM以(yi)下,但目(mu)前有(you)(you)的(de)(de)廠(chang)家(jia)只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)做到(dao)50個PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)在 200-400個PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子(zi)一般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制(zhi)在250個PPM左右,無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一般采取的(de)(de)是上(shang)引法,低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya),兩種產品相對而言低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對漆包(bao)線(xian)性 能(neng)(neng)更(geng)適應些(xie),如(ru)柔軟(ruan)性,回彈角,繞線(xian)性能(neng)(neng).但低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對拉(la)絲條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)相對要苛刻些(xie),同樣拉(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不好(hao),普(pu)通的(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉(la)而好(hao)的(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就斷(duan) 線(xian),但如(ru)果放在好(hao)的(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian),同樣的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子(zi),低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說(shuo)不定就能(neng)(neng)拉(la)到(dao)雙零五(wu),而普(pu)通無氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)拉(la)伸(shen)到(dao)0.1而已,當然做的(de)(de)最(zui)細(xi)的(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前有(you)(you)企業嘗(chang)試用(yong)剝皮的(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian).但有(you)(you)關(guan)這方面的(de)(de)內容我還不是很(hen)清楚。

音響線一般(ban)反(fan)而喜歡用無氧(yang)桿,這和無氧(yang)桿是單晶(jing)銅(tong),低氧(yang)桿是多晶(jing)銅(tong)有關(guan)。

氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿由于制造(zao)方法(fa)的不同，致(zhi)使存(cun)在差別，具有各(ge)自的特(te)點。

一、關(guan)于氧(yang)的吸(xi)入和脫去以及它的存在狀態

生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)入(ru)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)液態(tai)(tai)下(xia)吸(xi)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)液態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持(chi)相當(dang)時間后，被還(huan)原而(er)脫去，通常(chang)這(zhe)種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)，最低(di)(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織上看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)(tai)，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界附近，這(zhe)對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)言可以(yi)(yi)(yi)說是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則很(hen)少(shao)見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)夾雜形(xing)式在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界出現對(dui)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)韌性產(chan)生負(fu)面影響(xiang)。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)(di)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)組織是(shi)均勻的(de)(de)(de)單相組織對(dui)韌性有利(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)多孔性是(shi)不常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中則是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)缺陷。

二、熱軋組織(zhi)和(he)鑄造組織(zhi)的區別

低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿由(you)于(yu)經(jing)(jing)過(guo)(guo)熱軋(ya)，所以(yi)其組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)屬(shu)熱加工組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)(yi)經(jing)(jing)破碎(sui)，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿時已(yi)(yi)有再結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形式出現(xian)，而(er)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿屬(shu)鑄(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)粗(cu)大(da)，這(zhe)是為什么，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再結(jie)晶(jing)溫(wen)度較高(gao)(gao)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)較高(gao)(gao)退火(huo)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)固有原(yuan)因(yin)。這(zhe)是因(yin)為，再結(jie)晶(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)(jie)附(fu)近，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)粗(cu)大(da)，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)尺(chi)寸甚至能達幾個毫米，因(yin)而(er)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)(jie)少，即使通過(guo)(guo)拉(la)制(zhi)變(bian)形，但晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)(jie)相對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿還是較少，所以(yi)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)功(gong)率。對(dui)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)要(yao)(yao)求是：由(you)桿經(jing)(jing)拉(la)制(zhi)，但尚未鑄(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)次退火(huo)，其退火(huo)功(gong)率應比同樣情況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)(gao)10——15%。經(jing)(jing)繼(ji)續(xu)拉(la)制(zhi)，在(zai)以(yi)后階段的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)功(gong)率應留有足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)余量和對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區別執(zhi)行不同的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)工藝，以(yi)保證在(zai)制(zhi)品和成品導線的(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾雜，氧含(han)量波動，表面氧化物和可能存(cun)在(zai)的熱軋缺陷的差別

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)可拉(la)性(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)所有線(xian)(xian)(xian)徑里與(yu)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿相比都是(shi)優越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)，除上述組織原(yuan)因外，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿夾雜少(shao)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩定，無(wu)(wu)熱(re)軋可能產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿表(biao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)厚度可達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋生產(chan)過程中如果工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)穩定，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)控不(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量不(bu)穩定將(jiang)直(zhi)接影響(xiang)桿的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能。如果桿的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)能在(zai)(zai)(zai)后工(gong)序的(de)(de)(de)連續清洗中得以彌(mi)補外，但比較麻(ma)煩的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)有相當多的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于“皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下”，對拉(la)線(xian)(xian)(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)影響(xiang)更直(zhi)接，故而在(zai)(zai)(zai)拉(la)制(zhi)微細(xi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，超微細(xi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi)，為了減少(shao)斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，有時(shi)要對銅(tong)桿采取不(bu)得已(yi)的(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝皮(pi)(pi)(pi)，甚至二次(ci)剝皮(pi)(pi)(pi)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因所在(zai)(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)要除去皮(pi)(pi)(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)。

四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌性有差別

兩者都可以拉到0.015mm，但在低溫(wen)超導線中(zhong)的低溫(wen)級無氧銅，其細(xi)絲間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原材料到制線的經濟性有差別(bie)。

制(zhi)造無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿要(yao)求質量較(jiao)高的(de)原材料。一(yi)般(ban)，拉制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅線(xian)時，低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)優點(dian)比較(jiao)明顯(xian)，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿顯(xian)得更(geng)為優越的(de)是拉制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅線(xian)。

六、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的制線(xian)工藝(yi)與無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的有所不同。

低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工藝(yi)不(bu)能(neng)照搬到無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工藝(yi)上來，至少兩者的(de)退(tui)火(huo)工藝(yi)是(shi)不(bu)同的(de)。因為線(xian)的(de)柔軟(ruan)性深受材料成份(fen)和制(zhi)(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)和退(tui)火(huo)工藝(yi)的(de)影響，不(bu)能(neng)簡單地說低氧銅(tong)或(huo)無氧銅(tong)誰軟(ruan)誰硬。