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導(dao)讀(du)：由(you)于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)兩者(zhe)的(de)工藝不同，所生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)中的(de)含氧(yang)量(liang)及外觀就不同。上(shang)引生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)，工藝得當氧(yang)含量(liang)在10ppm以(yi)下(xia)，叫無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan) 是(shi)在保護條件下(xia)的(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含量(liang)在200-500ppm范圍內，但有時也高達(da)700ppm以(yi)上(shang)，一般情況下(xia)，此種方法生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)銅(tong)外表(biao)光亮，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)，有時也叫光桿(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)是電纜行(xing)業的主要原料，生產(chan)的方(fang)式主要有兩(liang)種(zhong)——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋法(fa)和(he)上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的生產(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較(jiao)多，其特點是金屬在(zai)豎(shu)爐中(zhong)融化后，銅(tong)(tong)液通過保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包(bao)，從澆管進入封閉的模腔內(nei)，采用較(jiao)大的冷卻強度進行(xing)冷卻，形成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然(ran)后進行(xing)多道次軋制(zhi)，生產(chan)的低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為熱加(jia)工組(zu)織，原來的鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織已經破碎，含(han)氧(yang)量一(yi)般為200~400ppm之間。無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)國內(nei)基本全部采用上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生產(chan)，金屬在(zai)感應電爐中(zhong)融化后通過石墨(mo)模進行(xing)上引連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后進行(xing)冷軋或冷加(jia)工，生產(chan)的無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織，含(han)氧(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)20ppm以(yi)下。由于制(zhi)造(zao)工藝的不同，所以(yi)在(zai)組(zu)織結構、氧(yang)含(han)量分布、雜質(zhi)的形式及分布等諸(zhu)多方(fang)面有較(jiao)大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制性能跟(gen)很多因素有關，如雜質的(de)(de)含量(liang)、氧含量(liang)及分布、工藝控(kong)制等。下面分別從以上幾個(ge)方面對銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制性能進(jin)行(xing)分析。

1、熔化方式對S等雜質(zhi)的影響

連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿主要(yao)是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)氣體的(de)燃(ran)燒使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，在燃(ran)燒的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，通(tong)過(guo)氧化(hua)和揮發(fa)作用，可(ke)一定(ding)程(cheng)度減少部分雜質進入(ru)(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因(yin)此連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)法對原料要(yao)求相對低一些。上引(yin)連(lian)鑄生(sheng)產(chan)無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，由于是(shi)用感應電(dian)爐熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，電(dian)解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表(biao)面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基(ji)本都熔(rong)(rong)入(ru)(ru)到(dao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液中。其中熔(rong)(rong)入(ru)(ru)的(de)S對無(wu)(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿塑性影響極大，會增(zeng)加(jia)拉絲斷線率。

2、鑄(zhu)造(zao)過程中雜質的進(jin)入

在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)工藝(yi)需通(tong)過(guo)(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉(zhuan)運銅液，相對容易造成耐火(huo)材料的(de)(de)剝落，在(zai)(zai)軋(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)需要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)軋(ya)輥，造成鐵質的(de)(de)脫落，會(hui)給銅桿(gan)造成外(wai)部(bu)夾雜。而熱軋(ya)中(zhong)皮(pi)上(shang)和皮(pi)下氧化物(wu)的(de)(de)軋(ya)入(ru)(ru)，會(hui)給低氧桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉絲造成不(bu)利(li)的(de)(de)影(ying)響。上(shang)引(yin)連鑄法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工藝(yi)流程(cheng)較(jiao)短(duan)，銅液是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)聯體爐內潛(qian)流式(shi)完成，對耐火(huo)材料的(de)(de)沖擊不(bu)大(da)，結晶(jing)是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)石墨模內進(jin)行，所(suo)以過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)可(ke)能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)污染源較(jiao)少(shao)，雜質進(jin)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)機會(hui)較(jiao)少(shao)。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)會生產化(hua)合物(wu)的(de)(de)元素(su)。在(zai)熔態(tai)銅(tong)中，氧(yang)(yang)可以溶解一部分(fen)，但當銅(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)(yang)幾乎不溶解于銅(tong)中。熔態(tai)時所(suo)溶解的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以銅(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)共晶(jing)體析出，分(fen)布在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界(jie)處。銅(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)共晶(jing)體的(de)(de)出現，顯著降(jiang)低(di)了(le)銅(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。

硫(liu)可以溶(rong)解在(zai)熔(rong)體的(de)(de)銅(tong)中，但(dan)在(zai)室溫下(xia)，其溶(rong)解度幾(ji)乎降(jiang)低到零，它(ta)以硫(liu)化(hua)亞銅(tong)的(de)(de)形(xing)式出(chu)現(xian)在(zai)晶粒晶界處(chu)，會顯著降(jiang)低銅(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。

3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)銅桿中分布形式及其(qi)影響

氧含量對(dui)低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉線性(xing)能有著(zhu)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。當(dang)氧含量增加(jia)到最佳(jia)值時(shi)，銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斷線率(lv)最低(di)。這是(shi)因為氧在與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中都起到了(le)清除器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧還有利于(yu)去除銅(tong)液中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫，生成水(shui)蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成。最佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧含量為拉線工藝提(ti)供了(le)最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件。

低(di)氧銅桿(gan)(gan)氧化(hua)(hua)物的(de)分(fen)(fen)布：在連續澆鑄中(zhong)凝(ning)固的(de)最初階段，散(san)熱速率(lv)和(he)均勻冷卻是(shi)決定銅桿(gan)(gan)氧化(hua)(hua)物分(fen)(fen)布的(de)主要(yao)因素(su)。不均勻冷卻會引起銅桿(gan)(gan)內部結(jie)構本質上的(de)差異，但后續的(de)熱加工，柱狀(zhuang)晶通常會遭到破(po)壞，使氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅顆(ke)粒細(xi)微化(hua)(hua)和(he)均勻分(fen)(fen)布。氧化(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)粒聚(ju)集(ji)而產生的(de)典型(xing)情況是(shi)中(zhong)心爆裂(lie)。除氧化(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)粒分(fen)(fen)布的(de)影(ying)響外，具(ju)有較小氧化(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)粒的(de)銅桿(gan)(gan)顯示出較好的(de)拉線特性，較大的(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒容易造(zao)成應力(li)集(ji)中(zhong)點而斷裂(lie)。

無氧(yang)銅(tong)含氧(yang)量(liang)超標(biao)，銅(tong)桿(gan)變脆(cui)(cui)，延伸率(lv)下(xia)降，拉(la)伸式樣端(duan)口顯(xian)暗(an)紅色，結晶(jing)組織(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)含量(liang)超出8ppm時，工藝性(xing)能變差，表現(xian)為(wei)鑄(zhu)造及拉(la)伸過(guo)程(cheng)中斷桿(gan)及斷線率(lv)極具增高。這(zhe)是由于(yu)氧(yang)能與銅(tong)生成(cheng)(cheng)氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)相(xiang)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)-氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)共晶(jing)體，以網狀組織(zhi)分布在境界上。這(zhe)種脆(cui)(cui)性(xing)相(xiang)硬度高，在冷(leng)變形(xing)時將會與銅(tong)機(ji)體脫(tuo)離，導(dao)致(zhi)銅(tong)桿(gan)的機(ji)械性(xing)能下(xia)降，在后續(xu)加工中容易造成(cheng)(cheng)斷裂現(xian)象。氧(yang)含量(liang)高還(huan)能導(dao)致(zhi)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)導(dao)電率(lv)下(xia)降。因此，必須(xu)嚴格(ge)控制上引連鑄(zhu)工藝及產品質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上(shang)引連鑄中(zhong)，氧含量(liang)控制較低(di)，氧化(hua)物的副作(zuo)用(yong)唄**降(jiang)低(di)，但氫的影響成(cheng)為較顯著的問題。吸氣后(hou)熔體中(zhong)存在平(ping)衡(heng)反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體及疏松是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)過程中，氫(qing)(qing)從過飽和的(de)(de)(de)溶液中析(xi)出(chu)并聚集而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)又可還(huan)原氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)而(er)生成(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡。由(you)于上引鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)銅(tong)液自上而(er)下的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液**形(xing)狀近(jin)似錐型。銅(tong)液結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)(zai)(zai)上浮過程中被堵在(zai)(zai)(zai)凝固組織內，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時在(zai)(zai)(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上引的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量少時，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)(jing)界(jie)處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏松；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量多時，則聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和疏松是(shi)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩(liang)者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。

氫(qing)來源于上引(yin)生產過程中的(de)各個工藝環(huan)節(jie)，如原料電(dian)(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木炭**、氣候(hou)環(huan)境(jing)**、石墨結晶器未干燥(zao)等。因此，熔化爐中的(de)銅(tong)(tong)液表面應覆蓋(gai)經(jing)烘烤的(de)木炭，電(dian)(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)應盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆(dou)”“耳朵(duo)”，對提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質(zhi)量非常重要。

在連鑄連軋(ya)工藝中，往往采用適度控制氧含量來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于(yu)銅(tong)液(ye)在鑄造(zao)過程中(zhong)是(shi)自下而上結晶，銅(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的氧和氫所產(chan)生的水蒸氣(qi)很容易上浮跑出，銅(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的氫大部分能被有效去除，因而對銅(tong)桿的影響(xiang)較小。

二、表面質量

在生產(chan)電(dian)磁(ci)線(xian)等產(chan)品的(de)過程中，對銅桿(gan)的(de)表面質量(liang)也需(xu)提(ti)出(chu)要求(qiu)。需(xu)要拉制后的(de)銅絲(si)表面無毛刺、銅粉(fen)少、無油污。并通過扭(niu)轉試驗測量(liang)表面銅粉(fen)的(de)質量(liang)和扭(niu)轉后觀察銅桿(gan)的(de)復原情(qing)況來判定其好壞。

在連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)過(guo)程中，從鑄造到軋(ya)(ya)制前，溫(wen)度高，完全(quan)暴露于(yu)空氣中，使鑄坯表(biao)面形成(cheng)(cheng)較厚的(de)氧化層，在軋(ya)(ya)制過(guo)程中，隨著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧化物顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)銅線表(biao)面。由于(yu)氧化亞銅是(shi)高熔點脆性化合物，對(dui)于(yu)軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)較深的(de)氧化亞銅，當(dang)成(cheng)(cheng)條狀的(de)聚集(ji)物遇模具拉(la)伸時，就會是(shi)銅桿外(wai)表(biao)面產生毛(mao)刺，給后續的(de)涂漆造成(cheng)(cheng)麻煩。

而上引(yin)連鑄(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)藝制(zhi)造的無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)，由(you)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)造和冷(leng)卻完全(quan)與氧(yang)隔絕，后續亦(yi)無(wu)(wu)熱軋過程(cheng)，銅桿(gan)表(biao)面(mian)無(wu)(wu)軋入表(biao)面(mian)的氧(yang)化(hua)物，質量較(jiao)好，拉制(zhi)后銅粉(fen)少(shao)，上述問(wen)題較(jiao)少(shao)存在。

無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿也(ye)分進口(kou)設(she)(she)備做(zuo)的(de)和(he)國產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備做(zuo)的(de),但(dan)目前進口(kou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)已無明(ming)顯優勢，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)出來后(hou)區(qu)別不(bu)是(shi)很(hen)大,只要銅(tong)(tong)(tong)板選的(de)好,生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)控制(zhi)比較穩定,國產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備也(ye)能產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)出可拉(la)伸0.05的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿.進口(kou)設(she)(she)備一般是(shi)芬蘭奧(ao)托昆普(pu)的(de)設(she)(she)備,國產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備最(zui)好的(de)應該是(shi)上海的(de)海軍(jun)廠的(de)了，生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)時(shi)間最(zui)長，軍(jun)工企業，質量可靠。

低氧銅桿進口設備國際主要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)美國南(nan)線設備,英文是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家是(shi)(shi)南(nan)京(jing)華新,江(jiang)西銅業(ye),另一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)德國CONTIROD設備,國內廠家是(shi)(shi)常州金源,天津大(da)無縫。

無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從(cong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容(rong)易區別(bie),無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量在10-20個(ge)PPM以下,但目前有的(de)(de)廠(chang)家只(zhi)能(neng)做(zuo)到50個(ge)PPM以下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi)一般(ban)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一般(ban)采(cai)取的(de)(de)是上引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是連鑄連軋(ya),兩種(zhong)產(chan)品相對而言(yan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆包(bao)線(xian)(xian)性 能(neng)更適(shi)應些(xie)(xie),如(ru)(ru)柔軟性,回彈角(jiao),繞線(xian)(xian)性能(neng).但低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉(la)絲(si)條件(jian)相對要(yao)苛(ke)刻些(xie)(xie),同樣拉(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)細(xi)絲(si),如(ru)(ru)果伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)條件(jian)不(bu)好(hao),普通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可(ke)拉(la)而好(hao)的(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian)(xian),但如(ru)(ru)果放(fang)在好(hao)的(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)條件(jian),同樣的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi),低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就能(neng)拉(la)到雙零(ling)五,而普通(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只(zhi)能(neng)拉(la)伸(shen)到0.1而已,當然(ran)做(zuo)的(de)(de)最(zui)細(xi)的(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)雙零(ling)二(er)卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目前有企業嘗試(shi)用(yong)剝皮的(de)(de)方(fang)式來處理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian).但有關這方(fang)面的(de)(de)內容(rong)我還不(bu)是很清楚。

音響線一般反而喜(xi)歡(huan)用無(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan),這(zhe)和無(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)單晶銅(tong),低氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)多(duo)晶銅(tong)有關(guan)。

氧(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)銅桿由于(yu)制造方法的不同，致使(shi)存在(zai)差別(bie)，具有各自的特(te)點。

一、關于氧的(de)(de)吸(xi)入和脫去以及它的(de)(de)存(cun)在狀態(tai)

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在10—50ppm，在常溫(wen)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入(ru)是在銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液態下吸入(ru)的(de)(de)，而(er)上(shang)引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相(xiang)當時間后，被還原(yuan)而(er)脫去(qu)，通常這(zhe)(zhe)種桿(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低(di)(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)上(shang)看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在于晶粒(li)邊界附近，這(zhe)(zhe)對低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而(er)言可以(yi)說(shuo)是常見的(de)(de)但對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)很少(shao)見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜形式在晶界出現對材(cai)料的(de)(de)韌性(xing)產生負(fu)面影響。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)(di)，所以(yi)這(zhe)(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織(zhi)是均勻的(de)(de)單相(xiang)組織(zhi)對韌性(xing)有(you)利。在無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)多孔性(xing)是不常見的(de)(de)，而(er)在低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)則(ze)是常見的(de)(de)一(yi)種缺陷(xian)。

二、熱軋組(zu)織和鑄造組(zu)織的區別

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)由(you)于(yu)經(jing)過熱(re)軋，所(suo)以其組織(zhi)屬熱(re)加工(gong)組織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組織(zhi)已(yi)經(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)時已(yi)有再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式出現(xian)，而無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)屬鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組織(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)粗大，這是為(wei)什(shen)么，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)溫度較(jiao)高(gao)，需要較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)溫度的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)有原因。這是因為(wei)，再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)發(fa)生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)附近，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)組織(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)粗大，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)尺寸甚(shen)至能達幾(ji)個毫米，因而晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)少，即使通過拉(la)(la)制(zhi)變形(xing)，但晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)還是較(jiao)少，所(suo)以需要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功率(lv)(lv)。對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成功的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)要求是：由(you)桿(gan)(gan)經(jing)拉(la)(la)制(zhi)，但尚未鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)次(ci)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)，其退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功率(lv)(lv)應(ying)比同(tong)樣情況的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼續(xu)拉(la)(la)制(zhi)，在(zai)以后階段的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功率(lv)(lv)應(ying)留有足夠的(de)(de)(de)余量和對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切實區別(bie)執(zhi)行不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)工(gong)藝，以保證(zheng)在(zai)制(zhi)品(pin)和成品(pin)導線的(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾雜，氧含量(liang)波動，表面(mian)氧化(hua)物和可能存在的(de)熱軋缺陷的(de)差別

無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)可拉性在(zai)(zai)所(suo)有(you)線(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)相比(bi)都(dou)是優越的(de)(de)，除上述組織原(yuan)因外，無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)夾雜少，含(han)氧(yang)量穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)，無熱軋可能(neng)產(chan)生的(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表氧(yang)化物(wu)厚度可達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連鑄(zhu)連軋生產(chan)過程中如果工藝不(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)，對(dui)(dui)氧(yang)監控不(bu)嚴，含(han)氧(yang)量不(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)將直接影響(xiang)(xiang)桿(gan)的(de)(de)性能(neng)。如果桿(gan)的(de)(de)表面氧(yang)化物(wu)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)后工序的(de)(de)連續清(qing)洗中得(de)以(yi)彌補(bu)外，但比(bi)較(jiao)麻(ma)煩(fan)的(de)(de)是有(you)相當多的(de)(de)氧(yang)化物(wu)存在(zai)(zai)于“皮下(xia)”，對(dui)(dui)拉線(xian)斷線(xian)影響(xiang)(xiang)更(geng)直接，故而在(zai)(zai)拉制微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)，超(chao)微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)時(shi)，為了減少斷線(xian)，有(you)時(shi)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)銅桿(gan)采取(qu)不(bu)得(de)已的(de)(de)辦(ban)法——剝皮，甚至(zhi)二次(ci)剝皮的(de)(de)原(yuan)因所(suo)在(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)要(yao)除去皮下(xia)氧(yang)化物(wu)。

四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的(de)韌性有差別

兩者(zhe)都可以(yi)拉到0.015mm，但在低(di)溫超導線(xian)中(zhong)的低(di)溫級無氧(yang)銅，其細絲間的間距只(zhi)有(you)0.001mm.

五、從(cong)制(zhi)桿的原材(cai)料到制(zhi)線(xian)的經濟性有(you)差別。

制造無(wu)氧銅桿要求質量較高(gao)的原材料。一般，拉制直(zhi)徑>1mm的銅線(xian)時，低氧銅桿的優(you)(you)點(dian)比(bi)較明顯，而無(wu)氧銅桿顯得更為優(you)(you)越(yue)的是拉制直(zhi)徑<0.5mm的銅線(xian)。

六(liu)、低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的制線工藝與無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的有所(suo)不同。

低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)工藝(yi)不(bu)能照(zhao)搬到(dao)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)工藝(yi)上來，至少(shao)兩者的退火(huo)工藝(yi)是不(bu)同(tong)的。因(yin)為線(xian)(xian)的柔軟性深受(shou)材料成份和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)和(he)退火(huo)工藝(yi)的影響，不(bu)能簡單(dan)地說低(di)氧銅(tong)或無氧銅(tong)誰軟誰硬(ying)。