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導讀：由于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)工藝不同，所生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)含氧(yang)量(liang)及外(wai)(wai)觀就不同。上(shang)引(yin)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)，工藝得當(dang)氧(yang)含量(liang)在10ppm以下(xia)，叫無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan) 是在保(bao)護(hu)條件下(xia)的(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含量(liang)在200-500ppm范圍內，但有時也高達700ppm以上(shang)，一般(ban)情(qing)況下(xia)，此種方法生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)外(wai)(wai)表光(guang)亮，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)，有時也叫光(guang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)(tong)桿是電纜行(xing)業的(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)方式主要有兩(liang)種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)法(fa)和上(shang)(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方法(fa)較多(duo)，其特點是金屬在(zai)(zai)(zai)豎(shu)爐中融化后，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)通過保(bao)溫爐、溜槽、中間(jian)包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)模(mo)腔(qiang)內(nei)，采(cai)(cai)用較大的(de)(de)冷(leng)卻(que)強度進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻(que)，形(xing)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后進(jin)行(xing)多(duo)道次軋(ya)(ya)制，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿為熱加工組(zu)(zu)織，原來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)織已經破碎(sui)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)為200~400ppm之間(jian)。無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿國內(nei)基本全部采(cai)(cai)用上(shang)(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，金屬在(zai)(zai)(zai)感應(ying)電爐中融化后通過石墨(mo)模(mo)進(jin)行(xing)上(shang)(shang)引連(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造，之后進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋(ya)(ya)或冷(leng)加工，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿為鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)織，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)20ppm以下。由(you)于制造工藝的(de)(de)不同，所以在(zai)(zai)(zai)組(zu)(zu)織結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量分(fen)布、雜質(zhi)的(de)(de)形(xing)式及分(fen)布等諸多(duo)方面有較大差別(bie)。

一、拉制性能

銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制性(xing)能(neng)跟很多因素有關，如雜質的(de)(de)含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分布、工藝控制等(deng)。下(xia)面(mian)分別從以上幾個方面(mian)對(dui)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制性(xing)能(neng)進(jin)行分析。

1、熔化方式對(dui)S等(deng)雜質的影響

連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)生(sheng)產銅(tong)桿主(zhu)要是通過(guo)氣體的燃燒(shao)(shao)使銅(tong)桿熔化(hua)，在燃燒(shao)(shao)的過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，通過(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)和揮發作用，可一定程(cheng)度減少部分雜質進(jin)入銅(tong)液(ye)，因此連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法對(dui)原料(liao)要求相對(dui)低一些。上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄生(sheng)產無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，由(you)于(yu)是用感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)爐熔化(hua)，電(dian)(dian)解銅(tong)表(biao)面的“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆”基本都(dou)熔入到銅(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔入的S對(dui)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿塑(su)性影響(xiang)極(ji)大(da)，會增加拉(la)絲斷線率。

2、鑄造過程(cheng)中雜(za)質的進(jin)入

在生產過程中，連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)工(gong)藝需通過保溫爐、溜(liu)槽、中間包轉運銅液(ye)，相對(dui)(dui)容易造(zao)成耐(nai)(nai)火材(cai)料的(de)剝落，在軋(ya)制過程中需要通過軋(ya)輥，造(zao)成鐵質的(de)脫(tuo)落，會(hui)給銅桿(gan)造(zao)成外(wai)部(bu)夾雜。而熱軋(ya)中皮(pi)上和皮(pi)下氧(yang)化物的(de)軋(ya)入，會(hui)給低氧(yang)桿(gan)的(de)拉絲造(zao)成不利的(de)影響。上引連(lian)鑄法生產工(gong)藝流(liu)程較短，銅液(ye)是(shi)通過聯體爐內潛流(liu)式完成，對(dui)(dui)耐(nai)(nai)火材(cai)料的(de)沖擊不大(da)，結晶是(shi)通過石墨模內進行，所以過程中可能產生的(de)污染(ran)源較少，雜質進入的(de)機會(hui)較少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產化(hua)合物的元素。在(zai)熔態銅(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)可以(yi)(yi)溶(rong)解一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)幾乎不溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)中。熔態時所溶(rong)解的氧(yang)，以(yi)(yi)銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體析出(chu)，分布在(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體的出(chu)現，顯著降低了(le)銅(tong)(tong)的塑性。

硫(liu)可(ke)以(yi)溶解在(zai)熔(rong)體的銅(tong)中(zhong)，但(dan)在(zai)室溫下，其溶解度幾乎(hu)降(jiang)低到零，它以(yi)硫(liu)化亞銅(tong)的形式(shi)出現在(zai)晶粒晶界處，會(hui)顯著(zhu)降(jiang)低銅(tong)的塑(su)性。

3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中分布形式及(ji)其影響

氧含(han)量對低氧銅桿(gan)的(de)拉線性能有(you)著明(ming)顯的(de)影響。當氧含(han)量增加到最(zui)佳值(zhi)時(shi)，銅桿(gan)的(de)斷線率最(zui)低。這是因為氧在與大部(bu)分雜質反應(ying)的(de)過(guo)程中都(dou)起到了清(qing)除(chu)器的(de)作用。適度的(de)氧還有(you)利(li)于去除(chu)銅液中的(de)氫(qing)，生成(cheng)水蒸(zheng)氣(qi)溢出，減少氣(qi)孔的(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)佳的(de)氧含(han)量為拉線工(gong)藝提供了最(zui)好的(de)條件。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)的分布：在連續澆鑄(zhu)中(zhong)凝固的最初階(jie)段，散熱速率(lv)和均(jun)勻冷卻是決定銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)分布的主(zhu)要因素。不(bu)均(jun)勻冷卻會引(yin)起(qi)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)內部結(jie)構本質(zhi)上的差異，但后(hou)續的熱加工，柱狀晶通常會遭到破(po)壞，使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)顆(ke)(ke)粒細微化(hua)(hua)(hua)和均(jun)勻分布。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒聚集而產生的典型情況是中(zhong)心爆裂。除(chu)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒分布的影響外，具有較小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)粒的銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)顯示出較好的拉線特(te)性，較大的Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)粒容易造成應力集中(zhong)點而斷裂。

無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)(liang)超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿變脆(cui)，延伸率下(xia)降(jiang)，拉伸式(shi)樣端口顯暗紅色(se)，結晶組織疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)超(chao)出8ppm時，工(gong)(gong)藝性(xing)(xing)能(neng)變差(cha)，表現為鑄(zhu)造及(ji)拉伸過程中(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)(duan)桿及(ji)斷(duan)(duan)線率極(ji)具增高。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)相(xiang)，形成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網狀組織分布在(zai)境界上。這種脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)相(xiang)硬度高，在(zai)冷變形時將會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機(ji)體脫(tuo)離，導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)下(xia)降(jiang)，在(zai)后(hou)續(xu)加工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)容(rong)易(yi)造成斷(duan)(duan)裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)高還(huan)能(neng)導(dao)致無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿導(dao)電(dian)率下(xia)降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴格(ge)控制(zhi)上引連鑄(zhu)工(gong)(gong)藝及(ji)產(chan)品(pin)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在(zai)上引連鑄中，氧(yang)含量控制(zhi)較(jiao)低(di)，氧(yang)化物(wu)的副(fu)作用唄**降(jiang)低(di)，但(dan)氫的影(ying)響成為較(jiao)顯著的問(wen)題(ti)。吸氣后熔體中存在(zai)平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)體及疏松是在結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)，氫(qing)從過飽(bao)和的(de)(de)溶液中(zhong)析出(chu)并聚集而(er)形成的(de)(de)。在結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)前析出(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧化亞銅而(er)生成水氣(qi)泡(pao)。由于上引(yin)鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)特(te)點是銅液自上而(er)下的(de)(de)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)，形成的(de)(de)液**形狀近似錐型。銅液結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)前析出(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)體在上浮過程中(zhong)被(bei)堵(du)在凝固組織(zhi)內，結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)時(shi)在鑄桿(gan)內形成氣(qi)孔。上引(yin)的(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)量(liang)少時(shi)，析出(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)存在于晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界處，形成疏松；含(han)氣(qi)量(liang)多時(shi)，則聚集成氣(qi)孔，因(yin)此，氣(qi)孔和疏松是氫(qing)氣(qi)和水蒸氣(qi)兩者形成的(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過程中的(de)(de)各個工藝環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木炭**、氣候(hou)環(huan)(huan)境**、石墨結(jie)晶(jing)器未干(gan)燥等(deng)。因此，熔化(hua)爐(lu)中的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)表面應覆蓋經(jing)烘烤(kao)的(de)(de)木炭，電解銅(tong)(tong)應盡量去(qu)除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆(dou)”“耳朵”，對提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質量非常重(zhong)要。

在連鑄連軋工(gong)藝中，往往采用(yong)適度控(kong)(kong)制氧(yang)含量(liang)來控(kong)(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)液在(zai)鑄造過(guo)程中(zhong)是自下而上(shang)結晶，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的氧和氫(qing)所產生的水蒸氣很容易上(shang)浮跑出，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的氫(qing)大部分能(neng)被(bei)有效去除，因(yin)而對銅(tong)桿的影響(xiang)較小。

二、表面質量

在生產(chan)電磁線(xian)等產(chan)品(pin)的(de)過程中(zhong)，對銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)表(biao)面質(zhi)量也需提出要求(qiu)。需要拉(la)制后(hou)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)絲表(biao)面無毛刺、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉(fen)少(shao)、無油污。并通過扭轉試驗(yan)測量表(biao)面銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉(fen)的(de)質(zhi)量和扭轉后(hou)觀察銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)復(fu)原情況來判定(ding)其好壞。

在(zai)連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連軋(ya)(ya)過程中(zhong)，從鑄(zhu)(zhu)造到軋(ya)(ya)制前，溫度(du)高，完全暴露(lu)于空氣中(zhong)，使鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯表面形成(cheng)較(jiao)厚的(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制過程中(zhong)，隨(sui)著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)(de)(de)轉動，氧化(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入銅線表面。由于氧化(hua)亞銅是高熔點(dian)脆性化(hua)合(he)物(wu)(wu)，對于軋(ya)(ya)入較(jiao)深的(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)亞銅，當成(cheng)條狀的(de)(de)(de)聚集物(wu)(wu)遇模(mo)具(ju)拉伸時，就會是銅桿外表面產生毛刺，給(gei)后續的(de)(de)(de)涂漆造成(cheng)麻煩。

而上引連鑄(zhu)工(gong)藝(yi)制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)的無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和冷卻完全與(yu)氧(yang)隔絕，后續亦無熱軋(ya)過程，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)表面無軋(ya)入表面的氧(yang)化物，質量較(jiao)好，拉制(zhi)后銅(tong)(tong)粉少(shao)，上述(shu)問題(ti)較(jiao)少(shao)存在。

無氧銅桿也分進口設備(bei)做(zuo)的(de)(de)和國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)做(zuo)的(de)(de),但目(mu)前進口產(chan)品已無明顯優勢，銅桿產(chan)品出來后區別不是很大,只要銅板選(xuan)的(de)(de)好(hao),生(sheng)產(chan)控(kong)制(zhi)比較穩定,國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)也能產(chan)出可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)銅桿.進口設備(bei)一般是芬(fen)蘭(lan)奧托(tuo)昆普的(de)(de)設備(bei),國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)最好(hao)的(de)(de)應該是上(shang)海的(de)(de)海軍(jun)廠的(de)(de)了，生(sheng)產(chan)時間最長，軍(jun)工企業(ye)，質量可靠。

低氧銅(tong)桿進口(kou)設備(bei)國(guo)(guo)際(ji)主要(yao)有(you)兩(liang)種(zhong),一種(zhong)是美國(guo)(guo)南線(xian)設備(bei),英文是SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)(guo)內廠家(jia)是南京華新,江西銅(tong)業,另一種(zhong)是德國(guo)(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei),國(guo)(guo)內廠家(jia)是常州(zhou)金源(yuan),天津大無縫。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容易區別,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個PPM以下,但目前(qian)有的(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)做(zuo)到50個PPM以下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個PPM,好的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子一般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在(zai)250個PPM左(zuo)右,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一般采取的(de)(de)是上引法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是連鑄連軋,兩種產品相(xiang)對而(er)言(yan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆(qi)包線(xian)(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)更適應些,如柔軟性(xing),回(hui)彈角(jiao),繞線(xian)(xian)性(xing)能(neng).但低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉(la)(la)絲條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)相(xiang)對要苛刻些,同(tong)樣(yang)拉(la)(la)伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)細絲,如果伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)不(bu)好,普通(tong)的(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)(la)而(er)好的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷(duan) 線(xian)(xian),但如果放在(zai)好的(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian),同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就(jiu)能(neng)拉(la)(la)到雙(shuang)零五,而(er)普通(tong)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只能(neng)拉(la)(la)伸(shen)(shen)到0.1而(er)已,當然(ran)做(zuo)的(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)如雙(shuang)零二卻非得依靠進(jin)口的(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目前(qian)有企業嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)方式(shi)來處(chu)理(li)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian).但有關(guan)這方面的(de)(de)內容我還不(bu)是很清楚。

音響線一般反而喜歡用無氧桿(gan),這和無氧桿(gan)是單晶(jing)銅(tong),低氧桿(gan)是多晶(jing)銅(tong)有(you)關。

氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)由于制造方法的(de)(de)不同，致使存在差別，具(ju)有各(ge)自的(de)(de)特點。

一、關于氧(yang)的(de)(de)吸入和脫去以及它的(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)狀態

生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫(wen)下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶(rong)度約(yue)2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)態下(xia)吸(xi)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而上引法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液(ye)(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相當時間后(hou)，被還原而脫去，通常(chang)(chang)這種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)，最低可達1-2ppm，從(cong)組織上看，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界(jie)附近，這對(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)而言(yan)可以(yi)說是常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)很少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜(za)形式(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界(jie)出(chu)現對(dui)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產生(sheng)負(fu)面(mian)影響。而無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低，所(suo)以(yi)這種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織是均(jun)勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)相組織對(dui)韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔性(xing)是不(bu)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中則(ze)是常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)缺陷(xian)。

二、熱軋組織(zhi)和(he)鑄造組織(zhi)的區別

低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿由于經過熱(re)軋，所以其組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬熱(re)加工組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經破碎(sui)，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿時(shi)已有再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)出現(xian)，而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿屬鑄(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)粗大，這是(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么(me)，無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)溫度較(jiao)高(gao)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火溫度的(de)(de)固有原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)。這是(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)發生(sheng)在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)邊界(jie)附近(jin)，無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)粗大，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)尺寸(cun)甚(shen)至(zhi)能達幾(ji)個(ge)毫(hao)米，因(yin)(yin)而(er)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)邊界(jie)少，即使通過拉(la)制(zhi)變形(xing)，但晶(jing)粒(li)(li)(li)邊界(jie)相對(dui)低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿還是(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少，所以需(xu)要(yao)(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火功(gong)(gong)率。對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成功(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火要(yao)(yao)求是(shi)(shi)：由桿經拉(la)制(zhi)，但尚(shang)未鑄(zhu)造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)第一次退(tui)(tui)(tui)火，其退(tui)(tui)(tui)火功(gong)(gong)率應比(bi)同(tong)樣情況的(de)(de)低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經繼續拉(la)制(zhi)，在(zai)以后(hou)階段的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火功(gong)(gong)率應留有足夠的(de)(de)余量和(he)對(dui)低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切(qie)實區別執行不同(tong)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火工藝，以保證(zheng)在(zai)制(zhi)品(pin)和(he)成品(pin)導線的(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾雜，氧(yang)含量波動，表面氧(yang)化物和可能存在的熱軋(ya)缺陷的差別

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)拉性在(zai)所有(you)(you)線(xian)徑里(li)與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)相(xiang)比都是優越(yue)的(de)(de)，除上(shang)述(shu)組織原因(yin)(yin)外，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少(shao)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩定，無(wu)熱軋(ya)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)產(chan)生的(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)厚度可(ke)(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)生產(chan)過程中如果(guo)工藝不(bu)穩定，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監控(kong)不(bu)嚴，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)不(bu)穩定將直(zhi)接(jie)影響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)。如果(guo)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)后工序的(de)(de)連續清洗中得(de)以(yi)彌補外，但比較麻煩的(de)(de)是有(you)(you)相(xiang)當多的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)存(cun)在(zai)于“皮(pi)下”，對拉線(xian)斷線(xian)影響更直(zhi)接(jie)，故而在(zai)拉制微細線(xian)，超(chao)微細線(xian)時，為了減(jian)少(shao)斷線(xian)，有(you)(you)時要(yao)對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)采取不(bu)得(de)已(yi)的(de)(de)辦法——剝(bo)皮(pi)，甚至二次剝(bo)皮(pi)的(de)(de)原因(yin)(yin)所在(zai)，目的(de)(de)要(yao)除去(qu)皮(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)。

四(si)、低氧銅桿(gan)和無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)的(de)韌性有差別

兩者(zhe)都可以(yi)拉到0.015mm，但(dan)在低溫超導線(xian)中的(de)低溫級無氧銅，其細(xi)絲(si)間(jian)(jian)的(de)間(jian)(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原(yuan)材料到(dao)制線的經濟性有差別(bie)。

制(zhi)造無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)要(yao)求質量較高的(de)(de)原(yuan)材料。一般，拉制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)線(xian)(xian)時(shi)，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)優點比較明顯，而無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯得更為優越(yue)的(de)(de)是拉制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)線(xian)(xian)。

六(liu)、低(di)氧(yang)銅桿的制線(xian)工藝與(yu)無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿的有所不同。

低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝不能(neng)照搬到無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝上(shang)來，至少兩者的(de)退火(huo)工(gong)藝是不同的(de)。因(yin)為線(xian)的(de)柔軟性深受材料成(cheng)份和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)和(he)退火(huo)工(gong)藝的(de)影(ying)響，不能(neng)簡單地說(shuo)低氧銅(tong)或無(wu)氧銅(tong)誰軟誰硬。