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導讀：由于生(sheng)產銅(tong)桿(gan)的兩者的工(gong)藝不(bu)同，所生(sheng)產的銅(tong)桿(gan)中的含氧量及外觀就不(bu)同。上引生(sheng)產的銅(tong)桿(gan)，工(gong)藝得當氧含量在(zai)10ppm以下，叫(jiao)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)；連鑄(zhu)連鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產的銅(tong)桿(gan) 是(shi)在(zai)保護條件下的熱軋(ya)，氧含量在(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但有(you)時也(ye)高達(da)700ppm以上，一般(ban)情況下，此種(zhong)方法(fa)生(sheng)產的銅(tong)外表光亮，低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，有(you)時也(ye)叫(jiao)光桿(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)電纜行(xing)業的(de)(de)主要原(yuan)料(liao)，生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)主要有兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋法(fa)和上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產方(fang)法(fa)較(jiao)多，其特點是(shi)金屬在豎爐中融(rong)(rong)化后，銅(tong)(tong)液通過保溫爐、溜槽(cao)、中間(jian)包，從(cong)澆管進入封(feng)閉的(de)(de)模腔內，采用(yong)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)冷卻(que)強度(du)進行(xing)冷卻(que)，形成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后進行(xing)多道次軋制，生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為熱加(jia)工(gong)組織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組織(zhi)已經破(po)碎，含氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般為200~400ppm之間(jian)。無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)國(guo)內基本全部采用(yong)上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產，金屬在感應(ying)電爐中融(rong)(rong)化后通過石墨模進行(xing)上引連(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后進行(xing)冷軋或冷加(jia)工(gong)，生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組織(zhi)，含氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般在20ppm以下(xia)。由(you)于制造(zao)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)不(bu)同，所以在組織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)含量(liang)(liang)分布、雜質的(de)(de)形式(shi)及分布等諸(zhu)多方(fang)面有較(jiao)大(da)差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿(gan)的拉(la)制(zhi)性(xing)能(neng)跟很多因(yin)素有關，如(ru)雜質的含(han)量(liang)、氧含(han)量(liang)及分(fen)布、工藝控制(zhi)等。下面分(fen)別(bie)從以上幾(ji)個(ge)方面對銅桿(gan)的拉(la)制(zhi)性(xing)能(neng)進行分(fen)析。

1、熔化方式(shi)對(dui)S等雜(za)質的(de)影響

連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋生產銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要是通過氣體的燃(ran)燒(shao)使銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔(rong)化(hua)，在(zai)燃(ran)燒(shao)的過程中(zhong)，通過氧化(hua)和(he)揮發作用(yong)，可一(yi)定程度減少部分雜質進(jin)入銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)，因此連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋法對(dui)原(yuan)料要求相對(dui)低一(yi)些。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄生產無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是用(yong)感應(ying)電爐熔(rong)化(hua)，電解銅(tong)(tong)表面的“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔(rong)入的S對(dui)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑性影(ying)響極大，會增(zeng)加拉絲斷線率。

2、鑄造過程中雜質的(de)進入(ru)

在生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)中，連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)(ya)工藝(yi)需(xu)通過(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中間包轉運銅(tong)液(ye)，相(xiang)對(dui)容易(yi)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)耐火(huo)材(cai)料的剝落，在軋(ya)(ya)(ya)制過(guo)程(cheng)中需(xu)要通過(guo)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鐵質的脫落，會給(gei)銅(tong)桿(gan)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱(re)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)中皮上和皮下氧化(hua)物的軋(ya)(ya)(ya)入，會給(gei)低氧桿(gan)的拉絲(si)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不利的影響。上引(yin)連鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)工藝(yi)流程(cheng)較短，銅(tong)液(ye)是通過(guo)聯體(ti)爐內潛流式(shi)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，對(dui)耐火(huo)材(cai)料的沖(chong)擊不大，結晶是通過(guo)石墨模內進(jin)行，所(suo)以過(guo)程(cheng)中可能產(chan)生(sheng)的污(wu)染源較少，雜質進(jin)入的機會較少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產化合物的元(yuan)素。在(zai)熔態銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)可以溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)一部(bu)分，但(dan)當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)幾乎不溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔態時所溶(rong)解(jie)(jie)的氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶體析出，分布在(zai)晶粒晶界(jie)處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶體的出現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)的塑性。

硫可以溶解在熔體的(de)銅中，但在室(shi)溫下(xia)，其溶解度(du)幾乎降(jiang)低到零，它以硫化亞(ya)銅的(de)形式出現在晶粒晶界(jie)處，會顯著降(jiang)低銅的(de)塑性。

3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)中(zhong)分布(bu)形(xing)式及其影響

氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)拉線性能有(you)(you)著(zhu)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)影(ying)響。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量增加到最(zui)佳值時，銅桿的(de)(de)斷線率最(zui)低(di)。這是因為氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)與大部分(fen)雜(za)質反應的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中都起(qi)到了(le)清除器的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。適度的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)還有(you)(you)利于去除銅液(ye)中的(de)(de)氫，生成水(shui)蒸氣(qi)溢出，減少氣(qi)孔的(de)(de)形成。最(zui)佳的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量為拉線工藝(yi)提(ti)供了(le)最(zui)好的(de)(de)條件。

低(di)氧銅桿(gan)氧化(hua)(hua)物的(de)(de)分(fen)布：在連續(xu)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)中凝固的(de)(de)最初階段(duan)，散熱(re)速(su)率和均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻冷卻是決定銅桿(gan)氧化(hua)(hua)物分(fen)布的(de)(de)主要因素。不均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻冷卻會引起銅桿(gan)內(nei)部結構本質上的(de)(de)差(cha)異，但后續(xu)的(de)(de)熱(re)加(jia)工，柱(zhu)狀晶通常會遭到(dao)破壞，使(shi)氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅顆粒細微化(hua)(hua)和均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻分(fen)布。氧化(hua)(hua)物顆粒聚(ju)集而產生的(de)(de)典(dian)型情況是中心爆裂。除氧化(hua)(hua)物顆粒分(fen)布的(de)(de)影響外，具有(you)較小氧化(hua)(hua)物顆粒的(de)(de)銅桿(gan)顯示出(chu)較好的(de)(de)拉線特(te)性(xing)，較大的(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒容易(yi)造成應(ying)力(li)集中點而斷裂。

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)含(han)(han)氧(yang)量超標(biao)，銅(tong)桿變脆(cui)，延伸(shen)率(lv)下(xia)降，拉伸(shen)式樣端口(kou)顯暗紅色，結(jie)晶(jing)組(zu)織疏松。當氧(yang)含(han)(han)量超出(chu)8ppm時(shi)，工藝(yi)性(xing)(xing)能變差，表現(xian)為鑄(zhu)造及拉伸(shen)過程(cheng)中斷(duan)(duan)桿及斷(duan)(duan)線(xian)率(lv)極具(ju)增高(gao)。這是由于氧(yang)能與銅(tong)生(sheng)成氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)相，形成銅(tong)-氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)共晶(jing)體，以網狀組(zu)織分布在境界上。這種脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)相硬度高(gao)，在冷變形時(shi)將會與銅(tong)機(ji)體脫離(li)，導致銅(tong)桿的(de)機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能下(xia)降，在后(hou)續加工中容易造成斷(duan)(duan)裂(lie)現(xian)象。氧(yang)含(han)(han)量高(gao)還能導致無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿導電率(lv)下(xia)降。因此，必(bi)須嚴格控制上引連鑄(zhu)工藝(yi)及產(chan)品質量。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄(zhu)中，氧含量控制較低，氧化物的(de)副作用(yong)唄**降低，但氫的(de)影響成為較顯著的(de)問題。吸氣后熔(rong)體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)及疏松是在結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程中，氫(qing)從過(guo)(guo)飽(bao)和的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)中析出并(bing)聚集而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在結(jie)晶(jing)前(qian)析出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧化亞銅(tong)而(er)生成(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)泡(pao)。由于(yu)(yu)上(shang)引鑄造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點是銅(tong)液(ye)自上(shang)而(er)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)**形(xing)狀(zhuang)近似錐型(xing)。銅(tong)液(ye)結(jie)晶(jing)前(qian)析出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)在上(shang)浮過(guo)(guo)程中被堵在凝固組織(zhi)內(nei)，結(jie)晶(jing)時(shi)在鑄桿內(nei)形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)引的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)量少時(shi)，析出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)存在于(yu)(yu)晶(jing)界處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏松；含氣(qi)(qi)量多時(shi)，則聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)孔和疏松是氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

氫來源于(yu)上引生產過程中(zhong)的(de)各個工藝環節，如原(yuan)料電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木炭**、氣(qi)候(hou)環境**、石墨(mo)結(jie)晶器未(wei)干燥等。因此(ci)，熔(rong)化爐中(zhong)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液表(biao)面應覆(fu)蓋經(jing)烘烤的(de)木炭，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)應盡量(liang)去除“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿質(zhi)量(liang)非(fei)常重要。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)工藝中，往往采用適度(du)控(kong)制氧含量來控(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)在鑄造(zao)過程(cheng)中是自下而上結晶，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)中的(de)氧和(he)氫(qing)(qing)所(suo)產生的(de)水蒸氣很容易(yi)上浮跑出(chu)，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)中的(de)氫(qing)(qing)大部分能被有效去除，因而對銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)影(ying)響較(jiao)小。

二、表面質量

在(zai)生產電磁線等產品的過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，對銅(tong)(tong)桿的表(biao)面(mian)質(zhi)量(liang)也需提出要求。需要拉制后的銅(tong)(tong)絲表(biao)面(mian)無(wu)毛刺、銅(tong)(tong)粉少、無(wu)油(you)污。并通過(guo)(guo)扭轉(zhuan)試驗(yan)測(ce)量(liang)表(biao)面(mian)銅(tong)(tong)粉的質(zhi)量(liang)和扭轉(zhuan)后觀察銅(tong)(tong)桿的復(fu)原情況來判(pan)定其(qi)好(hao)壞。

在連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋過(guo)程(cheng)中，從鑄(zhu)造到軋制(zhi)前，溫度(du)高(gao)，完全暴露于(yu)(yu)空(kong)氣中，使鑄(zhu)坯表面(mian)形(xing)成(cheng)較厚的(de)(de)氧化(hua)(hua)層，在軋制(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng)中，隨著(zhu)軋輥的(de)(de)轉動，氧化(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)粒軋入(ru)銅(tong)線表面(mian)。由于(yu)(yu)氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)是(shi)高(gao)熔點脆(cui)性化(hua)(hua)合物，對于(yu)(yu)軋入(ru)較深的(de)(de)氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)，當成(cheng)條狀的(de)(de)聚集(ji)物遇模具拉伸時，就會是(shi)銅(tong)桿外(wai)表面(mian)產生毛刺(ci)，給后續的(de)(de)涂漆造成(cheng)麻煩。

而(er)上引連(lian)鑄工藝制造的無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)，由于(yu)鑄造和冷卻完(wan)全與(yu)氧(yang)隔(ge)絕(jue)，后續亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅(tong)桿(gan)表(biao)面無(wu)軋入(ru)表(biao)面的氧(yang)化物，質量較好，拉制后銅(tong)粉少，上述問(wen)題較少存(cun)在。

無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿也(ye)分進口(kou)(kou)(kou)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)做(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)和國(guo)產(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)做(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de),但(dan)目前(qian)進口(kou)(kou)(kou)產(chan)品(pin)已無(wu)明(ming)顯優勢，銅(tong)桿產(chan)品(pin)出來后區別(bie)不是(shi)(shi)很大,只(zhi)要銅(tong)板選的(de)(de)好,生產(chan)控制比較穩定,國(guo)產(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)也(ye)能產(chan)出可(ke)拉伸0.05的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿.進口(kou)(kou)(kou)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)一般是(shi)(shi)芬(fen)蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei),國(guo)產(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)最好的(de)(de)應(ying)該是(shi)(shi)上海(hai)的(de)(de)海(hai)軍廠的(de)(de)了，生產(chan)時(shi)間(jian)最長，軍工企業，質量(liang)可(ke)靠。

低(di)氧銅桿進口設(she)備國際(ji)主要有兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong),一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)美國南線設(she)備,英(ying)文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家是(shi)南京(jing)華新,江(jiang)西銅業,另一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)德(de)國CONTIROD設(she)備,國內廠家是(shi)常州金源,天津大無縫。

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)量上(shang)容易區(qu)別,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)量在10-20個PPM以下,但(dan)(dan)目前(qian)(qian)有的(de)(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能做(zuo)到50個PPM以下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在 200-400個PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子一(yi)般(ban)含氧(yang)(yang)量控制在250個PPM左(zuo)右,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一(yi)般(ban)采取的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上(shang)引法(fa),低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)連鑄(zhu)連軋,兩種產品相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)而(er)(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)漆包(bao)線(xian)(xian)性(xing) 能更(geng)適應些,如柔軟性(xing),回彈角,繞線(xian)(xian)性(xing)能.但(dan)(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)拉(la)(la)絲條(tiao)件相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)要苛(ke)刻些,同樣(yang)(yang)拉(la)(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲,如果(guo)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)件不好,普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)(la)而(er)(er)好的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian)(xian),但(dan)(dan)如果(guo)放在好的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)件,同樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說(shuo)不定就能拉(la)(la)到雙(shuang)零(ling)五,而(er)(er)普通(tong)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只(zhi)能拉(la)(la)伸(shen)到0.1而(er)(er)已,當然(ran)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細的(de)(de)(de)如雙(shuang)零(ling)二卻非得依(yi)靠進口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了(le).目前(qian)(qian)有企業嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian).但(dan)(dan)有關這方面的(de)(de)(de)內容我還(huan)不是(shi)很清楚。

音響線一般反而喜歡用無氧桿,這和無氧桿是(shi)單(dan)晶(jing)銅,低氧桿是(shi)多晶(jing)銅有關。

氧(yang)銅桿和(he)無氧(yang)銅桿由于制造(zao)方(fang)法(fa)的不同，致使(shi)存(cun)在差別，具有各自的特(te)點。

一、關于氧(yang)的吸入(ru)和脫去以及它(ta)的存在狀態

生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入(ru)是在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)態(tai)(tai)下(xia)吸入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而上(shang)引法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液(ye)態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相(xiang)當時間(jian)后，被還(huan)原而脫去，通常(chang)這(zhe)種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)，最低(di)可(ke)達1-2ppm，從組(zu)織(zhi)上(shang)看(kan)，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，存在(zai)于晶粒邊界附近，這(zhe)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)而言可(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)是常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)很少(shao)見(jian)(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜形(xing)式(shi)在(zai)晶界出(chu)現對(dui)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產(chan)生負面影響。而無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)，所以(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)是均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)單相(xiang)組(zu)織(zhi)對(dui)韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔性(xing)是不常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而在(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中則(ze)是常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)缺陷。

二、熱軋組織(zhi)和鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)的(de)區(qu)別

低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于經(jing)(jing)過(guo)熱軋，所以(yi)其組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬熱加工組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)鑄造組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)已經(jing)(jing)破碎(sui)，在8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)時已有(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形式出現(xian)，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄造組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，這是為什么(me)，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)溫度較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)，需要較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)溫度的(de)(de)(de)固有(you)原(yuan)因。這是因為，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)發生在晶(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)附近，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，晶(jing)粒(li)尺寸(cun)甚至(zhi)能達幾(ji)個毫米，因而晶(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)少，即使(shi)通過(guo)拉(la)制(zhi)變形，但(dan)晶(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)相對(dui)(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是較(jiao)(jiao)少，所以(yi)需要較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率。對(dui)(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)要求是：由桿(gan)經(jing)(jing)拉(la)制(zhi)，但(dan)尚未鑄造組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)時的(de)(de)(de)第一次退(tui)火(huo)(huo)，其退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率應比(bi)同樣情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)(jing)繼續拉(la)制(zhi)，在以(yi)后階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率應留有(you)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)余量和對(dui)(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)切(qie)實區(qu)別執行不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)工藝，以(yi)保證在制(zhi)品和成品導線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。

三(san)、夾雜，氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)波動，表面氧(yang)(yang)化物和可(ke)能存(cun)在的熱軋(ya)缺陷的差別

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)可(ke)拉(la)(la)性在(zai)所有(you)線(xian)(xian)徑里與低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)相比都(dou)是(shi)優越的(de)(de)，除(chu)上述組織(zhi)原因外，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少(shao)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩定，無(wu)熱軋(ya)可(ke)能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)生(sheng)產(chan)過程中如(ru)果(guo)工藝不穩定，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)控不嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量不穩定將直接影響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)性能(neng)。如(ru)果(guo)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)能(neng)在(zai)后工序的(de)(de)連續(xu)清洗中得(de)以彌補外，但比較(jiao)麻煩(fan)的(de)(de)是(shi)有(you)相當多的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)于“皮下”，對(dui)拉(la)(la)線(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)影響更直接，故(gu)而在(zai)拉(la)(la)制微(wei)細線(xian)(xian)，超(chao)微(wei)細線(xian)(xian)時，為了(le)減少(shao)斷線(xian)(xian)，有(you)時要對(dui)銅桿(gan)(gan)采(cai)取不得(de)已(yi)的(de)(de)辦法(fa)——剝(bo)皮，甚至二次剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)原因所在(zai)，目的(de)(de)要除(chu)去(qu)皮下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)。

四、低(di)氧銅(tong)桿和(he)無氧銅(tong)桿的韌性(xing)有差別

兩者都可以拉(la)到0.015mm，但在(zai)低溫超導線中的(de)低溫級(ji)無氧銅(tong)，其細絲間(jian)的(de)間(jian)距只有(you)0.001mm.

五、從制(zhi)桿(gan)的原材料(liao)到制(zhi)線(xian)的經濟(ji)性有差別。

制(zhi)造無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿要(yao)求質量較高的原材料。一般，拉制(zhi)直(zhi)徑>1mm的銅(tong)(tong)線時，低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿的優(you)點比較明顯，而無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿顯得更為(wei)優(you)越的是拉制(zhi)直(zhi)徑<0.5mm的銅(tong)(tong)線。

六、低氧銅桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)線工(gong)藝(yi)與無氧銅桿(gan)的(de)有(you)所不同。

低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工藝不(bu)能(neng)照搬到(dao)無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工藝上來(lai)，至(zhi)少兩者的(de)(de)退(tui)火工藝是不(bu)同的(de)(de)。因(yin)為線(xian)的(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性(xing)深受材料成份和制(zhi)(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)和退(tui)火工藝的(de)(de)影響，不(bu)能(neng)簡單地說低氧(yang)銅或(huo)無(wu)氧(yang)銅誰(shui)軟(ruan)誰(shui)硬。