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導讀：由于生產(chan)(chan)銅桿的(de)兩者的(de)工藝不同，所(suo)生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅桿中(zhong)的(de)含(han)(han)(han)氧量(liang)及外(wai)觀就不同。上引生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅桿，工藝得(de)當氧含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)在10ppm以(yi)下，叫無氧銅桿；連鑄連鑄生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅桿 是(shi)在保護條件(jian)下的(de)熱軋(ya)，氧含(han)(han)(han)量(liang)在200-500ppm范(fan)圍內，但有時也(ye)高達700ppm以(yi)上，一般情況下，此種方法生產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅外(wai)表光亮，低(di)氧銅桿，有時也(ye)叫光桿。

銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿是電纜行(xing)(xing)業的(de)主要原料，生產(chan)的(de)方式(shi)主要有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法和(he)上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)生產(chan)方法較(jiao)多，其特點是金(jin)屬在(zai)豎爐中融(rong)化(hua)(hua)后(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液通過保(bao)溫爐、溜槽、中間包，從澆管進(jin)入封(feng)閉的(de)模腔(qiang)內(nei)，采用較(jiao)大(da)的(de)冷卻強度進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷卻，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然(ran)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)多道次軋(ya)制(zhi)，生產(chan)的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)(wei)熱加(jia)工組織(zhi)，原來的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組織(zhi)已經破碎，含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般為(wei)(wei)200~400ppm之(zhi)間。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿國內(nei)基(ji)本全(quan)部采用上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法生產(chan)，金(jin)屬在(zai)感應電爐中融(rong)化(hua)(hua)后(hou)通過石墨模進(jin)行(xing)(xing)上引連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造，之(zhi)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷軋(ya)或冷加(jia)工，生產(chan)的(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組織(zhi)，含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)20ppm以(yi)下。由(you)于(yu)制(zhi)造工藝(yi)的(de)不同(tong)，所以(yi)在(zai)組織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)分布(bu)、雜質的(de)形式(shi)及分布(bu)等諸多方面有(you)較(jiao)大(da)差(cha)別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的拉制(zhi)性(xing)能跟(gen)很多因(yin)素有關，如雜質的含量(liang)、氧含量(liang)及分布、工藝控(kong)制(zhi)等。下面(mian)(mian)分別從以上(shang)幾(ji)個方(fang)面(mian)(mian)對銅桿的拉制(zhi)性(xing)能進行(xing)分析。

1、熔化方式對S等雜質的影響

連鑄(zhu)連軋生產(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)主(zhu)要是(shi)通過(guo)氣體的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)燒使銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)熔(rong)化(hua)，在燃(ran)燒的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，通過(guo)氧化(hua)和揮發作用，可(ke)一(yi)定(ding)程(cheng)度減(jian)少部分(fen)雜質進入銅(tong)液，因此連鑄(zhu)連軋法對(dui)(dui)原料要求(qiu)相對(dui)(dui)低一(yi)些。上引連鑄(zhu)生產(chan)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，由(you)于(yu)是(shi)用感(gan)應電(dian)爐熔(rong)化(hua)，電(dian)解銅(tong)表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆”基本(ben)都(dou)熔(rong)入到銅(tong)液中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔(rong)入的(de)(de)(de)S對(dui)(dui)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)塑性(xing)影響極(ji)大(da)，會增加拉絲斷線率。

2、鑄造(zao)過程中雜質的(de)進入

在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)工藝(yi)需(xu)通過(guo)保溫(wen)爐、溜槽(cao)、中(zhong)間包轉(zhuan)運銅液，相對(dui)容易造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火(huo)材(cai)(cai)料的(de)剝落(luo)，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)制過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)需(xu)要通過(guo)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)鐵質的(de)脫落(luo)，會給銅桿造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱軋(ya)(ya)(ya)中(zhong)皮上(shang)和皮下氧化物的(de)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)入，會給低氧桿的(de)拉絲造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)不利(li)的(de)影(ying)響。上(shang)引連(lian)鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)工藝(yi)流程(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)短，銅液是通過(guo)聯體爐內潛流式(shi)完成(cheng)，對(dui)耐(nai)火(huo)材(cai)(cai)料的(de)沖擊不大，結(jie)晶是通過(guo)石墨模內進(jin)行(xing)，所以過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)可能產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)污染源較(jiao)少，雜質進(jin)入的(de)機會較(jiao)少。

O、S、P是與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)會生(sheng)產化(hua)合(he)物的元(yuan)素。在熔(rong)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)可以溶解一部分(fen)，但(dan)當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冷(leng)凝時(shi)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)幾(ji)乎(hu)不溶解于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中。熔(rong)態(tai)時(shi)所溶解的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體析出(chu)，分(fen)布在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體的出(chu)現，顯(xian)著降低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的塑性。

硫可以溶(rong)解在(zai)熔體的(de)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，但在(zai)室溫下，其溶(rong)解度幾乎降低到(dao)零，它以硫化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)形式出現在(zai)晶粒(li)晶界處，會顯著降低銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。

3、氧在低氧銅(tong)桿和(he)無氧銅(tong)桿中分布形式(shi)及其影響(xiang)

氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)拉線性(xing)能(neng)有著明顯(xian)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量增(zeng)加到最(zui)(zui)佳值時，銅桿的(de)(de)斷(duan)線率最(zui)(zui)低。這是因為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在與大部分雜質反(fan)應的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)都起到了清除器(qi)的(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)還有利于去除銅液中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫，生成水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣溢(yi)出(chu)，減少氣孔的(de)(de)形(xing)成。最(zui)(zui)佳的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量為(wei)拉線工藝提供了最(zui)(zui)好的(de)(de)條(tiao)件。

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在連續澆鑄中凝固(gu)的(de)最初(chu)階段，散熱速率(lv)和(he)(he)均(jun)勻(yun)冷(leng)卻是決定銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)主要(yao)因素。不(bu)均(jun)勻(yun)冷(leng)卻會引起銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)內部結構本(ben)質上(shang)的(de)差異，但后續的(de)熱加(jia)工，柱狀晶(jing)通常會遭(zao)到破(po)壞，使(shi)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)顆(ke)粒(li)細微化和(he)(he)均(jun)勻(yun)分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)聚集(ji)而產生的(de)典型情況是中心爆裂(lie)。除氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)影(ying)響外，具有(you)較(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯示出較(jiao)好的(de)拉線特性，較(jiao)大的(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)容(rong)易造(zao)成應力集(ji)中點(dian)而斷(duan)裂(lie)。

無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)氧量(liang)(liang)超標(biao)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)脆(cui)，延伸(shen)率(lv)(lv)下降，拉(la)(la)伸(shen)式樣(yang)端(duan)口顯暗紅色，結晶組織疏松(song)。當氧含(han)量(liang)(liang)超出8ppm時，工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)變(bian)差，表現為鑄(zhu)造及拉(la)(la)伸(shen)過程中(zhong)斷桿及斷線率(lv)(lv)極具增高。這(zhe)是(shi)由(you)于氧能(neng)(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)，形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體，以(yi)網狀組織分布在境(jing)界(jie)上。這(zhe)種脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)相(xiang)(xiang)硬(ying)度高，在冷變(bian)形(xing)時將會與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機體脫離(li)，導(dao)致(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的機械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)下降，在后(hou)續(xu)加工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)容易造成斷裂(lie)現象(xiang)。氧含(han)量(liang)(liang)高還能(neng)(neng)導(dao)致(zhi)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿導(dao)電率(lv)(lv)下降。因此，必(bi)須嚴格控制上引(yin)連鑄(zhu)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)及產(chan)品質量(liang)(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上(shang)引連鑄中，氧含(han)量控制較低(di)，氧化物的副(fu)作用唄**降低(di)，但氫的影響成為較顯著的問題。吸氣后熔體中存在平(ping)衡(heng)反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體及疏松是在(zai)(zai)結晶的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中，氫從過(guo)飽和(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)中析(xi)出(chu)并(bing)聚集而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)結晶前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫又可還原(yuan)氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)而(er)生成(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)。由于上(shang)引(yin)鑄造的(de)(de)(de)特點是銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)自(zi)上(shang)而(er)下的(de)(de)(de)結晶，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)**形(xing)狀近似錐(zhui)型。銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)結晶前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上(shang)浮(fu)過(guo)程中被(bei)堵在(zai)(zai)凝(ning)固組織內(nei)，結晶時在(zai)(zai)鑄桿內(nei)形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)引(yin)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)少時，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫存在(zai)(zai)于晶界處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏松；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)多(duo)時，則聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因此(ci)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和(he)(he)疏松是氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過程中(zhong)的各個(ge)工藝環節，如原料(liao)電解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)的“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料(liao)木炭**、氣候環境**、石墨結晶器未(wei)干燥等(deng)。因此，熔(rong)化爐(lu)中(zhong)的銅(tong)液表(biao)面應覆蓋經烘烤的木炭，電解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)應盡量去除“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)豆(dou)”“耳朵”，對(dui)提高(gao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿質量非(fei)常重要。

在連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋工藝(yi)中，往往采(cai)用適(shi)度控(kong)制氧含量來(lai)控(kong)制氫(qing)。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)液(ye)在(zai)鑄造(zao)過程中(zhong)是(shi)自(zi)下而(er)上(shang)結晶(jing)，銅(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)氧和(he)氫所產生的(de)水蒸氣很容易上(shang)浮跑出，銅(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)氫大部分能被有效去除，因而(er)對銅(tong)桿的(de)影響(xiang)較(jiao)小(xiao)。

二、表面質量

在生(sheng)產(chan)電(dian)磁線等產(chan)品的(de)(de)過(guo)程中，對銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)表(biao)面質量(liang)(liang)(liang)也需提出(chu)要(yao)求。需要(yao)拉制后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)銅絲表(biao)面無(wu)毛刺、銅粉少(shao)、無(wu)油污。并通過(guo)扭轉(zhuan)試(shi)驗測量(liang)(liang)(liang)表(biao)面銅粉的(de)(de)質量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)扭轉(zhuan)后(hou)(hou)觀(guan)察銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)復原(yuan)情況來判定其好壞。

在連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)中，從鑄(zhu)造(zao)到軋(ya)制前，溫度(du)高(gao)，完(wan)全暴露于(yu)空氣(qi)中，使鑄(zhu)坯(pi)表(biao)面(mian)形(xing)成(cheng)較厚的(de)氧(yang)化層(ceng)，在軋(ya)制過(guo)程(cheng)中，隨(sui)著軋(ya)輥的(de)轉動(dong)，氧(yang)化物顆粒軋(ya)入銅(tong)線表(biao)面(mian)。由于(yu)氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)是高(gao)熔(rong)點(dian)脆性化合物，對于(yu)軋(ya)入較深的(de)氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)，當成(cheng)條狀的(de)聚集物遇模具拉(la)伸時，就會是銅(tong)桿外表(biao)面(mian)產生(sheng)毛刺，給后續的(de)涂漆造(zao)成(cheng)麻煩。

而(er)上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)工藝制造的(de)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，由于鑄(zhu)造和冷卻完全與氧隔(ge)絕，后(hou)續亦(yi)無熱軋過程，銅(tong)桿(gan)表面無軋入(ru)表面的(de)氧化物，質量較(jiao)好，拉制后(hou)銅(tong)粉少(shao)，上述問題較(jiao)少(shao)存在。

無氧銅(tong)桿也(ye)分(fen)進(jin)口(kou)(kou)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的和(he)國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的,但目(mu)前進(jin)口(kou)(kou)產(chan)(chan)品已(yi)無明(ming)顯優勢，銅(tong)桿產(chan)(chan)品出(chu)來后區別(bie)不是很大,只要銅(tong)板(ban)選的好,生產(chan)(chan)控制(zhi)比較穩定,國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)也(ye)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)出(chu)可(ke)拉(la)伸(shen)0.05的銅(tong)桿.進(jin)口(kou)(kou)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)一般(ban)是芬(fen)蘭奧托昆普(pu)的設備(bei)(bei)(bei),國產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)(bei)最(zui)好的應(ying)該是上海的海軍(jun)廠的了，生產(chan)(chan)時間(jian)最(zui)長，軍(jun)工企業(ye)，質(zhi)量可(ke)靠。

低(di)氧銅桿進(jin)口設備國(guo)(guo)際主(zhu)要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)美國(guo)(guo)南線設備,英文(wen)是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)(guo)內(nei)廠家(jia)是(shi)南京華(hua)新,江(jiang)西銅業(ye),另一種(zhong)是(shi)德國(guo)(guo)CONTIROD設備,國(guo)(guo)內(nei)廠家(jia)是(shi)常州(zhou)金源(yuan),天津大無縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容易(yi)區別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在10-20個(ge)PPM以(yi)下(xia),但(dan)(dan)目前有的(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能(neng)做到50個(ge)PPM以(yi)下(xia).低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)在 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)桿(gan)子一般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在250個(ge)PPM左右(you),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一般采取(qu)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)上引法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)(shi)連鑄連軋(ya),兩種產品相對而(er)(er)(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對漆(qi)包線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)更適應些,如(ru)柔軟性(xing),回彈角,繞線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)能(neng).但(dan)(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對拉(la)(la)絲(si)(si)條件(jian)相對要苛刻些,同(tong)樣(yang)拉(la)(la)伸0.2的(de)(de)細絲(si)(si),如(ru)果伸線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條件(jian)不好(hao),普通(tong)的(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可拉(la)(la)而(er)(er)(er)好(hao)的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就斷 線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),但(dan)(dan)如(ru)果放在好(hao)的(de)(de)伸線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條件(jian),同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)桿(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說(shuo)不定就能(neng)拉(la)(la)到雙零五,而(er)(er)(er)普通(tong)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最多(duo)只(zhi)能(neng)拉(la)(la)伸到0.1而(er)(er)(er)已(yi),當然做的(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻(que)非(fei)得依靠(kao)進口的(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)了.目前有企業(ye)嘗(chang)試用剝皮的(de)(de)方式來(lai)處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來(lai)伸0.03線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian).但(dan)(dan)有關這方面的(de)(de)內容我還不是(shi)(shi)很(hen)清楚。

音響線一般反而喜歡(huan)用無(wu)氧桿,這和無(wu)氧桿是單(dan)晶(jing)銅(tong),低氧桿是多晶(jing)銅(tong)有關(guan)。

氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)由(you)于制造方法的不同，致(zhi)使存在差(cha)別，具有(you)各自的特點。

一、關(guan)于氧(yang)的吸(xi)入和脫去以及它的存(cun)在狀態

生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約(yue)2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此(ci)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入(ru)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液態(tai)下(xia)吸入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上引(yin)法(fa)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相當時間后，被還原而(er)脫去，通常(chang)(chang)這種桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以下(xia)，最低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織上看(kan)，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界附近(jin)，這對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而(er)言可以說是常(chang)(chang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)很(hen)(hen)少見(jian)(jian)(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以夾雜(za)形(xing)式在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界出現對(dui)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)產生(sheng)負面影(ying)響。而(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)(hen)低(di)，所(suo)以這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織是均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)單相組織對(dui)韌(ren)(ren)性(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔性(xing)是不常(chang)(chang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)則(ze)是常(chang)(chang)見(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種缺陷。

二、熱軋(ya)組織(zhi)和鑄造組織(zhi)的區別

低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于經(jing)過熱(re)(re)軋，所(suo)以其(qi)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)屬熱(re)(re)加工(gong)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經(jing)破(po)碎(sui)，在8mm的(de)(de)桿(gan)時(shi)已(yi)有(you)再結晶(jing)的(de)(de)形(xing)式出(chu)現(xian)，而無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大，這(zhe)是(shi)為(wei)什(shen)么，無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再結晶(jing)溫(wen)(wen)度較(jiao)高(gao)，需要(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)退火溫(wen)(wen)度的(de)(de)固有(you)原因。這(zhe)是(shi)因為(wei)，再結晶(jing)發生(sheng)在晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界(jie)附近，無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)尺(chi)寸甚至(zhi)能達幾個毫米，因而晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界(jie)少，即使(shi)通過拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)變形(xing)，但晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界(jie)相對低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是(shi)較(jiao)少，所(suo)以需要(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)退火功率。對無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成功的(de)(de)退火要(yao)求是(shi)：由桿(gan)經(jing)拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)，但尚未(wei)鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)線(xian)時(shi)的(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)次退火，其(qi)退火功率應(ying)比(bi)同樣情況的(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼(ji)續拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)，在以后階段(duan)的(de)(de)退火功率應(ying)留(liu)有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)余量和(he)對低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)切(qie)實區(qu)別(bie)執行不(bu)同的(de)(de)退火工(gong)藝，以保證在制(zhi)(zhi)品和(he)成品導線(xian)的(de)(de)柔(rou)軟性。

三、夾(jia)雜，氧含量波動，表面(mian)氧化物和可能存在(zai)的(de)熱軋缺陷的(de)差(cha)別

無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)可(ke)拉性在(zai)(zai)所有線(xian)(xian)徑(jing)里(li)與(yu)低(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)相(xiang)比(bi)都(dou)是優越的(de)(de)，除上述組織原(yuan)因外(wai)，無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)夾雜少，含氧(yang)量穩定，無(wu)熱(re)軋(ya)可(ke)能產(chan)生的(de)(de)缺陷(xian)，桿(gan)表氧(yang)化(hua)物厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)生產(chan)過(guo)程中如(ru)果工藝不(bu)穩定，對(dui)氧(yang)監控不(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)量不(bu)穩定將直接影(ying)響(xiang)桿(gan)的(de)(de)性能。如(ru)果桿(gan)的(de)(de)表面(mian)氧(yang)化(hua)物能在(zai)(zai)后工序的(de)(de)連續清(qing)洗中得以彌補外(wai)，但比(bi)較麻煩的(de)(de)是有相(xiang)當多的(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)物存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)“皮下”，對(dui)拉線(xian)(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)影(ying)響(xiang)更直接，故而(er)在(zai)(zai)拉制微細(xi)線(xian)(xian)，超微細(xi)線(xian)(xian)時(shi)，為(wei)了減少斷(duan)線(xian)(xian)，有時(shi)要(yao)對(dui)銅桿(gan)采取不(bu)得已的(de)(de)辦法——剝(bo)皮，甚至二次剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)原(yuan)因所在(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)要(yao)除去皮下氧(yang)化(hua)物。

四、低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)和無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)韌性(xing)有差(cha)別

兩者都可(ke)以拉到0.015mm，但在低(di)溫超導線(xian)中的低(di)溫級無氧銅，其(qi)細絲(si)間的間距(ju)只有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原材料到(dao)制線的經濟(ji)性有差(cha)別(bie)。

制造(zao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿要求質(zhi)量較高的(de)(de)原材料(liao)。一般(ban)，拉制直徑>1mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)線時，低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)優(you)點比較明(ming)顯，而無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿顯得(de)更為優(you)越的(de)(de)是拉制直徑<0.5mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)線。

六、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)制(zhi)線工藝與無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)有(you)所不(bu)同。

低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)制線(xian)工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能照搬到無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)制線(xian)工(gong)藝(yi)上來，至少兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)退(tui)火工(gong)藝(yi)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)。因(yin)為線(xian)的(de)(de)柔軟性深(shen)受材料成份和(he)制桿(gan)，制線(xian)和(he)退(tui)火工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)影響，不(bu)(bu)(bu)能簡單地說低氧(yang)銅或無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅誰(shui)軟誰(shui)硬。