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導讀：由(you)于生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)兩者的(de)工藝不同(tong)，所生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)的(de)含(han)氧量(liang)及外觀就不同(tong)。上引生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，工藝得當(dang)氧含(han)量(liang)在(zai)10ppm以下，叫無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan) 是在(zai)保護條件下的(de)熱軋(ya)，氧含(han)量(liang)在(zai)200-500ppm范圍(wei)內，但有時(shi)也(ye)高達700ppm以上，一般(ban)情況下，此種(zhong)方法生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)外表光亮，低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，有時(shi)也(ye)叫光桿(gan)。

銅(tong)桿(gan)是電纜行(xing)(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)主要有兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)和上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方法(fa)較多(duo)，其特點是金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在豎爐(lu)中(zhong)融化(hua)后，銅(tong)液(ye)通過(guo)保溫(wen)爐(lu)、溜(liu)槽、中(zhong)間包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)(de)模腔內，采用(yong)(yong)較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)強度進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)，形成鑄(zhu)坯，然后進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)多(duo)道次軋(ya)制，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)為熱加工組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經破碎，含氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)為200~400ppm之(zhi)間。無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)國內基本全部采用(yong)(yong)上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在感應(ying)電爐(lu)中(zhong)融化(hua)后通過(guo)石墨模進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)續鑄(zhu)造(zao)，之(zhi)后進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)冷(leng)(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)(leng)加工，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)為鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，含氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)在20ppm以下。由于制造(zao)工藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)不同，所(suo)以在組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)結構、氧(yang)含量(liang)(liang)分布、雜質的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)及分布等(deng)諸多(duo)方面有較大(da)(da)差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的拉(la)制性能跟很多因素(su)有關(guan)，如雜質的含量(liang)、氧含量(liang)及分布、工(gong)藝控制等。下(xia)面(mian)分別從以上幾個方面(mian)對銅桿的拉(la)制性能進行分析(xi)。

1、熔化方式(shi)對S等(deng)雜質的影響

連鑄(zhu)連軋生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿主要是(shi)通過(guo)氣(qi)體的燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿熔化(hua)，在燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)的過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，通過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)和揮發作(zuo)用，可一(yi)定程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)減少部分雜質(zhi)進(jin)入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)，因此連鑄(zhu)連軋法(fa)對原料要求相對低一(yi)些(xie)。上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)生產無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，由于(yu)是(shi)用感(gan)應電爐熔化(hua)，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本(ben)都(dou)熔入到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong)熔入的S對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿塑(su)性影(ying)響極大，會(hui)增加拉絲斷(duan)線率。

2、鑄造(zao)過(guo)程中(zhong)雜質的進(jin)入

在生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)工藝需通(tong)過(guo)保(bao)溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)包(bao)轉運(yun)銅(tong)液，相對容易造成(cheng)(cheng)耐火材料的(de)剝落，在軋(ya)制過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)軋(ya)輥，造成(cheng)(cheng)鐵質(zhi)的(de)脫(tuo)落，會(hui)給(gei)銅(tong)桿造成(cheng)(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱軋(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮上和皮下氧化物的(de)軋(ya)入(ru)，會(hui)給(gei)低氧桿的(de)拉絲造成(cheng)(cheng)不利的(de)影響。上引連鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)工藝流程較短，銅(tong)液是通(tong)過(guo)聯(lian)體爐(lu)內潛流式完成(cheng)(cheng)，對耐火材料的(de)沖擊不大，結晶是通(tong)過(guo)石墨模內進行(xing)，所以過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)污(wu)染源較少，雜質(zhi)進入(ru)的(de)機會(hui)較少。

O、S、P是(shi)與銅(tong)(tong)會生產化(hua)(hua)合物的(de)元素。在(zai)熔(rong)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧可以溶(rong)解一部分，但(dan)當(dang)銅(tong)(tong)冷凝(ning)時，氧幾乎不(bu)溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔(rong)態(tai)時所溶(rong)解的(de)氧，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶體析(xi)出(chu)，分布(bu)在(zai)晶粒(li)晶界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶體的(de)出(chu)現(xian)，顯著降低(di)了(le)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑(su)性(xing)。

硫可以溶(rong)解(jie)在(zai)(zai)熔體的銅中(zhong)，但在(zai)(zai)室溫下，其溶(rong)解(jie)度(du)幾(ji)乎(hu)降低到(dao)零(ling)，它以硫化亞銅的形式出現在(zai)(zai)晶粒晶界處(chu)，會(hui)顯著降低銅的塑性(xing)。

3、氧在低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿中分布形式及(ji)其影(ying)響

氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)對低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)拉線性能有著明顯的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。當(dang)氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)增加到最(zui)佳值時，銅桿的(de)(de)(de)斷線率最(zui)低。這是因為氧(yang)在與大部(bu)分雜質(zhi)反應的(de)(de)(de)過程中都起到了清(qing)除器的(de)(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)還有利于(yu)去除銅液中的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)，生成(cheng)(cheng)水蒸(zheng)氣溢出(chu)，減少氣孔的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)。最(zui)佳的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)為拉線工藝提(ti)供了最(zui)好的(de)(de)(de)條件。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)的(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在連續澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)中凝固的(de)最初階段，散熱(re)速率和均(jun)勻冷卻(que)(que)是決(jue)定銅(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)主(zhu)要因素。不(bu)均(jun)勻冷卻(que)(que)會引起(qi)銅(tong)桿內部結(jie)構(gou)本(ben)質上的(de)差異，但(dan)后續的(de)熱(re)加工，柱(zhu)狀晶通常會遭到破(po)壞，使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)顆粒(li)細微(wei)化(hua)和均(jun)勻分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)聚集而產(chan)生的(de)典型情(qing)況是中心爆裂(lie)(lie)。除(chu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)影響外，具有較小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)的(de)銅(tong)桿顯示出較好(hao)的(de)拉線特性，較大的(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)容易造(zao)成應(ying)力集中點而斷裂(lie)(lie)。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)脆，延伸率(lv)下降(jiang)，拉(la)(la)伸式(shi)樣端口顯暗紅色，結晶組織疏松。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)超出8ppm時，工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)變(bian)差，表現(xian)為鑄造(zao)及拉(la)(la)伸過程中(zhong)斷桿及斷線率(lv)極(ji)具(ju)增高。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)脆性(xing)(xing)相，形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網狀組織分布在(zai)境(jing)界上。這種(zhong)脆性(xing)(xing)相硬度高，在(zai)冷(leng)變(bian)形(xing)時將會與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)機(ji)體脫離，導致(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)桿的機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)下降(jiang)，在(zai)后續加工(gong)中(zhong)容易造(zao)成斷裂現(xian)象(xiang)。氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)高還能(neng)導致(zhi)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿導電率(lv)下降(jiang)。因(yin)此，必須嚴格控制(zhi)上引(yin)連鑄工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)及產品質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧含量控(kong)制較低(di)，氧化物的(de)副作用唄**降(jiang)低(di)，但氫的(de)影響(xiang)成(cheng)為較顯著的(de)問題。吸(xi)氣后(hou)熔(rong)體(ti)中存在平衡反應(ying)：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)及(ji)疏松(song)是在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，氫從過(guo)飽和(he)的(de)溶液中(zhong)析(xi)出(chu)并聚集而形(xing)成的(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)氫又可還原氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)而生成水氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于上引鑄(zhu)造的(de)特點是銅(tong)液自(zi)上而下的(de)結(jie)晶(jing)，形(xing)成的(de)液**形(xing)狀近似錐型。銅(tong)液結(jie)晶(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)在(zai)(zai)上浮(fu)過(guo)程中(zhong)被堵在(zai)(zai)凝固組織內，結(jie)晶(jing)時在(zai)(zai)鑄(zhu)桿(gan)內形(xing)成氣(qi)(qi)孔。上引的(de)含氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)少(shao)時，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)氫存(cun)在(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)界處，形(xing)成疏松(song)；含氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)多時，則(ze)聚集成氣(qi)(qi)孔，因此(ci)，氣(qi)(qi)孔和(he)疏松(song)是氫氣(qi)(qi)和(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成的(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過程中的各(ge)個工藝環節，如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木炭**、氣候環境**、石墨(mo)結晶(jing)器未干燥等。因此(ci)，熔化爐(lu)中的銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)表面應(ying)覆蓋經烘烤的木炭，電解銅(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質量非常(chang)重要(yao)。

在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適度控制氧含量來控制氫(qing)。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)液(ye)在鑄造過程中(zhong)(zhong)是自下(xia)而上(shang)結晶，銅(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的氧和氫所產生的水蒸氣(qi)很容易上(shang)浮跑出，銅(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的氫大部分(fen)能被有(you)效(xiao)去除，因而對(dui)銅(tong)桿的影(ying)響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產(chan)電磁(ci)線(xian)等產(chan)品的過程中，對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的表(biao)面(mian)質(zhi)量也(ye)需(xu)(xu)提(ti)出要求。需(xu)(xu)要拉制后的銅(tong)(tong)絲表(biao)面(mian)無(wu)毛刺、銅(tong)(tong)粉少、無(wu)油(you)污(wu)。并(bing)通(tong)過扭轉(zhuan)試(shi)驗測(ce)量表(biao)面(mian)銅(tong)(tong)粉的質(zhi)量和(he)扭轉(zhuan)后觀察銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的復原情況(kuang)來判定其好壞。

在連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)過程(cheng)中，從鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)到(dao)軋(ya)制(zhi)前，溫(wen)度高(gao)，完(wan)全暴露(lu)于空氣(qi)中，使(shi)鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯表面(mian)形成較厚的氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)層(ceng)，在軋(ya)制(zhi)過程(cheng)中，隨著軋(ya)輥的轉動(dong)，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物顆粒軋(ya)入銅線(xian)表面(mian)。由于氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅是高(gao)熔點(dian)脆性化(hua)合物，對于軋(ya)入較深的氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅，當成條狀(zhuang)的聚集物遇(yu)模具(ju)拉伸時，就會是銅桿外(wai)表面(mian)產生毛刺，給后(hou)續的涂漆造(zao)成麻(ma)煩。

而(er)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)鑄工藝制造的無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，由于(yu)鑄造和(he)冷(leng)卻完全與氧(yang)隔絕，后續亦無(wu)熱軋過(guo)程，銅(tong)桿表面無(wu)軋入(ru)表面的氧(yang)化物(wu)，質量較(jiao)好，拉制后銅(tong)粉(fen)少，上(shang)述問(wen)題較(jiao)少存(cun)在。

無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)也分進(jin)口設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de)(de)和國產(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de)(de),但(dan)目前(qian)進(jin)口產(chan)品(pin)已無(wu)明顯優勢，銅桿(gan)產(chan)品(pin)出來后區別不是很大,只(zhi)要銅板(ban)選的(de)(de)(de)好,生產(chan)控制比較(jiao)穩(wen)定,國產(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)也能(neng)產(chan)出可(ke)拉伸(shen)0.05的(de)(de)(de)銅桿(gan).進(jin)口設(she)(she)備(bei)一般是芬(fen)蘭奧托昆普(pu)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei),國產(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)最(zui)好的(de)(de)(de)應該(gai)是上(shang)海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)軍廠的(de)(de)(de)了，生產(chan)時間最(zui)長，軍工企業(ye)，質量(liang)可(ke)靠。

低氧銅桿進口設(she)備(bei)(bei)國際(ji)主要(yao)有兩種(zhong),一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)美國南(nan)線設(she)備(bei)(bei),英文(wen)是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內(nei)廠(chang)家是(shi)(shi)南(nan)京華新(xin),江(jiang)西銅業,另一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)德(de)國CONTIROD設(she)備(bei)(bei),國內(nei)廠(chang)家是(shi)(shi)常州(zhou)金(jin)源(yuan),天津大(da)無縫(feng)。

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上(shang)容易區(qu)別,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個(ge)(ge)PPM以(yi)(yi)下,但目前(qian)有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)家只(zhi)能(neng)做(zuo)到50個(ge)(ge)PPM以(yi)(yi)下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子(zi)一(yi)般(ban)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)250個(ge)(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一(yi)般(ban)采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是上(shang)引(yin)法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是連鑄連軋,兩種產品相(xiang)對而(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對漆包線(xian)(xian)性 能(neng)更適應些(xie),如(ru)(ru)柔軟性,回彈角,繞線(xian)(xian)性能(neng).但低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對拉(la)絲條件(jian)相(xiang)對要苛刻些(xie),同樣(yang)拉(la)伸0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如(ru)(ru)果(guo)伸線(xian)(xian)條件(jian)不好,普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可(ke)拉(la)而(er)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線(xian)(xian),但如(ru)(ru)果(guo)放在(zai)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伸線(xian)(xian)條件(jian),同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子(zi),低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說不定(ding)就(jiu)能(neng)拉(la)到雙零(ling)(ling)五,而(er)普通無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最多只(zhi)能(neng)拉(la)伸到0.1而(er)已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)雙零(ling)(ling)二卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)了.目前(qian)有企業(ye)嘗(chang)試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式來處理(li)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來伸0.03線(xian)(xian).但有關這(zhe)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容我還不是很(hen)清楚。

音響(xiang)線一般反而喜歡用無氧(yang)桿,這和無氧(yang)桿是單晶銅,低氧(yang)桿是多晶銅有關。

氧(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)銅桿由于(yu)制造方法的(de)不同，致使存(cun)在(zai)差別(bie)，具(ju)有各(ge)自的(de)特點。

一、關于(yu)氧的(de)吸(xi)入和脫去(qu)以及它的(de)存在狀態

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)陰極(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫(wen)下(xia)(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)進(jin)入(ru)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)液(ye)態下(xia)(xia)吸(xi)入(ru)的(de)，而上引法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)(xia)保持相當(dang)時(shi)間后，被還原而脫去，通常(chang)(chang)這(zhe)種(zhong)桿(gan)的(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)，最低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)于(yu)晶粒邊界(jie)附近，這(zhe)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而言可以(yi)(yi)說是(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)但對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則很少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜形(xing)式(shi)在(zai)晶界(jie)出現對(dui)材料的(de)韌(ren)性(xing)產生負(fu)面影(ying)響(xiang)。而無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)，所以(yi)(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)組織(zhi)是(shi)(shi)均勻的(de)單相組織(zhi)對(dui)韌(ren)性(xing)有(you)利。在(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)多孔性(xing)是(shi)(shi)不常(chang)(chang)見的(de)，而在(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)一(yi)種(zhong)缺陷。

二、熱軋組織和鑄(zhu)造組織的區別(bie)

低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于經(jing)過(guo)熱(re)軋，所(suo)以其組(zu)織(zhi)屬熱(re)加工組(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經(jing)破碎，在8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)時(shi)已(yi)有再結晶的(de)(de)(de)形式出現(xian)，而(er)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，晶粒(li)粗(cu)大，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么，無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再結晶溫(wen)度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)高，需要較(jiao)(jiao)高退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)固有原(yuan)因。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)因為(wei)，再結晶發生在晶粒(li)邊(bian)(bian)界附近，無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)晶粒(li)粗(cu)大，晶粒(li)尺寸(cun)甚至(zhi)能(neng)達幾個毫米，因而(er)晶粒(li)邊(bian)(bian)界少，即(ji)使通過(guo)拉制(zhi)變(bian)形，但(dan)晶粒(li)邊(bian)(bian)界相對低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是(shi)(shi)較(jiao)(jiao)少，所(suo)以需要較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)。對無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)要求是(shi)(shi)：由桿(gan)經(jing)拉制(zhi)，但(dan)尚未鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)次(ci)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應(ying)(ying)比同樣情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經(jing)繼(ji)續拉制(zhi)，在以后階段的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應(ying)(ying)留有足夠的(de)(de)(de)余量和(he)對低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)和(he)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)切(qie)實區(qu)別執行不同的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)工藝，以保證在制(zhi)品和(he)成(cheng)品導線的(de)(de)(de)柔(rou)軟性。

三、夾(jia)雜，氧含量(liang)波(bo)動，表(biao)面氧化物和(he)可能(neng)存在的熱(re)軋(ya)缺陷的差別

無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)拉性在(zai)(zai)所有線(xian)(xian)徑(jing)里與低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)相(xiang)比(bi)都是優(you)越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)，除(chu)上(shang)述(shu)組織原因外，無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)夾雜少，含(han)(han)氧(yang)量(liang)穩(wen)定，無(wu)熱軋可(ke)能(neng)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表氧(yang)化物厚度可(ke)達(da)≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋生(sheng)(sheng)產過程中如(ru)果(guo)工(gong)藝不(bu)穩(wen)定，對(dui)(dui)氧(yang)監控不(bu)嚴，含(han)(han)氧(yang)量(liang)不(bu)穩(wen)定將直接(jie)影響桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)。如(ru)果(guo)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)表面氧(yang)化物能(neng)在(zai)(zai)后工(gong)序的(de)(de)(de)連續清洗中得以彌補外，但比(bi)較麻煩的(de)(de)(de)是有相(xiang)當多的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化物存在(zai)(zai)于“皮下”，對(dui)(dui)拉線(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)影響更(geng)直接(jie)，故而在(zai)(zai)拉制微細線(xian)(xian)，超微細線(xian)(xian)時(shi)，為了減少斷線(xian)(xian)，有時(shi)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)采取不(bu)得已(yi)的(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝皮，甚(shen)至二次剝皮的(de)(de)(de)原因所在(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)除(chu)去皮下氧(yang)化物。

四、低(di)氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿的韌性(xing)有差(cha)別(bie)

兩者(zhe)都可以(yi)拉(la)到0.015mm，但(dan)在低(di)溫(wen)超導線中(zhong)的(de)低(di)溫(wen)級無氧銅(tong)，其細絲間(jian)的(de)間(jian)距(ju)只有0.001mm.

五、從制(zhi)桿的(de)原材料到制(zhi)線的(de)經濟性有差別。

制造(zao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)要(yao)求(qiu)質量較高的(de)(de)原(yuan)材料(liao)。一(yi)般，拉制直徑(jing)>1mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)線(xian)時，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)優點比(bi)較明(ming)顯，而無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯得(de)更為優越的(de)(de)是拉制直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)線(xian)。

六、低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)制線工藝與無氧(yang)銅桿的(de)有(you)所(suo)不同。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)制(zhi)線工藝(yi)不(bu)能(neng)照搬(ban)到無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)制(zhi)線工藝(yi)上來(lai)，至少(shao)兩者的(de)退(tui)火(huo)工藝(yi)是不(bu)同的(de)。因為線的(de)柔軟性(xing)深(shen)受材料成份(fen)和(he)制(zhi)桿，制(zhi)線和(he)退(tui)火(huo)工藝(yi)的(de)影響，不(bu)能(neng)簡單地(di)說低氧(yang)銅(tong)或無氧(yang)銅(tong)誰軟誰硬。