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導讀(du)：由于生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的兩(liang)者的工藝(yi)不(bu)同(tong)，所生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中的含氧(yang)量及(ji)外觀(guan)就不(bu)同(tong)。上引生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，工藝(yi)得當氧(yang)含量在(zai)10ppm以下，叫無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)；連鑄(zhu)連鑄(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan) 是在(zai)保(bao)護條件(jian)下的熱軋(ya)，氧(yang)含量在(zai)200-500ppm范(fan)圍內，但(dan)有(you)(you)時也(ye)高達(da)700ppm以上，一(yi)般(ban)情況下，此種方法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的銅(tong)(tong)外表光亮，低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，有(you)(you)時也(ye)叫光桿(gan)。

銅(tong)桿是(shi)電纜(lan)行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式主要有(you)兩種——連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)法和上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)法。連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)低氧銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方(fang)(fang)法較多(duo)(duo)，其特點(dian)是(shi)金屬在豎(shu)爐(lu)中融化后(hou)，銅(tong)液(ye)通(tong)(tong)過保溫(wen)爐(lu)、溜(liu)槽、中間包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)模腔內，采(cai)用較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)強度(du)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)，形成(cheng)鑄(zhu)坯，然后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多(duo)(duo)道次軋(ya)制(zhi)，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低氧銅(tong)桿為(wei)熱(re)加工組織，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組織已經破碎，含氧量一般為(wei)200~400ppm之間。無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿國內基本全部采(cai)用上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)，金屬在感應電爐(lu)中融化后(hou)通(tong)(tong)過石墨模進(jin)行(xing)上(shang)引連續(xu)鑄(zhu)造(zao)，之后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)軋(ya)或(huo)冷(leng)(leng)加工，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿為(wei)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組織，含氧量一般在20ppm以(yi)下。由于制(zhi)造(zao)工藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，所以(yi)在組織結構(gou)、氧含量分(fen)布(bu)、雜質的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式及(ji)分(fen)布(bu)等諸多(duo)(duo)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)有(you)較大(da)差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的拉制性能跟很多因素有關(guan)，如雜質的含量、氧含量及分布(bu)、工藝(yi)控制等。下面分別從以上幾個(ge)方面對銅桿的拉制性能進行分析。

1、熔化方式對(dui)S等雜(za)質(zhi)的(de)影響(xiang)

連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要是通(tong)過氣體的(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔化(hua)(hua)(hua)，在燃燒的(de)過程中(zhong)，通(tong)過氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)和揮發作用(yong)(yong)，可一定程度減少部分雜質進入銅(tong)(tong)液，因此連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋法對(dui)原料(liao)要求相對(dui)低一些。上引連(lian)鑄生產(chan)(chan)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是用(yong)(yong)感應電(dian)爐熔化(hua)(hua)(hua)，電(dian)解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)表(biao)面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基(ji)本(ben)都(dou)熔入到銅(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔入的(de)S對(dui)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑性影響極(ji)大(da)，會(hui)增加拉絲斷線(xian)率。

2、鑄造過程中雜質(zhi)的進(jin)入

在生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)工藝需通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)保溫(wen)爐(lu)(lu)、溜(liu)槽(cao)、中(zhong)間包轉(zhuan)運(yun)銅液(ye)，相(xiang)對(dui)容易造成耐火材料(liao)(liao)的(de)剝(bo)落，在軋(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)需要通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)軋(ya)輥(gun)，造成鐵質的(de)脫落，會給銅桿造成外部夾雜(za)。而熱軋(ya)中(zhong)皮上和(he)皮下氧化物的(de)軋(ya)入，會給低氧桿的(de)拉絲造成不利的(de)影響(xiang)。上引連鑄(zhu)法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工藝流程(cheng)較(jiao)短，銅液(ye)是通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)聯(lian)體爐(lu)(lu)內(nei)(nei)潛流式(shi)完成，對(dui)耐火材料(liao)(liao)的(de)沖擊不大，結晶是通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)石墨(mo)模(mo)內(nei)(nei)進行，所以過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)可能產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)污染源較(jiao)少(shao)，雜(za)質進入的(de)機會較(jiao)少(shao)。

O、S、P是與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)會生產化(hua)合物的(de)(de)元素。在熔(rong)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧可以溶(rong)解一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧幾乎不溶(rong)解于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔(rong)態(tai)時所溶(rong)解的(de)(de)氧，以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體析出(chu)(chu)，分布在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處(chu)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現，顯(xian)著降(jiang)低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。

硫(liu)可以溶(rong)解在熔體的銅中，但在室溫下，其溶(rong)解度(du)幾乎降低到零，它以硫(liu)化亞(ya)銅的形式出現在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處，會顯著降低銅的塑性。

3、氧在(zai)低(di)氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)中分布形式(shi)及其(qi)影響

氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量對低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)拉線性能有著明顯的(de)(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量增加到最佳值時，銅桿的(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)線率最低。這是(shi)因(yin)為氧(yang)(yang)在與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)過程中都(dou)起到了(le)清除(chu)器的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。適度的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)還有利于(yu)去除(chu)銅液中的(de)(de)(de)氫，生成水(shui)蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)成。最佳的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量為拉線工藝提供了(le)最好的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分布：在(zai)連續澆鑄中凝(ning)固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散熱速率和(he)均勻冷卻(que)是決(jue)定銅(tong)桿氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要因素(su)。不均勻冷卻(que)會(hui)引起銅(tong)桿內部結構本質上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異，但(dan)后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱加工(gong)，柱狀晶通常會(hui)遭(zao)到(dao)破壞，使(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)顆粒(li)細微化(hua)和(he)均勻分布。氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)聚集而(er)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)情況是中心爆(bao)裂。除氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較小氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿顯示出較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉線特性，較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)容易造成應力集中點而(er)斷裂。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量超(chao)標，銅(tong)桿變脆(cui)，延(yan)伸率下降(jiang)，拉(la)伸式樣端口(kou)顯暗紅(hong)色，結晶(jing)組織(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含量超(chao)出8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)性能(neng)變差(cha)，表現為(wei)鑄造(zao)及(ji)拉(la)伸過程中斷桿及(ji)斷線率極具增高。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)與銅(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)脆(cui)性相(xiang)(xiang)，形成(cheng)銅(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體(ti)，以網狀組織(zhi)分布在(zai)境界上。這種脆(cui)性相(xiang)(xiang)硬(ying)度(du)高，在(zai)冷變形時(shi)將會(hui)與銅(tong)機體(ti)脫離，導致銅(tong)桿的機械性能(neng)下降(jiang)，在(zai)后(hou)續(xu)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)中容易造(zao)成(cheng)斷裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含量高還能(neng)導致無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿導電率下降(jiang)。因(yin)此(ci)，必須嚴格控制上引連鑄工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)及(ji)產(chan)品質量。

4、氫的影響

在上引(yin)連鑄中(zhong)，氧(yang)含(han)量控制較(jiao)低，氧(yang)化物的副作用(yong)唄**降低，但氫的影響(xiang)成為較(jiao)顯(xian)著的問題。吸氣后熔體(ti)中(zhong)存在平衡(heng)反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)及疏松是(shi)在結晶(jing)的過(guo)程(cheng)中，氫從過(guo)飽和的溶液(ye)(ye)中析(xi)出(chu)并(bing)聚集而形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的。在結晶(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的氫又(you)可還原氧化亞銅而生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上引鑄造的特點是(shi)銅液(ye)(ye)自(zi)上而下的結晶(jing)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的液(ye)(ye)**形(xing)(xing)狀近似錐型。銅液(ye)(ye)結晶(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)在上浮過(guo)程(cheng)中被堵(du)在凝固(gu)組織內，結晶(jing)時在鑄桿內形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)。上引的含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量少時，析(xi)出(chu)的氫存在于(yu)晶(jing)界處，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏松；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量多時，則聚集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)，因此，氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)(kong)和疏松是(shi)氫氣(qi)(qi)和水蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者(zhe)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的。

氫來源于上(shang)引生(sheng)產過程中的(de)各個工藝環節，如(ru)原料電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、輔(fu)料木炭(tan)**、氣候(hou)環境**、石墨結晶器(qi)未干燥等。因此，熔化爐中的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)表面應(ying)覆蓋經烘烤的(de)木炭(tan)，電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆(dou)”“耳朵”，對提(ti)高無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿質量非(fei)常重要。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適度控(kong)制氧含量(liang)來控(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)液(ye)在鑄造過程中是自下而上結晶，銅(tong)液(ye)中的氧和氫所產生的水蒸氣很容易上浮跑出，銅(tong)液(ye)中的氫大部分能被有效去除，因(yin)而對銅(tong)桿的影響較小。

二、表面質量

在(zai)生產電磁線等(deng)產品的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程中，對銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)質(zhi)量(liang)也需(xu)提出要求。需(xu)要拉(la)制后的(de)(de)銅絲表(biao)面(mian)(mian)無毛(mao)刺(ci)、銅粉少、無油污。并通(tong)過(guo)(guo)扭轉試驗(yan)測量(liang)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)銅粉的(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和扭轉后觀(guan)察(cha)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)復原情況來(lai)判定其好壞。

在連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連軋過(guo)程中(zhong)，從鑄(zhu)(zhu)造到(dao)軋制(zhi)前，溫度高，完全(quan)暴露于空氣中(zhong)，使鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯表面形(xing)成較厚的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)層，在軋制(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)，隨著軋輥(gun)的(de)轉動，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物顆粒軋入(ru)銅(tong)線表面。由于氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)是高熔點脆(cui)性化(hua)(hua)合物，對(dui)于軋入(ru)較深的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)，當(dang)成條狀的(de)聚(ju)集物遇模具拉伸(shen)時，就(jiu)會是銅(tong)桿(gan)外表面產生毛刺，給后(hou)續的(de)涂漆造成麻煩。

而上(shang)引(yin)連鑄工(gong)藝制造的(de)無氧銅桿，由于鑄造和冷卻完(wan)全與(yu)氧隔絕，后(hou)續(xu)亦(yi)無熱軋(ya)過(guo)程，銅桿表(biao)面(mian)無軋(ya)入表(biao)面(mian)的(de)氧化(hua)物(wu)，質量較好，拉制后(hou)銅粉少(shao)，上(shang)述問題較少(shao)存在(zai)。

無氧銅(tong)桿也分進口(kou)設(she)(she)備做的(de)(de)(de)和(he)國產設(she)(she)備做的(de)(de)(de),但目(mu)前(qian)進口(kou)產品已無明顯優勢，銅(tong)桿產品出(chu)來后區(qu)別不(bu)是很大,只(zhi)要(yao)銅(tong)板(ban)選的(de)(de)(de)好(hao),生(sheng)產控制比較穩定,國產設(she)(she)備也能產出(chu)可(ke)拉伸0.05的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿.進口(kou)設(she)(she)備一般是芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備,國產設(she)(she)備最好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)應該是上(shang)海的(de)(de)(de)海軍(jun)(jun)廠的(de)(de)(de)了(le)，生(sheng)產時間最長，軍(jun)(jun)工企(qi)業，質量(liang)可(ke)靠(kao)。

低氧銅桿進口設(she)備國(guo)際(ji)主要有兩(liang)種,一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)美國(guo)南線(xian)設(she)備,英文是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)廠家(jia)是(shi)(shi)南京華新,江(jiang)西銅業(ye),另(ling)一(yi)種是(shi)(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備,國(guo)內(nei)廠家(jia)是(shi)(shi)常州金源,天(tian)津大無(wu)縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容易(yi)區別(bie),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)下,但目(mu)前有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)家只(zhi)能做(zuo)到50個(ge)PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子一般(ban)(ban)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一般(ban)(ban)采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)是上引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是連鑄連軋,兩種產品(pin)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)而(er)(er)言(yan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)漆包線(xian)性 能更(geng)適(shi)應些,如柔軟性,回彈(dan)角,繞線(xian)性能.但低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)(dui)(dui)拉(la)絲條(tiao)件(jian)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)要苛(ke)刻些,同(tong)樣(yang)拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如果伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian)不(bu)好(hao)(hao),普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可(ke)拉(la)而(er)(er)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷(duan) 線(xian),但如果放在(zai)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian),同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就(jiu)能拉(la)到雙零(ling)五,而(er)(er)普(pu)通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只(zhi)能拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)到0.1而(er)(er)已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)如雙零(ling)二卻非(fei)得依靠進口的(de)(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前有(you)企業嘗試用(yong)剝皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式來(lai)處理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)(shen)0.03線(xian).但有(you)關這方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容我還不(bu)是很清楚。

音響線一(yi)般反而喜(xi)歡用無氧桿,這和(he)無氧桿是(shi)(shi)單晶銅,低(di)氧桿是(shi)(shi)多(duo)晶銅有關(guan)。

氧(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)銅桿由于制造方法的(de)(de)不(bu)同，致使存在差別，具有各自(zi)的(de)(de)特點。

一(yi)、關于(yu)氧的吸(xi)入和脫去以及(ji)它的存(cun)在(zai)狀態

生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)溶(rong)度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此(ci)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液態下吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而上引法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持(chi)相(xiang)當時間后，被還原(yuan)而脫去(qu)，通常(chang)這(zhe)種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下，最(zui)低(di)可達(da)1-2ppm，從組(zu)織上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界(jie)附近，這(zhe)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而言可以(yi)(yi)說是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則很(hen)少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界(jie)出現對材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)產(chan)生負面影響。而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)，所以(yi)(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)單相(xiang)組(zu)織對韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔性(xing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中則是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)缺陷(xian)。

二、熱軋(ya)組(zu)(zu)織和鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織的區別(bie)

低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由(you)于經(jing)過(guo)熱軋，所以(yi)(yi)其組(zu)織(zhi)屬(shu)熱加(jia)工組(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已經(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)時(shi)已有(you)(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式出現，而(er)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬(shu)鑄造(zao)(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，晶粒(li)粗大(da)，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶溫度(du)較(jiao)高(gao)，需(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)火(huo)溫度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固有(you)(you)原(yuan)因(yin)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)，再(zai)結(jie)晶發生在(zai)晶粒(li)邊界(jie)(jie)附近，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)晶粒(li)粗大(da)，晶粒(li)尺寸甚至能達幾個毫米，因(yin)而(er)晶粒(li)邊界(jie)(jie)少(shao)(shao)，即使通過(guo)拉制(zhi)(zhi)變形，但晶粒(li)邊界(jie)(jie)相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少(shao)(shao)，所以(yi)(yi)需(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)。對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)要求是(shi)(shi)：由(you)桿(gan)經(jing)拉制(zhi)(zhi)，但尚未鑄造(zao)(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)次退(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)應比同樣情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉制(zhi)(zhi)，在(zai)以(yi)(yi)后階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)應留有(you)(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余量和(he)(he)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實(shi)區別執行不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)工藝，以(yi)(yi)保證在(zai)制(zhi)(zhi)品和(he)(he)成品導線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾(jia)雜，氧(yang)含量波動，表(biao)面氧(yang)化(hua)物和可能存在的熱軋缺陷的差別

無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)可拉性(xing)在所有(you)線(xian)(xian)徑(jing)里與低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)相比(bi)都是優(you)越(yue)的(de)(de)，除(chu)上(shang)述(shu)組織原(yuan)因外(wai)，無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)夾雜(za)少，含氧(yang)量穩定(ding)，無(wu)熱軋可能(neng)產生的(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)厚度(du)可達(da)≤15A。在連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋生產過程中如(ru)果工藝不(bu)穩定(ding)，對氧(yang)監控不(bu)嚴(yan)，含氧(yang)量不(bu)穩定(ding)將(jiang)直接(jie)影(ying)響桿(gan)的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。如(ru)果桿(gan)的(de)(de)表面(mian)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)能(neng)在后工序的(de)(de)連(lian)續清洗中得(de)(de)以彌補外(wai)，但(dan)比(bi)較(jiao)麻(ma)煩的(de)(de)是有(you)相當多的(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)存在于“皮(pi)(pi)下”，對拉線(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)影(ying)響更直接(jie)，故而在拉制微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)(xian)，超微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)(xian)時，為了減(jian)少斷線(xian)(xian)，有(you)時要(yao)對銅桿(gan)采(cai)取不(bu)得(de)(de)已的(de)(de)辦法——剝(bo)皮(pi)(pi)，甚至二次剝(bo)皮(pi)(pi)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因所在，目的(de)(de)要(yao)除(chu)去皮(pi)(pi)下氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)。

四、低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿的韌性有差別

兩者(zhe)都可(ke)以拉到0.015mm，但在低溫(wen)超導線中的低溫(wen)級(ji)無氧(yang)銅(tong)，其細(xi)絲(si)間的間距只有0.001mm.

五(wu)、從制桿的原材(cai)料到(dao)制線的經濟性有差別。

制造無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)要求質量較(jiao)高的(de)(de)原(yuan)材料。一般(ban)，拉制直(zhi)徑>1mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)線時，低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)優點比較(jiao)明(ming)顯，而無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)顯得更為優越(yue)的(de)(de)是拉制直(zhi)徑<0.5mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)線。

六、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制線工藝與無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)有所不同。

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)制(zhi)線工藝不(bu)能照搬到無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)制(zhi)線工藝上來，至(zhi)少兩者的(de)退(tui)火工藝是不(bu)同的(de)。因為(wei)線的(de)柔軟性(xing)深(shen)受(shou)材料(liao)成份和(he)制(zhi)桿，制(zhi)線和(he)退(tui)火工藝的(de)影響，不(bu)能簡單地說低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)或無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)誰軟誰硬。