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導讀：由于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)者的(de)(de)(de)工藝不同，所生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)量及外觀就不同。上(shang)(shang)引(yin)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿，工藝得(de)當氧(yang)含(han)量在(zai)(zai)10ppm以下，叫無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿；連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連鑄(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿 是在(zai)(zai)保護條件(jian)下的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)軋，氧(yang)含(han)量在(zai)(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但(dan)有時(shi)也高(gao)達700ppm以上(shang)(shang)，一般(ban)情況下，此種方(fang)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)外表光亮(liang)，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿，有時(shi)也叫光桿。

銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿是電(dian)纜行(xing)業(ye)的(de)主(zhu)要原料，生產的(de)方式主(zhu)要有兩種(zhong)——連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋法(fa)和上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋低氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)生產方法(fa)較(jiao)多(duo)，其特點(dian)是金(jin)屬(shu)在豎爐(lu)(lu)中融(rong)化后(hou)(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液通(tong)過保溫爐(lu)(lu)、溜(liu)槽、中間包，從(cong)澆管進(jin)入(ru)封閉的(de)模腔內，采(cai)用較(jiao)大的(de)冷(leng)卻強度(du)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多(duo)道次軋制，生產的(de)低氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿為熱加工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已經破碎(sui)，含氧量(liang)一般(ban)為200~400ppm之(zhi)間。無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿國內基本全部采(cai)用上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生產，金(jin)屬(shu)在感(gan)應電(dian)爐(lu)(lu)中融(rong)化后(hou)(hou)通(tong)過石墨(mo)模進(jin)行(xing)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋或冷(leng)加工(gong)(gong)，生產的(de)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿為鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，含氧量(liang)一般(ban)在20ppm以下(xia)。由(you)于(yu)制造(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)不(bu)同(tong)，所以在組(zu)織(zhi)結構(gou)、氧含量(liang)分(fen)布(bu)、雜(za)質的(de)形式及(ji)分(fen)布(bu)等(deng)諸多(duo)方面有較(jiao)大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿(gan)的拉制(zhi)性能(neng)(neng)跟很多因素有關，如雜(za)質(zhi)的含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分(fen)布、工藝控制(zhi)等。下面分(fen)別從(cong)以上幾個方面對銅桿(gan)的拉制(zhi)性能(neng)(neng)進(jin)行分(fen)析(xi)。

1、熔化(hua)方式對S等(deng)雜質的影響

連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要是(shi)通過(guo)氣體的(de)燃(ran)燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔(rong)化，在燃(ran)燒的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，通過(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化和揮發作用(yong)，可一(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度減(jian)少(shao)部(bu)分(fen)雜質(zhi)進入(ru)(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)，因此(ci)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)法對(dui)(dui)原料要求(qiu)相對(dui)(dui)低一(yi)些。上引連(lian)鑄生產無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是(shi)用(yong)感應電爐熔(rong)化，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表(biao)面(mian)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基(ji)本都(dou)熔(rong)入(ru)(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)中。其中熔(rong)入(ru)(ru)的(de)S對(dui)(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑(su)性(xing)影響極大，會增(zeng)加拉絲斷線(xian)率(lv)。

2、鑄造過程中雜(za)質的進入

在生產(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)，連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)工(gong)藝需(xu)通(tong)過(guo)保(bao)溫(wen)爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉運銅(tong)液(ye)，相對容易造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火(huo)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)剝落，在軋(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)需(xu)要通(tong)過(guo)軋(ya)輥，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)鐵質的(de)(de)(de)脫落，會給(gei)銅(tong)桿(gan)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)外(wai)部(bu)夾(jia)雜(za)。而(er)熱軋(ya)中(zhong)皮(pi)上(shang)和皮(pi)下氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)(de)軋(ya)入(ru)，會給(gei)低氧(yang)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)拉絲造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)不利的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。上(shang)引連(lian)鑄法(fa)生產(chan)工(gong)藝流(liu)程較短，銅(tong)液(ye)是通(tong)過(guo)聯體爐內潛流(liu)式完成(cheng)，對耐(nai)火(huo)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)擊(ji)不大，結晶是通(tong)過(guo)石墨模內進行，所(suo)以過(guo)程中(zhong)可能產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)污染源(yuan)較少(shao)，雜(za)質進入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)機會較少(shao)。

O、S、P是(shi)與銅(tong)(tong)會生產化(hua)(hua)合物的元(yuan)素(su)。在(zai)熔(rong)態銅(tong)(tong)中，氧可以(yi)溶解一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧幾乎(hu)不溶解于銅(tong)(tong)中。熔(rong)態時所溶解的氧，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)=氧化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體析出(chu)，分布在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體的出(chu)現，顯(xian)著降(jiang)低了銅(tong)(tong)的塑性。

硫(liu)可以溶解在熔體的(de)銅(tong)中，但(dan)在室溫下，其(qi)溶解度(du)幾乎降低到零，它以硫(liu)化(hua)亞銅(tong)的(de)形式(shi)出現在晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處，會顯著降低銅(tong)的(de)塑性。

3、氧在低氧銅桿和無(wu)氧銅桿中分布形(xing)式及其(qi)影響(xiang)

氧(yang)含量(liang)對低(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)拉(la)線(xian)性(xing)能(neng)有著明顯的(de)影響。當氧(yang)含量(liang)增(zeng)加到最(zui)佳值時，銅桿(gan)的(de)斷線(xian)率最(zui)低(di)。這(zhe)是因為氧(yang)在(zai)與大部(bu)分(fen)雜(za)質反應的(de)過程中都起到了(le)清(qing)除(chu)器(qi)的(de)作用。適(shi)度(du)的(de)氧(yang)還有利于(yu)去除(chu)銅液(ye)中的(de)氫，生(sheng)成水蒸氣溢出，減(jian)少氣孔的(de)形成。最(zui)佳的(de)氧(yang)含量(liang)為拉(la)線(xian)工(gong)藝提供了(le)最(zui)好的(de)條件(jian)。

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)分(fen)布：在(zai)連續澆(jiao)鑄中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)最(zui)初(chu)階段，散熱速率(lv)和(he)均勻(yun)(yun)冷(leng)卻(que)是決定(ding)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)分(fen)布的(de)(de)主要因素。不均勻(yun)(yun)冷(leng)卻(que)會引起(qi)銅(tong)桿(gan)內部(bu)結(jie)構本質上的(de)(de)差異，但后續的(de)(de)熱加工，柱狀晶通(tong)常會遭到破壞，使氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)顆(ke)粒細微化和(he)均勻(yun)(yun)分(fen)布。氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒聚集而產生的(de)(de)典(dian)型情況是中(zhong)心爆(bao)裂。除氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒分(fen)布的(de)(de)影響外，具(ju)有較(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯示(shi)出較(jiao)好的(de)(de)拉線(xian)特性，較(jiao)大的(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒容易造成應力(li)集中(zhong)點而斷裂。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)(bian)脆，延(yan)伸率(lv)下(xia)降(jiang)，拉伸式樣端口顯(xian)暗紅(hong)色，結晶(jing)組(zu)織(zhi)疏松。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)超出8ppm時(shi)(shi)，工(gong)藝(yi)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)變(bian)(bian)差，表現為鑄造及(ji)拉伸過程中(zhong)斷桿及(ji)斷線率(lv)極具(ju)增(zeng)高。這是由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)脆性相(xiang)，形成銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體，以(yi)網狀(zhuang)組(zu)織(zhi)分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)境界上。這種脆性相(xiang)硬度高，在(zai)冷變(bian)(bian)形時(shi)(shi)將會(hui)與銅(tong)(tong)機(ji)(ji)體脫離，導(dao)(dao)(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)桿的機(ji)(ji)械性能(neng)(neng)(neng)下(xia)降(jiang)，在(zai)后續加工(gong)中(zhong)容易造成斷裂(lie)現象。氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)高還能(neng)(neng)(neng)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿導(dao)(dao)(dao)電率(lv)下(xia)降(jiang)。因(yin)此，必(bi)須嚴(yan)格控(kong)制(zhi)上引連鑄工(gong)藝(yi)及(ji)產品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧含量控(kong)制(zhi)較低(di)，氧化物的副(fu)作用唄**降低(di)，但(dan)氫的影(ying)響成(cheng)為(wei)較顯著的問題。吸(xi)氣后熔體(ti)中存在平衡反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)體及疏松是在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶的(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，氫(qing)從(cong)過(guo)(guo)飽和(he)(he)的(de)溶液中析出并聚(ju)集而形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶前析出的(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧化亞銅(tong)而生成(cheng)水氣(qi)泡(pao)。由于上引鑄(zhu)造的(de)特點是銅(tong)液自上而下的(de)結(jie)晶，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)液**形(xing)狀近似(si)錐型。銅(tong)液結(jie)晶前析出的(de)氣(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上浮過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中被堵在(zai)(zai)凝固組織內(nei)，結(jie)晶時(shi)在(zai)(zai)鑄(zhu)桿內(nei)形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)孔。上引的(de)含(han)氣(qi)量少時(shi)，析出的(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)(zai)于晶界(jie)處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏松；含(han)氣(qi)量多時(shi)，則(ze)聚(ju)集成(cheng)氣(qi)孔，因此(ci)，氣(qi)孔和(he)(he)疏松是氫(qing)氣(qi)和(he)(he)水蒸氣(qi)兩(liang)者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過程中的(de)(de)各個工藝(yi)環節，如原料(liao)電解銅(tong)的(de)(de)“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料(liao)木炭**、氣候環境**、石墨結(jie)晶器未干燥等。因(yin)此，熔化(hua)爐中的(de)(de)銅(tong)液表面應覆蓋經(jing)烘(hong)烤的(de)(de)木炭，電解銅(tong)應盡量(liang)去除“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高(gao)無氧銅(tong)桿質(zhi)量(liang)非(fei)常(chang)重要。

在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適(shi)度(du)控制氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅液(ye)在鑄造(zao)過程(cheng)中是(shi)自(zi)下而(er)上結(jie)晶，銅液(ye)中的(de)氧和氫(qing)所產生的(de)水蒸(zheng)氣很容易上浮跑出，銅液(ye)中的(de)氫(qing)大部分能被有效去除，因(yin)而(er)對銅桿(gan)的(de)影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產(chan)(chan)電磁(ci)線等產(chan)(chan)品的(de)過程中，對銅桿(gan)的(de)表面質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)也(ye)需提(ti)出要求。需要拉制后(hou)的(de)銅絲表面無毛刺、銅粉少、無油(you)污。并(bing)通過扭(niu)轉(zhuan)試驗測量(liang)(liang)表面銅粉的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和(he)扭(niu)轉(zhuan)后(hou)觀察銅桿(gan)的(de)復原情況來判定其好壞。

在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)中，從鑄造到軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)前(qian)，溫度高，完全暴露于(yu)(yu)空(kong)氣中，使(shi)鑄坯表(biao)(biao)面形成較(jiao)厚的(de)氧化(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng)中，隨著(zhu)軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧化(hua)物顆(ke)粒軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)銅(tong)線表(biao)(biao)面。由(you)于(yu)(yu)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)是(shi)高熔點脆性化(hua)合(he)物，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)較(jiao)深的(de)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)，當(dang)成條(tiao)狀的(de)聚集物遇模具拉伸時，就會(hui)是(shi)銅(tong)桿(gan)外表(biao)(biao)面產生毛(mao)刺，給后續的(de)涂(tu)漆造成麻(ma)煩。

而(er)上(shang)引(yin)連鑄(zhu)工藝(yi)制(zhi)造(zao)的(de)無氧(yang)銅桿，由于鑄(zhu)造(zao)和冷卻完全(quan)與氧(yang)隔(ge)絕，后續亦無熱軋過程(cheng)，銅桿表面無軋入表面的(de)氧(yang)化物，質(zhi)量較好(hao)，拉(la)制(zhi)后銅粉少，上(shang)述問題(ti)較少存在。

無氧(yang)銅桿也(ye)分進口(kou)(kou)設(she)備做的(de)(de)和國產設(she)備做的(de)(de),但目前(qian)進口(kou)(kou)產品已無明(ming)顯優勢，銅桿產品出來(lai)后(hou)區別(bie)不是(shi)(shi)很大,只要銅板選(xuan)的(de)(de)好,生(sheng)產控制比較穩定,國產設(she)備也(ye)能產出可拉(la)伸0.05的(de)(de)銅桿.進口(kou)(kou)設(she)備一般(ban)是(shi)(shi)芬蘭(lan)奧托昆普的(de)(de)設(she)備,國產設(she)備最(zui)好的(de)(de)應該是(shi)(shi)上海的(de)(de)海軍(jun)廠的(de)(de)了，生(sheng)產時間最(zui)長，軍(jun)工(gong)企業，質量(liang)可靠。

低氧銅桿(gan)進口設備(bei)國(guo)際(ji)主要(yao)有兩(liang)種,一(yi)種是(shi)美國(guo)南線設備(bei),英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)廠家是(shi)南京華(hua)新,江西銅業(ye),另(ling)一(yi)種是(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei),國(guo)內(nei)廠家是(shi)常州金(jin)源,天(tian)津大無縫。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上(shang)(shang)容易區別,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)(zai)10-20個(ge)(ge)PPM以下(xia),但(dan)目前有(you)(you)的(de)(de)廠家只能做(zuo)到(dao)50個(ge)(ge)PPM以下(xia).低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)在(zai)(zai) 200-400個(ge)(ge)PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在(zai)(zai)250個(ge)(ge)PPM左右,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一般采取的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)引(yin)法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)(shi)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋,兩種產品相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)而(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)漆包線性(xing)(xing)(xing) 能更(geng)適(shi)應(ying)些,如(ru)柔軟性(xing)(xing)(xing),回(hui)彈角,繞線性(xing)(xing)(xing)能.但(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)拉絲(si)條(tiao)件相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)要苛(ke)刻些,同(tong)樣拉伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)細絲(si),如(ru)果(guo)伸(shen)線條(tiao)件不好(hao),普通(tong)的(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉而(er)好(hao)的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就斷 線,但(dan)如(ru)果(guo)放在(zai)(zai)好(hao)的(de)(de)伸(shen)線條(tiao)件,同(tong)樣的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說(shuo)不定就能拉到(dao)雙零(ling)五,而(er)普通(tong)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最多只能拉伸(shen)到(dao)0.1而(er)已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)如(ru)雙零(ling)二卻非得依(yi)靠進口的(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)了.目前有(you)(you)企(qi)業嘗試用剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)方式來(lai)處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)0.03線.但(dan)有(you)(you)關這方面的(de)(de)內容我還不是(shi)(shi)很清楚。

音響線一般(ban)反而喜歡用無氧桿(gan),這和無氧桿(gan)是(shi)單晶(jing)(jing)銅,低(di)氧桿(gan)是(shi)多晶(jing)(jing)銅有關。

氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿和(he)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿由于制(zhi)造方法的不同，致使存在差(cha)別(bie)，具有各自的特點。

一、關于氧的吸入和(he)脫去以及它的存在狀態

生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約(yue)2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液態(tai)下(xia)吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)(er)上引法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相當時間后(hou)，被還原而(er)(er)脫(tuo)去，通常這種(zhong)(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下(xia)，最低(di)可達(da)1-2ppm，從組(zu)(zu)織上看(kan)，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)于晶粒邊(bian)界附近，這對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而(er)(er)言可以(yi)(yi)說是(shi)常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則很(hen)少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜(za)形式在(zai)晶界出現對(dui)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性產(chan)生負面影響。而(er)(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)，所以(yi)(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)織是(shi)均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單相組(zu)(zu)織對(dui)韌性有利。在(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔性是(shi)不常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)(er)在(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)則是(shi)常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)缺(que)陷。

二、熱軋組(zu)織和鑄造組(zu)織的區別(bie)

低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿由于經過熱軋，所以其(qi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)屬(shu)熱加工(gong)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)已經破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿時(shi)已有(you)再結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式出現，而(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿屬(shu)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)粗大，這(zhe)是為什(shen)么，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再結晶(jing)溫(wen)度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)，需(xu)要較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)溫(wen)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固有(you)原(yuan)因(yin)。這(zhe)是因(yin)為，再結晶(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)邊界附近，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)粗大，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)尺寸(cun)甚至能(neng)達幾(ji)個毫米，因(yin)而(er)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)邊界少，即(ji)使通過拉(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)變形，但晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)邊界相對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿還是較(jiao)(jiao)少，所以需(xu)要較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率(lv)。對無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)成功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)要求(qiu)是：由桿經拉(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)，但尚未(wei)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一次退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率(lv)應(ying)比同樣情況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經繼續(xu)拉(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)以后階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率(lv)應(ying)留(liu)有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余(yu)量和(he)對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)和(he)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)切(qie)實區別執行不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)工(gong)藝，以保證在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)品和(he)成品導(dao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性。

三、夾雜，氧(yang)含(han)量波動，表面(mian)氧(yang)化物和可能(neng)存在(zai)的(de)熱軋缺陷的(de)差別

無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)可拉性在(zai)所(suo)有線(xian)徑里與(yu)低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)相比都是優越(yue)的(de)，除上(shang)述組織原因外，無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)夾雜(za)少(shao)，含氧量穩定(ding)，無熱軋(ya)可能產生的(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)表(biao)氧化(hua)物厚(hou)度(du)可達(da)≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產過程中(zhong)如果工(gong)藝不(bu)穩定(ding)，對氧監控不(bu)嚴，含氧量不(bu)穩定(ding)將直接影響桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)性能。如果桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)表(biao)面氧化(hua)物能在(zai)后(hou)工(gong)序的(de)連(lian)續清洗中(zhong)得以彌補(bu)外，但比較麻煩的(de)是有相當(dang)多的(de)氧化(hua)物存(cun)在(zai)于“皮(pi)下”，對拉線(xian)斷線(xian)影響更直接，故(gu)而(er)在(zai)拉制(zhi)微細線(xian)，超微細線(xian)時(shi)，為了減少(shao)斷線(xian)，有時(shi)要對銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)采取不(bu)得已的(de)辦法——剝皮(pi)，甚至二次剝皮(pi)的(de)原因所(suo)在(zai)，目(mu)的(de)要除去皮(pi)下氧化(hua)物。

四、低氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)的(de)韌性有(you)差別(bie)

兩者都(dou)可以拉到0.015mm，但(dan)在低(di)(di)溫超(chao)導線中的低(di)(di)溫級無氧銅，其(qi)細(xi)絲間的間距只(zhi)有0.001mm.

五(wu)、從(cong)制桿的原材料到制線的經濟性有(you)差別(bie)。

制(zhi)造無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅桿要求質量(liang)較高的(de)原材料。一(yi)般，拉制(zhi)直徑(jing)>1mm的(de)銅線(xian)時(shi)，低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)優(you)點比較明顯(xian)，而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅桿顯(xian)得(de)更(geng)為優(you)越的(de)是拉制(zhi)直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)銅線(xian)。

六、低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)制線工藝(yi)與無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)有所(suo)不同(tong)。

低(di)氧銅桿(gan)的制(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝不(bu)(bu)能照搬到無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)的制(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝上來，至少兩者的退火工(gong)藝是不(bu)(bu)同的。因為線(xian)的柔軟性(xing)深(shen)受材(cai)料(liao)成(cheng)份(fen)和制(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)線(xian)和退火工(gong)藝的影響，不(bu)(bu)能簡單地說低(di)氧銅或無(wu)氧銅誰(shui)軟誰(shui)硬。