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電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是用于傳(chuan)輸(shu)和分(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常(chang)用于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線路、工礦企業內部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過(guo)江(jiang)海(hai)水下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占比重(zhong)正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)主干線路中用以傳(chuan)輸(shu)和分(fen)配(pei)大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產品，包(bao)括1-500KV以及(ji)以上各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)，各(ge)種(zhong)絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使用至今已有百年

主(zhu)要分類

分類：按電壓等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的使用至今(jin)已(yi)(yi)有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，美國發(fa)(fa)(fa)明家T.A.愛迪生在銅棒上(shang)包繞黃(huang)麻并將其穿(chuan)入鐵管內，然后填充(chong)瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)混合物制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)于紐約，開創了(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國人卡倫德(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)明瀝(li)青(qing)(qing)浸漬紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國人S.Z.費蘭梯在倫敦與(yu)德(de)特(te)(te)福德(de)之間敷設(she)了(le)10千(qian)伏油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國建成(cheng)20千(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越(yue)來越(yue)廣(guang)的應用。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)國敷設(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)伏高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始(shi)了(le)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，德(de)國人M.霍希施泰(tai)特(te)(te)研制成(cheng)分相屏(ping)蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了(le)絕(jue)緣(yuan)表面的正切(qie)應力(li)(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展中的里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典在北部發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷設(she)了(le)380千(qian)伏超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的應用。到(dao)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代已(yi)(yi)制成(cheng)1100千(qian)伏、1200千(qian)伏的特(te)(te)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級(ji)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為中、低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)（35千伏及(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)）、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(110千伏以(yi)(yi)上)、超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏）以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)（1000千伏及(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)上）。此外(wai)，還可(ke)(ke)按電(dian)(dian)流制分(fen)為交流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)和直流電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣(yuan)材料分

1、油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜以油浸紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜。其應(ying)用歷史最長(chang)。它安全(quan)可靠，使用壽命長(chang)，價格低廉(lian)。主(zhu)要缺點是敷(fu)設受落(luo)差(cha)限(xian)制。自(zi)從(cong)開發出(chu)不(bu)滴流浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣后，解(jie)決了(le)落(luo)差(cha)限(xian)制問題，使油浸紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜得以繼續(xu)廣泛應(ying)用。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan) 　絕緣層(ceng)為擠壓(ya)塑料(liao)的電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。常用的塑料(liao)有(you)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯、聚(ju)乙(yi)烯、交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯。塑料(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)結(jie)構(gou)簡單,制造加工方(fang)便(bian)，重量輕，敷(fu)設安裝方(fang)便(bian),不(bu)受敷(fu)設落差(cha)限制。因此廣泛應用作(zuo)中(zhong)低(di)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，并有(you)取(qu)代粘性浸漬油紙電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的趨勢。其(qi)最大(da)缺(que)點(dian)是存(cun)在樹枝化(hua)擊穿現象，這限制了它在更高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的使用。

3、橡(xiang)(xiang)皮絕緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)　絕緣層為橡(xiang)(xiang)膠加上各(ge)種配合(he)劑，經過充(chong)分混(hun)煉后擠(ji)包在(zai)導電(dian)(dian)線芯上，經過加溫硫化而成。它柔軟，富有(you)彈性，適合(he)于移動(dong)頻(pin)繁、敷設(she)彎曲半徑小的場合(he)。

常(chang)用(yong)作絕緣(yuan)的膠(jiao)(jiao)料有天然(ran)膠(jiao)(jiao)-丁苯(ben)膠(jiao)(jiao)混(hun)合物，乙丙(bing)膠(jiao)(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)(jiao)等。

按電壓等級分

1、低壓電(dian)(dian)纜：適用于固(gu)定敷設(she)在交(jiao)流50Hz，額(e)定電(dian)(dian)壓3kv及以下的(de)輸配電(dian)(dian)線路上作(zuo)輸送電(dian)(dian)能用。

2、中低壓(ya)電纜(lan)(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下(xia)）：聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)(lan)，聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)(lan)，交聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)(lan)等(deng)。

3、高(gao)壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般為(wei)110KV及以上）：聚乙(yi)烯(xi)電(dian)纜(lan)和交(jiao)聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

4、超(chao)高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高(gao)壓電纜：（1000千伏及以(yi)上）。

基本結構：電力(li)電纜(lan)的基本結構由(you)線芯（導體）、絕(jue)緣層(ceng)、屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)和保護(hu)層(ceng)四部(bu)分組(zu)成。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的導(dao)電(dian)部分，用(yong)來(lai)輸(shu)送電(dian)能，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜的主要部分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將(jiang)線芯與大地以及(ji)不同相的線芯間在(zai)電(dian)氣(qi)上彼此(ci)隔離，保證電(dian)能輸(shu)送，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構中(zhong)不可缺少的組成部分(fen)。

3.15KV及以上的(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜一般都有(you)導體(ti)屏蔽層(ceng)和(he)絕(jue)緣(yuan)屏蔽層(ceng)。

4.保護(hu)層的(de)作用是(shi)保護(hu)電(dian)力電(dian)纜免受(shou)外界雜質和水(shui)分(fen)的(de)侵入，以及防止外力直(zhi)接損壞(huai)電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主要優(you)點：

1占地少(shao)。一般(ban)埋設于土壤(rang)中(zhong)或敷(fu)設于室(shi)內，溝道，隧道中(zhong)，線間(jian)絕緣(yuan)距離小(xiao)，不(bu)用(yong)桿塔，占地少(shao)，基本不(bu)占地面上空間(jian)。

2可靠性高(gao)。受(shou)氣候條件和周圍(wei)環境(jing)影響小(xiao)，傳輸性能穩(wen)定，可靠性高(gao)。

3具有(you)向超高壓，大容量發(fa)展的(de)(de)更為有(you)利(li)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件，如低溫，超導(dao)電(dian)力電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型(xing)號說明

電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜的型號

1.用漢語拼(pin)音(yin)第一個字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)示(shi)絕緣種類、導體材料、內護層材料和(he)結構特(te)點(dian)。如(ru)用Z代(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)分(fen)相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字表(biao)示(shi)外護層(ceng)(ceng)構成(cheng)，有二位數(shu)字。無(wu)數(shu)字代表(biao)無(wu)鎧裝(zhuang)(zhuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，無(wu)外被(bei)(bei)層(ceng)(ceng)。第一位數(shu)字表(biao)示(shi)鎧裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，第二位數(shu)字表(biao)示(shi)外被(bei)(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)(zhuang)纖維外被(bei)(bei)表(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電纜型號(hao)按(an)電纜結(jie)構的排列(lie)一(yi)般依(yi)次序為：絕緣材料(liao)；導體材料(liao)；內護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電纜產品用型號(hao)、額定(ding)(ding)電壓和規格表示。其方法是(shi)在型號(hao)后再加上說(shuo)明額定(ding)(ding)電壓、芯數和標稱截面積(ji)的。

型號(hao)詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內(nei)通信電纜(lan)(lan)HP——配線(xian)電纜(lan)(lan)HJ——局用電纜(lan)(lan)

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣YF——泡(pao)沫(mo)聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣YP——泡(pao)沫(mo)/實心皮聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕(jue)緣

（3）內護層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶(dai)粘(zhan)接屏蔽聚乙烯護套(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬帶(dai)屏蔽聚乙烯護套(tao)      V——聚氯乙烯護套(tao)

（4）特征(zheng)：T——石油膏(gao)填充G——高頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外護層：23——雙層防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層

33——單層(ceng)細鋼(gang)絲鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱(zong)包鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯外被層

553——雙層鋼(gang)帶(dai)皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚(ju)乙烯外被(bei)層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)線；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯(lv)(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)線；

BVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護套電線；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)線；RV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣安(an)裝(zhuang)軟(ruan)線；

RVB 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣平(ping)型連接線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣絞型軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙(yi)烯護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)套(tao)軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護(hu)套軟線

3）WD：無(wu)鹵(lu)低煙型ZR: 阻(zu)燃型NH：耐火型DH：防火型