熱門關鍵(jian)詞：
來源：行(xing)業動(dong)態 閱讀(du)：109596 發布時間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于生產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)(de)工藝不(bu)同，所生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧量(liang)及外觀就不(bu)同。上(shang)引生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，工藝得當氧含(han)(han)量(liang)在10ppm以下，叫無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)；連鑄連鑄生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan) 是在保護條件下的(de)(de)(de)熱軋，氧含(han)(han)量(liang)在200-500ppm范圍內，但有(you)時(shi)也(ye)高(gao)達700ppm以上(shang)，一般情況下，此種方(fang)法生產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)外表光亮，低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，有(you)時(shi)也(ye)叫光桿(gan)。
銅(tong)桿是電(dian)纜行(xing)業的主要原(yuan)料(liao)，生(sheng)(sheng)產的方(fang)式主要有(you)兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋法(fa)和上(shang)(shang)引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋低氧銅(tong)桿的生(sheng)(sheng)產方(fang)法(fa)較多(duo)，其特點是金屬在(zai)豎爐中融化(hua)(hua)后(hou)(hou)，銅(tong)液通(tong)過保(bao)溫(wen)爐、溜槽、中間包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的模腔(qiang)內，采用較大的冷卻強度進(jin)行(xing)冷卻，形成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多(duo)道次(ci)軋制，生(sheng)(sheng)產的低氧銅(tong)桿為(wei)熱加(jia)工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經(jing)破碎，含氧量(liang)一般為(wei)200~400ppm之間。無氧銅(tong)桿國內基本全部采用上(shang)(shang)引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產，金屬在(zai)感應(ying)電(dian)爐中融化(hua)(hua)后(hou)(hou)通(tong)過石墨模進(jin)行(xing)上(shang)(shang)引(yin)連(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷軋或(huo)冷加(jia)工(gong)，生(sheng)(sheng)產的無氧銅(tong)桿為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，含氧量(liang)一般在(zai)20ppm以(yi)(yi)下。由于制造(zao)工(gong)藝的不同(tong)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)結(jie)構、氧含量(liang)分(fen)布、雜質的形式及分(fen)布等諸多(duo)方(fang)面(mian)有(you)較大差(cha)別。
一、拉制性能
銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)拉制(zhi)性能(neng)跟(gen)很多(duo)因(yin)素有關，如雜質的(de)含(han)量、氧含(han)量及(ji)分(fen)布(bu)、工藝控制(zhi)等(deng)。下面(mian)分(fen)別(bie)從以上幾個(ge)方面(mian)對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)拉制(zhi)性能(neng)進(jin)行分(fen)析(xi)。
1、熔化(hua)方式對S等雜質的(de)影響
連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生產銅(tong)桿主要(yao)是(shi)通過氣(qi)體的燃(ran)燒使(shi)銅(tong)桿熔化，在燃(ran)燒的過程中(zhong)(zhong)，通過氧(yang)(yang)化和揮發作用，可一定(ding)程度減少部(bu)分雜(za)質(zhi)進入銅(tong)液，因此(ci)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋法對原料要(yao)求相對低一些。上引(yin)連(lian)鑄生產無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿，由(you)于是(shi)用感應(ying)電爐熔化，電解(jie)銅(tong)表面(mian)的“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆”基(ji)本都熔入到(dao)銅(tong)液中(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)熔入的S對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿塑性影響極大，會(hui)增加拉絲斷(duan)線率。
2、鑄(zhu)造過程中(zhong)雜質的進(jin)入
在生產(chan)(chan)(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)工(gong)藝(yi)需通(tong)過(guo)保溫爐、溜槽(cao)、中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)包轉運銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)，相對容易造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火材料(liao)的(de)(de)剝落(luo)，在軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)需要通(tong)過(guo)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)鐵(tie)質(zhi)的(de)(de)脫落(luo)，會(hui)給銅(tong)桿(gan)造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜(za)。而(er)熱軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)皮上(shang)和皮下氧化(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)入，會(hui)給低氧桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉絲造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)利(li)的(de)(de)影響。上(shang)引連鑄法生產(chan)(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝(yi)流程(cheng)較短，銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)是通(tong)過(guo)聯體爐內潛流式完成(cheng)，對耐(nai)火材料(liao)的(de)(de)沖擊不(bu)大，結晶是通(tong)過(guo)石墨模(mo)內進(jin)(jin)行(xing)，所以(yi)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)可能產(chan)(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)污染源較少，雜(za)質(zhi)進(jin)(jin)入的(de)(de)機會(hui)較少。
O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)會生(sheng)產化(hua)合物的(de)元素。在(zai)(zai)熔態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中，氧可(ke)以溶解一部分(fen)，但(dan)當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冷(leng)凝時，氧幾乎不溶解于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中。熔態(tai)(tai)時所溶解的(de)氧，以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體析出(chu)，分(fen)布在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體的(de)出(chu)現，顯著降(jiang)低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性(xing)。
硫可以溶解在熔體的(de)銅(tong)(tong)中，但在室溫(wen)下(xia)，其溶解度幾乎降(jiang)低到(dao)零，它(ta)以硫化亞銅(tong)(tong)的(de)形式(shi)出現在晶粒晶界處(chu)，會(hui)顯著降(jiang)低銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。
3、氧在低(di)氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿中分布形(xing)式(shi)及其影響(xiang)
氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)對低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)拉線(xian)(xian)性能有著明(ming)顯的(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)增加到最(zui)(zui)佳值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)斷線(xian)(xian)率最(zui)(zui)低(di)。這是因(yin)為氧(yang)在與大部分雜(za)質反應的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)都起到了清(qing)除器的(de)(de)作用。適度(du)的(de)(de)氧(yang)還有利于去除銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫，生成水蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔的(de)(de)形成。最(zui)(zui)佳的(de)(de)氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)(liang)為拉線(xian)(xian)工藝提供了最(zui)(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件。
低氧(yang)銅桿氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物的(de)分布(bu)：在連(lian)續澆鑄(zhu)中(zhong)凝固的(de)最(zui)初階段，散熱速(su)率(lv)和(he)均(jun)勻(yun)冷(leng)卻(que)是決定銅桿氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物分布(bu)的(de)主要(yao)因素。不(bu)均(jun)勻(yun)冷(leng)卻(que)會引起銅桿內部結構(gou)本(ben)質上的(de)差異，但后續的(de)熱加工，柱狀晶通常會遭到(dao)破壞(huai)，使(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅顆(ke)粒細微化(hua)(hua)和(he)均(jun)勻(yun)分布(bu)。氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)粒聚集(ji)而產生(sheng)的(de)典(dian)型情況是中(zhong)心(xin)爆裂。除(chu)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)粒分布(bu)的(de)影(ying)響外(wai)，具有較(jiao)(jiao)小氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)粒的(de)銅桿顯示(shi)出較(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)拉線特性，較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒容易(yi)造成應力集(ji)中(zhong)點而斷(duan)裂。
無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量超標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿變脆，延(yan)伸(shen)率(lv)下降，拉伸(shen)式樣端口顯暗紅色(se)，結晶(jing)(jing)組織(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量超出8ppm時，工(gong)藝性能(neng)變差，表現為鑄造及拉伸(shen)過程中斷桿及斷線率(lv)極(ji)具增(zeng)高(gao)(gao)。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)與(yu)(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆性相，形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)，以網狀組織(zhi)分布在(zai)境界上。這種(zhong)脆性相硬(ying)度高(gao)(gao)，在(zai)冷(leng)變形(xing)時將會與(yu)(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機體(ti)脫(tuo)離，導致(zhi)(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的機械性能(neng)下降，在(zai)后續加(jia)工(gong)中容易造成斷裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量高(gao)(gao)還能(neng)導致(zhi)(zhi)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿導電率(lv)下降。因此，必(bi)須嚴格控(kong)制上引(yin)連鑄工(gong)藝及產品質量。
4、氫的影響
在(zai)上引連(lian)鑄中，氧含量(liang)控制較低，氧化物的副(fu)作用唄**降低，但(dan)氫的影響成為較顯著(zhu)的問題。吸氣后熔體中存(cun)在(zai)平衡反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)體及疏(shu)(shu)松是(shi)在結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程中，氫(qing)從(cong)過(guo)(guo)飽(bao)和的(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)中析出(chu)并聚(ju)集而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在結(jie)晶(jing)前(qian)析出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)而(er)生成(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于上(shang)引(yin)鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)銅(tong)液(ye)自上(shang)而(er)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)**形(xing)狀近(jin)似錐型。銅(tong)液(ye)結(jie)晶(jing)前(qian)析出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體在上(shang)浮過(guo)(guo)程中被堵在凝固組織內，結(jie)晶(jing)時(shi)在鑄桿內形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。上(shang)引(yin)的(de)(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)少時(shi)，析出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)存(cun)在于晶(jing)界處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏(shu)(shu)松；含氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)多(duo)時(shi)，則聚(ju)集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)，因(yin)此(ci)，氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)和疏(shu)(shu)松是(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和水蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)兩(liang)者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。
氫來源于上引生產(chan)過程中的各(ge)個工(gong)藝環(huan)節，如原料電解銅(tong)的“銅(tong)綠”、輔料木(mu)炭**、氣候環(huan)境**、石墨結晶(jing)器(qi)未干燥(zao)等(deng)。因此(ci)，熔化爐中的銅(tong)液(ye)表面應覆(fu)蓋經烘烤(kao)的木(mu)炭，電解銅(tong)應盡量去除(chu)“銅(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧銅(tong)桿質(zhi)量非常重要。
在連鑄連軋工(gong)藝中，往往采(cai)用適(shi)度控(kong)制氧(yang)含量來(lai)控(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅液(ye)在(zai)鑄造過程中(zhong)是(shi)自(zi)下而(er)上結晶，銅液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)氧和氫所產生的(de)水蒸氣很容(rong)易上浮跑(pao)出(chu)，銅液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)氫大部(bu)分(fen)能被有(you)效(xiao)去除(chu)，因而(er)對銅桿的(de)影響(xiang)較小(xiao)。
二、表面質量
在生(sheng)產電磁線等(deng)產品(pin)的過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，對銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的表(biao)面質量(liang)也需(xu)(xu)提出要(yao)求。需(xu)(xu)要(yao)拉制后的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)絲表(biao)面無毛刺、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉少、無油污。并通過(guo)(guo)扭轉試(shi)驗測量(liang)表(biao)面銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉的質量(liang)和(he)扭轉后觀察銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的復(fu)原情(qing)況來判定(ding)其好壞。
在(zai)連鑄連軋過(guo)程中(zhong)，從(cong)鑄造(zao)到(dao)軋制(zhi)(zhi)前，溫度高(gao)，完全(quan)暴露于空氣中(zhong)，使鑄坯表(biao)面(mian)形成(cheng)較厚的(de)氧(yang)化層，在(zai)軋制(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)，隨著(zhu)軋輥的(de)轉動，氧(yang)化物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)軋入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)線(xian)表(biao)面(mian)。由于氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是高(gao)熔點脆(cui)性(xing)化合物(wu)，對(dui)于軋入(ru)較深的(de)氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，當成(cheng)條狀的(de)聚集物(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就(jiu)會是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)外表(biao)面(mian)產生毛刺(ci)，給后續的(de)涂漆造(zao)成(cheng)麻煩。
而上引連鑄工藝制造(zao)的(de)無氧銅(tong)桿，由于(yu)鑄造(zao)和冷卻完全與氧隔絕，后(hou)續亦無熱(re)軋(ya)過程，銅(tong)桿表(biao)面無軋(ya)入表(biao)面的(de)氧化(hua)物，質量較好，拉(la)制后(hou)銅(tong)粉少，上述問題(ti)較少存在(zai)。
無氧銅(tong)桿也分進口(kou)設備(bei)做(zuo)的和(he)國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)做(zuo)的,但目前進口(kou)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)已(yi)無明(ming)顯優(you)勢，銅(tong)桿產(chan)(chan)品(pin)出(chu)來(lai)后區別不是(shi)很大,只要銅(tong)板選的好,生產(chan)(chan)控(kong)制比較(jiao)穩定,國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)也能產(chan)(chan)出(chu)可(ke)拉伸(shen)0.05的銅(tong)桿.進口(kou)設備(bei)一般是(shi)芬蘭奧托昆(kun)普的設備(bei),國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)最好的應(ying)該是(shi)上海的海軍(jun)廠的了，生產(chan)(chan)時間最長，軍(jun)工企(qi)業，質量(liang)可(ke)靠。
低(di)氧銅桿進(jin)口設備國(guo)際主要有兩種(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)美國(guo)南線設備,英文(wen)是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠家是(shi)南京華新,江(jiang)西銅業,另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設備,國(guo)內廠家是(shi)常州金(jin)源,天津大無(wu)縫。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量上(shang)(shang)容(rong)易區別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅是含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量在(zai)10-20個PPM以(yi)下,但(dan)目前(qian)有的(de)(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能做到50個PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)在(zai) 200-400個PPM,好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子一(yi)般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量控制在(zai)250個PPM左右(you),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一(yi)般采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)是上(shang)(shang)引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是連鑄(zhu)連軋,兩種產品相(xiang)對而言低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對漆包(bao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing) 能更(geng)適(shi)應些(xie),如柔軟(ruan)性(xing),回彈角,繞(rao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)能.但(dan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對拉(la)絲(si)條件(jian)相(xiang)對要苛刻些(xie),同樣(yang)拉(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲(si),如果(guo)(guo)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條件(jian)不好(hao)(hao),普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可拉(la)而好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就斷 線(xian)(xian)(xian),但(dan)如果(guo)(guo)放(fang)在(zai)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條件(jian),同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說(shuo)不定就能拉(la)到雙(shuang)零(ling)五,而普通(tong)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最(zui)多只(zhi)能拉(la)伸(shen)到0.1而已,當(dang)然做的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細的(de)(de)(de)如雙(shuang)零(ling)二卻(que)非得(de)依(yi)靠進口(kou)的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)了(le).目前(qian)有企業嘗試用剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)(de)方式來(lai)處理(li)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian)(xian).但(dan)有關這(zhe)方面的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我(wo)還(huan)不是很清楚。
音響線(xian)一般反(fan)而喜歡(huan)用無(wu)氧桿,這和無(wu)氧桿是(shi)單晶(jing)銅,低(di)氧桿是(shi)多晶(jing)銅有關。
氧銅桿和無(wu)氧銅桿由于制(zhi)造方法的不(bu)同，致使存(cun)在差別(bie)，具(ju)有各自(zi)的特點。
一、關于氧的吸(xi)入和脫去(qu)以及它(ta)的存在狀態
生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)溫(wen)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約(yue)2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進入(ru)是(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)態下吸入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)下保(bao)持相當時間后，被(bei)還原而(er)脫(tuo)去(qu)，通常(chang)這(zhe)(zhe)種桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下，最低(di)(di)可(ke)達1-2ppm，從組(zu)織上看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)附(fu)近，這(zhe)(zhe)對低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而(er)言可(ke)以(yi)(yi)說是(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)但對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)很少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)晶(jing)界(jie)出現對材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產生負面影響。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)(di)，所以(yi)(yi)這(zhe)(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織是(shi)均勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單相組(zu)織對韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔(kong)性(xing)是(shi)不常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則(ze)是(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種缺陷。
二、熱軋組(zu)織和鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織的區別
低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于經過熱軋，所(suo)以其(qi)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬熱加工組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經破(po)碎(sui)，在8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)時(shi)已有(you)(you)再結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)出現，而(er)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)粒粗大，這是(shi)為什么(me)，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再結晶(jing)溫度(du)較(jiao)高(gao)，需(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)火(huo)溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固有(you)(you)原因。這是(shi)因為，再結晶(jing)發生在晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)附近，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)粒粗大，晶(jing)粒尺寸甚至(zhi)能達(da)幾個毫米(mi)，因而(er)晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)少(shao)，即使通過拉制變形(xing)，但(dan)晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)相對低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是(shi)較(jiao)少(shao)，所(suo)以需(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功率。對無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)要求是(shi)：由桿(gan)經拉制，但(dan)尚未鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一次退(tui)火(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)火(huo)功率應比同(tong)(tong)樣情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經繼續拉制，在以后階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功率應留有(you)(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余量和(he)對低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切實區別執(zhi)行不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)工藝，以保證在制品和(he)成品導線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔(rou)軟性。
三、夾雜，氧含量波動(dong)，表面氧化物和可能(neng)存(cun)在(zai)的熱軋缺陷(xian)的差別
無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的可拉(la)性(xing)在(zai)所有(you)線(xian)徑(jing)里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿相比(bi)(bi)都是優越(yue)的，除上述組織原因外(wai)，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿夾雜少(shao)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩定(ding)，無(wu)(wu)熱軋(ya)可能(neng)產(chan)生的缺陷，桿表(biao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)厚度可達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)如果工(gong)藝不穩定(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)不穩定(ding)將直接(jie)影(ying)響桿的性(xing)能(neng)。如果桿的表(biao)面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)能(neng)在(zai)后(hou)工(gong)序的連(lian)續(xu)清洗中(zhong)得(de)以彌補(bu)外(wai)，但比(bi)(bi)較麻煩(fan)的是有(you)相當多(duo)的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)于“皮(pi)(pi)下”，對拉(la)線(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)影(ying)響更直接(jie)，故而在(zai)拉(la)制微細(xi)線(xian)，超微細(xi)線(xian)時，為了減少(shao)斷(duan)線(xian)，有(you)時要(yao)對銅(tong)桿采取不得(de)已(yi)的辦法——剝皮(pi)(pi)，甚至二次剝皮(pi)(pi)的原因所在(zai)，目的要(yao)除去皮(pi)(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)。
四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌(ren)性有(you)差別
兩者都可以(yi)拉到0.015mm，但在(zai)低溫(wen)超(chao)導線(xian)中的(de)(de)低溫(wen)級無氧銅，其細絲間的(de)(de)間距只有0.001mm.
五(wu)、從制桿的(de)原材料到制線的(de)經濟性有差(cha)別。
制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)要求質量較高的(de)原(yuan)材料。一(yi)般，拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直(zhi)徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線時，低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)優點比較明顯，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)顯得(de)更為優越的(de)是拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直(zhi)徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線。
六、低氧銅桿的制線工藝與無氧銅桿的有所不同。
低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)制(zhi)線(xian)工藝(yi)不能照搬到無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)制(zhi)線(xian)工藝(yi)上來，至少兩者的(de)(de)退火工藝(yi)是不同的(de)(de)。因為線(xian)的(de)(de)柔軟性(xing)深受材料成份和制(zhi)桿，制(zhi)線(xian)和退火工藝(yi)的(de)(de)影響，不能簡(jian)單地說低氧(yang)銅或無(wu)氧(yang)銅誰軟誰硬(ying)。
