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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)用(yong)(yong)于傳輸和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用(yong)(yong)于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線路、工(gong)礦企(qi)業(ye)內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過(guo)江海水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所(suo)占比(bi)重正(zheng)逐漸(jian)增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的主干線路中用(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)傳輸和分配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產(chan)品，包括1-500KV以(yi)(yi)及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)，各種絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜的使(shi)用至今(jin)已有百年

主要分(fen)類

分類：按電壓(ya)等級(ji)分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)使用至今已有百余(yu)年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)家(jia)T.A.愛迪(di)生在(zai)銅棒上包繞黃麻(ma)并(bing)將(jiang)其穿入鐵管內，然(ran)后填(tian)充瀝青混合物(wu)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設于紐約，開創了(le)地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人卡倫德發(fa)明(ming)瀝青浸(jin)漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫敦與(yu)德特(te)福德之(zhi)間敷(fu)設了(le)10千伏(fu)油浸(jin)紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)20千伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的(de)應(ying)(ying)用。1911年(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)敷(fu)設成(cheng)(cheng)60千伏(fu)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開始(shi)了(le)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)，德國(guo)人M.霍希(xi)施泰特(te)研制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分相(xiang)屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了(le)絕緣表面的(de)正切應(ying)(ying)力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的(de)里程(cheng)碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設了(le)380千伏(fu)超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實現了(le)超高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)應(ying)(ying)用。到80年(nian)(nian)代已制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千伏(fu)、1200千伏(fu)的(de)特(te)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電壓(ya)等級(ji)可(ke)分為中(zhong)、低壓(ya)電力電纜(lan)(lan)（35千伏(fu)及(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)下）、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電纜(lan)(lan)(110千伏(fu)以(yi)(yi)上)、超高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千伏(fu)）以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)電纜(lan)(lan)（1000千伏(fu)及(ji)(ji)以(yi)(yi)上）。此外(wai)，還可(ke)按電流制分為交(jiao)流電纜(lan)(lan)和(he)直流電纜(lan)(lan)。

按(an)絕緣材料(liao)分

1、油(you)(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電力電纜(lan)以(yi)油(you)(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙作絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)的(de)電力電纜(lan)。其應用歷史最長。它安(an)全可靠，使用壽命長，價格低廉。主要缺點(dian)是敷(fu)設受(shou)落(luo)差(cha)限制。自從開發出(chu)不滴(di)流浸(jin)(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)后(hou)，解決了落(luo)差(cha)限制問題，使油(you)(you)浸(jin)(jin)紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電纜(lan)得以(yi)繼續廣泛應用。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣(yuan)電力電纜 　絕緣(yuan)層為擠壓塑料(liao)的電力電纜。常用的塑料(liao)有聚氯乙烯(xi)、聚乙烯(xi)、交聯(lian)聚乙烯(xi)。塑料(liao)電纜結構簡單,制造加工方便(bian)，重量輕，敷(fu)設安裝方便(bian),不(bu)受(shou)敷(fu)設落差(cha)限(xian)制。因此廣泛應用作中低壓電纜，并有取代粘性浸漬(zi)油(you)紙電纜的趨勢。其最大(da)缺(que)點是存在樹(shu)枝化擊(ji)穿(chuan)現象，這(zhe)限(xian)制了(le)它在更高電壓的使用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜　絕(jue)緣層為橡(xiang)膠加(jia)上各種(zhong)配合(he)劑，經過(guo)充分混煉(lian)后擠包在(zai)導電(dian)線芯上，經過(guo)加(jia)溫硫(liu)化而成。它柔軟(ruan)，富(fu)有(you)彈(dan)性，適合(he)于移動(dong)頻繁(fan)、敷設彎曲半(ban)徑小(xiao)的場合(he)。

常(chang)用作絕緣的(de)膠(jiao)料(liao)有天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混(hun)合物(wu)，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電(dian)壓等(deng)級分

1、低壓電(dian)纜：適用(yong)于(yu)固定(ding)敷設(she)在(zai)交流50Hz，額定(ding)電(dian)壓3kv及以下的輸配(pei)電(dian)線路上作輸送電(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)：（一(yi)般指35KV及(ji)以(yi)下(xia)）：聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)等。

3、高壓電(dian)(dian)纜：（一般(ban)為(wei)110KV及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)）：聚乙烯(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)纜和交聯聚乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)纜等。

4、超高(gao)壓(ya)電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特(te)高壓電纜：（1000千(qian)伏及以(yi)上）。

基(ji)本(ben)結構(gou)：電力電纜的基(ji)本(ben)結構(gou)由線(xian)芯（導體）、絕(jue)緣層、屏蔽層和(he)保護層四(si)部分組成。

1.線芯是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)導電(dian)(dian)部分(fen)，用(yong)來輸送電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)主(zhu)要部分(fen)。

2.絕緣層是將(jiang)線芯與(yu)大地以及(ji)不同相的(de)線芯間在電氣(qi)上彼此(ci)隔(ge)離，保證電能輸(shu)送(song)，是電力電纜結構中不可缺少的(de)組成部分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一(yi)般都有導體屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)(ceng)和絕緣屏(ping)蔽層(ceng)(ceng)。

4.保(bao)護層的作用是保(bao)護電力(li)電纜免(mian)受外(wai)界雜質和水分的侵入，以及防(fang)止外(wai)力(li)直接損壞電力(li)電纜。

主要(yao)優點：

1占(zhan)地少。一般埋設(she)于(yu)土壤中(zhong)或敷設(she)于(yu)室內，溝道，隧道中(zhong)，線間絕(jue)緣距(ju)離小，不用(yong)桿塔，占(zhan)地少，基(ji)本不占(zhan)地面上(shang)空間。

2可靠性高。受氣候條件和周圍環境(jing)影響小，傳輸性能穩定，可靠性高。

3具有(you)向超高壓，大容量發展(zhan)的更(geng)為有(you)利(li)的條(tiao)件(jian)，如低(di)溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號(hao)說明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的型號(hao)

1.用(yong)(yong)漢語拼(pin)音第一個字母的大(da)寫(xie)表(biao)(biao)(biao)示絕緣種(zhong)類(lei)、導體材料、內護層材料和結構特點。如用(yong)(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)鉛(qian)（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)分相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)阻(zu)燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)耐(nai)火(huo)（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)護層(ceng)構成，有(you)二位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)。無數(shu)字(zi)代表(biao)無鎧裝層(ceng)，無外(wai)被層(ceng)。第一(yi)位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)鎧裝，第二位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維外(wai)被表(biao)示(shi)為(wei)41。

3.電纜型號按電纜結構的排(pai)列一般依次序為：絕緣材料；導體材料；內(nei)護層；外護層。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型號、額定電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)規格表示。其方(fang)法是在型號后再加上說明額定電(dian)壓(ya)、芯數和(he)標稱截面積(ji)的(de)。

型號詳(xiang)細(xi)說明

（1）類別(bie)：H——市內通(tong)信電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局(ju)用電纜

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚烯(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實(shi)心皮聚烯(xi)烴(jing)絕(jue)緣

（3）內護層：A——涂塑(su)鋁帶(dai)(dai)粘接屏(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙烯(xi)護套S——鋁，鋼雙層金屬(shu)帶(dai)(dai)屏(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙烯(xi)護套      V——聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填(tian)充G——高(gao)頻隔(ge)離(li)C——自承式

（5）外護(hu)層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包(bao)銷裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

33——單層(ceng)細(xi)鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋縱包(bao)鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯(xi)外被層(ceng)

553——雙層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱(zong)包鎧(kai)裝聚乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電(dian)線(xian)；BLV 鋁(lv)芯聚氯(lv)乙烯絕緣電(dian)線(xian)；

BVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套電線；

BVR 銅(tong)(tong)芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟線(xian)(xian)；RV 銅(tong)(tong)芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣安裝軟線(xian)(xian)；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣平型連接線軟線；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕緣絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚氯乙(yi)烯護套軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)聚氯乙(yi)烯護套(tao)軟線(xian)；RY 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)(yuan)軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型(xing)(xing)ZR: 阻(zu)燃型(xing)(xing)NH：耐火(huo)型(xing)(xing)DH：防火(huo)型(xing)(xing)