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導讀：由于生(sheng)產銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)工(gong)藝不同，所生(sheng)產的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量及(ji)外觀(guan)就不同。上引生(sheng)產的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)，工(gong)藝得當氧(yang)(yang)含量在10ppm以下，叫無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生(sheng)產的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan) 是在保(bao)護條件(jian)下的(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)含量在200-500ppm范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)，但有(you)時(shi)(shi)也高達700ppm以上，一般(ban)情況下，此種方法生(sheng)產的(de)(de)銅(tong)外表(biao)光亮，低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)，有(you)時(shi)(shi)也叫光桿(gan)(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)桿是電(dian)(dian)纜行業的(de)主(zhu)要原(yuan)料(liao)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)方(fang)式主(zhu)要有(you)兩種(zhong)——連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋法(fa)和上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較(jiao)多，其特點是金屬在(zai)(zai)豎爐中(zhong)融(rong)化后(hou)(hou)，銅(tong)液(ye)通過(guo)(guo)保(bao)溫爐、溜槽(cao)、中(zhong)間包，從(cong)澆(jiao)管進(jin)(jin)入(ru)封閉(bi)的(de)模腔內，采用較(jiao)大的(de)冷(leng)卻(que)強度進(jin)(jin)行冷(leng)卻(que)，形(xing)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)行多道次軋制，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿為(wei)熱加(jia)工組織(zhi)(zhi)，原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組織(zhi)(zhi)已經破碎，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)般為(wei)200~400ppm之間。無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿國(guo)內基本全(quan)部采用上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)，金屬在(zai)(zai)感應電(dian)(dian)爐中(zhong)融(rong)化后(hou)(hou)通過(guo)(guo)石墨模進(jin)(jin)行上(shang)引連(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造，之后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)行冷(leng)軋或冷(leng)加(jia)工，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組織(zhi)(zhi)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)20ppm以下。由于制造工藝(yi)的(de)不(bu)同，所(suo)以在(zai)(zai)組織(zhi)(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)分(fen)布、雜質(zhi)的(de)形(xing)式及(ji)分(fen)布等諸多方(fang)面有(you)較(jiao)大差別(bie)。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的拉制性能跟很多因(yin)素有關，如(ru)雜(za)質的含量、氧含量及分(fen)(fen)布、工藝控制等(deng)。下面分(fen)(fen)別(bie)從(cong)以上幾個方面對銅桿的拉制性能進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)(fen)析。

1、熔化(hua)方式對S等雜質(zhi)的影響

連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿主要是通過(guo)(guo)(guo)氣體(ti)的(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿熔化，在燃燒的(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，通過(guo)(guo)(guo)氧(yang)(yang)化和(he)揮(hui)發作用，可一定程度減(jian)少部分雜(za)質進入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因此連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)法對(dui)(dui)原(yuan)料要求相對(dui)(dui)低(di)一些。上引連(lian)鑄生產無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，由于是用感應電爐熔化，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔入到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔入的(de)S對(dui)(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿塑(su)性(xing)影(ying)響極大，會增加(jia)拉(la)絲斷線率(lv)。

2、鑄(zhu)造過程中雜質的進入

在生(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，連鑄連軋工(gong)藝需(xu)(xu)通(tong)過保溫(wen)爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉運銅液，相對(dui)容(rong)易造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)耐(nai)火(huo)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)剝落，在軋制過程(cheng)中(zhong)需(xu)(xu)要通(tong)過軋輥，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)鐵質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)脫落，會給(gei)銅桿造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)外部(bu)夾雜(za)。而熱(re)軋中(zhong)皮(pi)上(shang)和皮(pi)下氧化物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)軋入(ru)，會給(gei)低氧桿的(de)(de)(de)拉絲(si)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)不利的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。上(shang)引(yin)連鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝流(liu)程(cheng)較(jiao)短，銅液是通(tong)過聯(lian)體爐(lu)內(nei)潛(qian)流(liu)式(shi)完成(cheng)(cheng)，對(dui)耐(nai)火(huo)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)沖擊不大，結晶(jing)是通(tong)過石墨模內(nei)進行，所以過程(cheng)中(zhong)可能產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)污(wu)染源較(jiao)少(shao)，雜(za)質(zhi)進入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)機會較(jiao)少(shao)。

O、S、P是(shi)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)會(hui)生(sheng)產(chan)化(hua)合物的(de)元素。在(zai)熔態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)(yang)可以(yi)溶(rong)解(jie)一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)(yang)幾乎不(bu)溶(rong)解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中。熔態時所溶(rong)解(jie)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體析出，分布在(zai)晶粒晶界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體的(de)出現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。

硫可以(yi)溶(rong)解在熔體的銅(tong)中，但在室溫下，其溶(rong)解度幾乎降低(di)到(dao)零，它以(yi)硫化亞銅(tong)的形式出現在晶粒晶界處，會顯(xian)著降低(di)銅(tong)的塑性。

3、氧在低(di)氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)中分布形式及其影響

氧(yang)含量(liang)對(dui)低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉線性能(neng)有著明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)含量(liang)增加到最佳值時，銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斷線率(lv)最低。這是因為氧(yang)在與大部分(fen)雜(za)質(zhi)反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)都(dou)起(qi)到了(le)(le)清除器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)還有利于(yu)去除銅液中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)，生成(cheng)水蒸氣溢出，減少(shao)氣孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)。最佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)含量(liang)為拉線工藝提(ti)供了(le)(le)最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件。

低氧(yang)銅桿氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)分布：在連續澆鑄中凝固的(de)(de)最初階段，散(san)熱速率和均勻冷卻是決定銅桿氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)分布的(de)(de)主要因素。不均勻冷卻會引起銅桿內部結構本質上(shang)的(de)(de)差異，但后續的(de)(de)熱加工(gong)，柱狀晶通常(chang)會遭到破壞(huai)，使氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)細微化(hua)(hua)和均勻分布。氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)聚集而(er)產生的(de)(de)典型情況是中心爆裂。除氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)分布的(de)(de)影響外，具有較(jiao)小氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)銅桿顯示出(chu)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)拉(la)線特性，較(jiao)大的(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)容易造成應力(li)集中點而(er)斷裂。

無氧(yang)銅(tong)含(han)氧(yang)量超標，銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)變脆，延(yan)伸(shen)率下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，拉伸(shen)式樣(yang)端口(kou)顯暗紅(hong)色，結晶(jing)組織(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)含(han)量超出8ppm時，工藝性能變差，表現為鑄造及拉伸(shen)過(guo)程中斷(duan)(duan)桿(gan)(gan)及斷(duan)(duan)線率極具增高(gao)(gao)。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)由于氧(yang)能與銅(tong)生成氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)脆性相，形成銅(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體，以網狀組織(zhi)分布在(zai)境界上。這(zhe)(zhe)種脆性相硬度高(gao)(gao)，在(zai)冷變形時將會與銅(tong)機(ji)體脫(tuo)離，導致銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的機(ji)械性能下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，在(zai)后續(xu)加工中容易(yi)造成斷(duan)(duan)裂現象。氧(yang)含(han)量高(gao)(gao)還(huan)能導致無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)導電率下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。因(yin)此，必須(xu)嚴格控制(zhi)上引(yin)連鑄工藝及產品質(zhi)量。

4、氫的影響

在(zai)(zai)上引連(lian)鑄中(zhong)，氧含量控(kong)制較(jiao)低，氧化物(wu)的(de)(de)副作(zuo)用(yong)唄**降低，但氫(qing)的(de)(de)影響成為較(jiao)顯(xian)著(zhu)的(de)(de)問題。吸氣(qi)后熔(rong)體中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)平衡(heng)反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體及疏松(song)是(shi)在結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，氫(qing)(qing)從過(guo)飽和的(de)溶液(ye)中(zhong)析出并聚集(ji)而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。在結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)前析出的(de)氫(qing)(qing)又可還(huan)原(yuan)氧化亞銅(tong)而生成(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上(shang)引鑄(zhu)造的(de)特點是(shi)銅(tong)液(ye)自上(shang)而下的(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)液(ye)**形(xing)狀近似(si)錐型(xing)。銅(tong)液(ye)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)前析出的(de)氣(qi)(qi)體在上(shang)浮過(guo)程中(zhong)被(bei)堵在凝固組(zu)織內，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)時在鑄(zhu)桿內形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)引的(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量少時，析出的(de)氫(qing)(qing)存(cun)在于(yu)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)處，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏松(song)；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量多時，則聚集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔，因(yin)此，氣(qi)(qi)孔和疏松(song)是(shi)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。

氫來源于上引(yin)生產過程中的各(ge)個工(gong)藝(yi)環節，如原料(liao)電(dian)(dian)解銅的“銅綠”、輔(fu)料(liao)木炭(tan)**、氣候(hou)環境**、石(shi)墨結晶器未(wei)干燥等。因此，熔(rong)化爐中的銅液表(biao)面應覆蓋經烘烤的木炭(tan)，電(dian)(dian)解銅應盡量去除“銅綠”、“銅豆(dou)”“耳朵”，對提(ti)高無氧銅桿質量非常重要。

在連鑄連軋工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適度(du)控制氧含量(liang)來控制氫(qing)。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)液在(zai)鑄造過程中是自下而(er)上結晶(jing)，銅(tong)液中的(de)氧和氫所產生(sheng)的(de)水蒸氣很容易(yi)上浮跑出(chu)，銅(tong)液中的(de)氫大部分能(neng)被有效(xiao)去除，因而(er)對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生(sheng)產電磁線等產品(pin)的過程中，對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的表面(mian)質(zhi)量也需(xu)提(ti)出要求。需(xu)要拉制后(hou)的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)絲表面(mian)無(wu)(wu)毛刺、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉少(shao)、無(wu)(wu)油污。并(bing)通過扭轉試(shi)驗測量表面(mian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉的質(zhi)量和扭轉后(hou)觀(guan)察銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的復原情況來判定其(qi)好壞。

在連鑄連軋(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，從鑄造到軋(ya)制前，溫度高，完全暴露于(yu)空氣中(zhong)，使鑄坯表面形成(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)厚的(de)(de)氧(yang)化層，在軋(ya)制過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，隨著軋(ya)輥的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)動，氧(yang)化物顆(ke)粒(li)軋(ya)入(ru)銅線表面。由于(yu)氧(yang)化亞銅是高熔點脆性化合物，對于(yu)軋(ya)入(ru)較(jiao)深的(de)(de)氧(yang)化亞銅，當成(cheng)(cheng)條(tiao)狀的(de)(de)聚集物遇模(mo)具(ju)拉伸時，就會是銅桿外表面產生毛刺，給后(hou)續的(de)(de)涂(tu)漆造成(cheng)(cheng)麻煩。

而(er)上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)工藝制造的無氧銅(tong)桿，由(you)于(yu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造和冷卻完全與氧隔(ge)絕，后續亦無熱軋過程，銅(tong)桿表面無軋入表面的氧化物，質量較好(hao)，拉制后銅(tong)粉少(shao)，上(shang)述問題較少(shao)存在。

無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)也分進(jin)口(kou)設備(bei)(bei)做(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)和國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)做(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de),但目(mu)前進(jin)口(kou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)已無明顯優勢，銅(tong)桿(gan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)出(chu)來后區(qu)別不是(shi)(shi)很大,只要銅(tong)板選的(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao),生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)控制比較穩定(ding),國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)也能產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出(chu)可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan).進(jin)口(kou)設備(bei)(bei)一般是(shi)(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)(bei),國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)最好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應該是(shi)(shi)上海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)軍廠的(de)(de)(de)(de)了，生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)時(shi)間最長，軍工企業，質量可靠。

低氧銅(tong)桿進(jin)口設備(bei)國(guo)(guo)際主(zhu)要有兩種,一種是美國(guo)(guo)南線設備(bei),英文是SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)(guo)內廠(chang)家是南京華新,江西銅(tong)業,另一種是德國(guo)(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei),國(guo)(guo)內廠(chang)家是常(chang)州金源,天津大(da)無(wu)縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容(rong)易(yi)區別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)下,但(dan)目前有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能(neng)做(zuo)到50個(ge)PPM以(yi)下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi)一般(ban)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右(you),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一般(ban)采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上引法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種產(chan)品(pin)相對(dui)而(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)漆包(bao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)更適應些,如柔軟性(xing),回彈角(jiao),繞線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)能(neng).但(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)拉絲(si)(si)條件(jian)相對(dui)要苛刻些,同樣(yang)(yang)拉伸0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲(si)(si),如果伸線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條件(jian)不(bu)(bu)好,普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可拉而(er)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就斷 線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),但(dan)如果放在(zai)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)伸線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條件(jian),同樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi),低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說不(bu)(bu)定就能(neng)拉到雙零五(wu),而(er)普通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最多只(zhi)能(neng)拉伸到0.1而(er)已,當(dang)然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)如雙零二卻(que)非得依靠進(jin)口的(de)(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)了.目前有(you)企(qi)業嘗(chang)試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來伸0.03線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian).但(dan)有(you)關這方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容(rong)我還(huan)不(bu)(bu)是(shi)很清楚。

音響線(xian)一般反而喜歡用無氧桿,這和無氧桿是單晶銅,低氧桿是多(duo)晶銅有(you)關。

氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿由(you)于制造(zao)方法的不同，致使存在差別，具(ju)有各自的特點。

一、關于(yu)氧的吸(xi)入和(he)脫去(qu)以及它的存(cun)在狀態

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫(wen)下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)固溶度約(yue)2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此(ci)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)進入(ru)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)液態下(xia)吸(xi)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上(shang)引(yin)法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則相反(fan)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相當時間后，被還原而(er)脫(tuo)去，通常(chang)(chang)這(zhe)種桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以下(xia)，最低可達1-2ppm，從(cong)組織上(shang)看，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)附近，這(zhe)對(dui)(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而(er)言可以說是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以夾雜(za)形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶(jing)界(jie)出現對(dui)(dui)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產生負面影響。而(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低，所(suo)以這(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)組織是(shi)均勻的(de)(de)(de)單相組織對(dui)(dui)韌性(xing)有(you)利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)多孔(kong)性(xing)是(shi)不(bu)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種缺(que)陷。

二、熱軋組(zu)織和鑄造組(zu)織的區別

低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)由于經(jing)過熱(re)(re)軋，所以其(qi)(qi)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬熱(re)(re)加工(gong)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)已經(jing)破碎(sui)，在8mm的(de)桿(gan)(gan)時(shi)已有(you)再結晶的(de)形式(shi)出現(xian)，而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)屬鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，晶粒(li)粗大，這是(shi)為什么，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)再結晶溫度(du)較(jiao)高(gao)，需要較(jiao)高(gao)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)溫度(du)的(de)固有(you)原因。這是(shi)因為，再結晶發生在晶粒(li)邊(bian)界附近，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)晶粒(li)粗大，晶粒(li)尺寸甚至能達幾個毫米，因而晶粒(li)邊(bian)界少，即使通過拉(la)制變形，但晶粒(li)邊(bian)界相對(dui)(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)還(huan)是(shi)較(jiao)少，所以需要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率。對(dui)(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功的(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)要求是(shi)：由桿(gan)(gan)經(jing)拉(la)制，但尚(shang)未(wei)鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)線(xian)時(shi)的(de)第一次退火(huo)(huo)(huo)，其(qi)(qi)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率應比同(tong)樣(yang)情況的(de)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼(ji)續(xu)拉(la)制，在以后階(jie)段的(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)功率應留有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)余量和對(dui)(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區別執(zhi)行不(bu)同(tong)的(de)退火(huo)(huo)(huo)工(gong)藝，以保證在制品和成品導線(xian)的(de)柔軟性。

三、夾(jia)雜，氧(yang)含量波動，表(biao)面氧(yang)化物和可(ke)能存在的熱軋缺(que)陷的差別

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)可拉(la)性(xing)在(zai)所有線徑里與低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)相比都是優越的(de)，除上述組織(zhi)原因外，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)夾(jia)雜(za)少，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩(wen)定(ding)，無熱軋可能產生的(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)厚度可達(da)≤15A。在(zai)連鑄連軋生產過(guo)程中如(ru)果工藝不穩(wen)定(ding)，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不嚴，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)不穩(wen)定(ding)將直(zhi)接影(ying)響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)性(xing)能。如(ru)果桿(gan)(gan)的(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)能在(zai)后工序(xu)的(de)連續清(qing)洗中得(de)以(yi)彌補外，但(dan)比較麻煩的(de)是有相當多(duo)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)于“皮下”，對(dui)拉(la)線斷線影(ying)響更(geng)直(zhi)接，故而在(zai)拉(la)制微細線，超微細線時，為了減少斷線，有時要對(dui)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)采取不得(de)已的(de)辦(ban)法——剝皮，甚至二次剝皮的(de)原因所在(zai)，目的(de)要除去皮下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)。

四(si)、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌(ren)性(xing)有差別

兩者都可以(yi)拉到0.015mm，但在(zai)低溫超(chao)導線中(zhong)的低溫級無氧銅，其細絲間的間距只有0.001mm.

五、從制(zhi)桿的原(yuan)材料(liao)到(dao)制(zhi)線的經濟性有差別。

制(zhi)造無氧銅(tong)桿要求(qiu)質量較高的(de)原材料。一般，拉制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線時，低(di)氧銅(tong)桿的(de)優(you)點比較明顯，而無氧銅(tong)桿顯得更為優(you)越的(de)是拉制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線。

六(liu)、低(di)氧(yang)銅桿的(de)制(zhi)線工藝(yi)與無氧(yang)銅桿的(de)有所不(bu)同。

低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的制線工(gong)藝不(bu)能(neng)照(zhao)搬到無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的制線工(gong)藝上來，至(zhi)少兩(liang)者的退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝是不(bu)同的。因為線的柔軟(ruan)(ruan)性深(shen)受(shou)材料成份和(he)制桿(gan)，制線和(he)退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝的影(ying)響，不(bu)能(neng)簡單(dan)地(di)說低氧銅(tong)或(huo)無(wu)氧銅(tong)誰軟(ruan)(ruan)誰硬(ying)。