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導讀：由于生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)不同(tong)，所生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量及外(wai)觀就不同(tong)。上引生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，工(gong)藝(yi)得當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)含量在(zai)10ppm以(yi)下，叫無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿 是在(zai)保護條件(jian)下的(de)(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)含量在(zai)200-500ppm范(fan)圍內，但有時(shi)(shi)也高達700ppm以(yi)上，一(yi)般(ban)情況下，此(ci)種方(fang)法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)外(wai)表(biao)光亮，低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，有時(shi)(shi)也叫光桿。

銅(tong)桿(gan)是電纜(lan)行業的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)原(yuan)料，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式主要(yao)有兩種——連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋法(fa)和上引(yin)連(lian)鑄法(fa)。連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較多，其(qi)特點是金屬在(zai)(zai)豎爐(lu)中(zhong)融化(hua)后(hou)，銅(tong)液通過(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間(jian)包，從澆管進(jin)(jin)入封(feng)閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模腔內(nei)，采用(yong)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻強度進(jin)(jin)行冷(leng)卻，形成鑄坯，然(ran)后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行多道次軋制(zhi)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)熱加工(gong)組(zu)織，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)(zao)組(zu)織已經(jing)破碎，含(han)氧量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)為(wei)200~400ppm之間(jian)。無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)國內(nei)基(ji)本全部采用(yong)上引(yin)連(lian)鑄法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)，金屬在(zai)(zai)感應電爐(lu)中(zhong)融化(hua)后(hou)通過(guo)石墨模進(jin)(jin)行上引(yin)連(lian)續鑄造(zao)(zao)，之后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行冷(leng)軋或冷(leng)加工(gong)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)鑄造(zao)(zao)組(zu)織，含(han)氧量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)20ppm以下(xia)。由于制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)，所以在(zai)(zai)組(zu)織結構、氧含(han)量(liang)(liang)分(fen)布(bu)、雜(za)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式及分(fen)布(bu)等諸多方(fang)面有較大差(cha)別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的(de)拉制性(xing)能(neng)跟很多因素有關，如雜質的(de)含(han)量、氧(yang)含(han)量及分布(bu)、工藝控制等。下面(mian)分別從以上幾個方面(mian)對(dui)銅桿的(de)拉制性(xing)能(neng)進(jin)行分析。

1、熔化方(fang)式對S等(deng)雜質的影響(xiang)

連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿主要是(shi)通過(guo)氣(qi)體的(de)(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿熔化，在燃燒的(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，通過(guo)氧化和揮發作(zuo)用，可一定(ding)程度減(jian)少(shao)部分雜質進入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)，因此連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋法對原料要求相對低一些。上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄生產無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，由于是(shi)用感應電爐(lu)熔化，電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔入到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔入的(de)(de)S對無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿塑性影響極大，會增加拉絲斷線(xian)率。

2、鑄造過程中雜質的進入

在生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程中，連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)需(xu)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)保溫爐、溜(liu)槽、中間包轉(zhuan)運銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液，相(xiang)對容(rong)易造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)耐火(huo)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剝落，在軋(ya)制過(guo)(guo)程中需(xu)要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)軋(ya)輥，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)鐵質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脫落，會(hui)給銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)外部夾雜(za)。而(er)熱(re)軋(ya)中皮(pi)上和(he)皮(pi)下氧化物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軋(ya)入(ru)(ru)，會(hui)給低氧桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉絲造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。上引連(lian)鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)流程較(jiao)短，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)聯體(ti)爐內(nei)潛流式完成(cheng)(cheng)，對耐火(huo)材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖(chong)擊不(bu)大，結晶是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)石墨模內(nei)進(jin)行，所(suo)以過(guo)(guo)程中可能產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)污染源較(jiao)少，雜(za)質進(jin)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會(hui)較(jiao)少。

O、S、P是(shi)與銅(tong)(tong)會生產化合物的(de)(de)元(yuan)素(su)。在熔(rong)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)中，氧(yang)可以溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)一部分，但(dan)當(dang)銅(tong)(tong)冷凝(ning)時，氧(yang)幾乎不溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)中。熔(rong)態(tai)時所(suo)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)的(de)(de)氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)(jing)體析出，分布在晶(jing)(jing)粒晶(jing)(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)(jing)體的(de)(de)出現，顯著降(jiang)低(di)了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。

硫(liu)可以溶(rong)解在(zai)熔(rong)體的(de)銅中，但在(zai)室溫下(xia)，其溶(rong)解度幾乎降(jiang)低(di)到零，它以硫(liu)化亞(ya)銅的(de)形(xing)式出現在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處，會顯著降(jiang)低(di)銅的(de)塑(su)性。

3、氧在低(di)氧銅桿和無氧銅桿中分布形式(shi)及(ji)其影響

氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的拉線性(xing)能(neng)有著明顯的影響。當氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)增(zeng)加到最佳值時，銅(tong)桿的斷線率最低(di)。這是(shi)因為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)與大部分雜質反應的過程中(zhong)都起到了清除器的作用。適度的氧(yang)(yang)還有利于去除銅(tong)液中(zhong)的氫，生成水蒸氣(qi)溢(yi)出，減少氣(qi)孔的形成。最佳的氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)為(wei)拉線工藝提供了最好的條件。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)分(fen)布：在連續澆(jiao)鑄中(zhong)凝固的(de)最初階段，散熱速(su)率和均勻冷卻是決定銅(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)分(fen)布的(de)主要因素(su)。不均勻冷卻會(hui)引(yin)起銅(tong)桿(gan)內部結構本(ben)質上的(de)差異，但(dan)后(hou)續的(de)熱加(jia)工，柱狀晶通(tong)常會(hui)遭到破(po)壞，使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)顆粒(li)細微化(hua)(hua)和均勻分(fen)布。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)聚集而產生的(de)典型情況(kuang)是中(zhong)心爆(bao)裂。除氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)分(fen)布的(de)影響(xiang)外，具有(you)較(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)的(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯示出較(jiao)好的(de)拉(la)線特性(xing)，較(jiao)大(da)的(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)容易造成應力集中(zhong)點(dian)而斷裂。

無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)超標，銅(tong)桿(gan)變脆，延(yan)伸(shen)率(lv)下降(jiang)，拉伸(shen)式樣端口顯暗紅色，結晶組(zu)織疏松。當(dang)氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)超出8ppm時，工藝性(xing)(xing)能變差，表現為鑄造(zao)及拉伸(shen)過(guo)程中(zhong)斷桿(gan)及斷線(xian)率(lv)極具增高(gao)。這(zhe)是由于氧(yang)能與銅(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)脆性(xing)(xing)相，形成(cheng)銅(tong)-氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)共晶體(ti)，以網狀(zhuang)組(zu)織分布(bu)在境(jing)界(jie)上(shang)。這(zhe)種脆性(xing)(xing)相硬度高(gao)，在冷變形時將會與銅(tong)機體(ti)脫離，導致銅(tong)桿(gan)的機械性(xing)(xing)能下降(jiang)，在后(hou)續加工中(zhong)容易造(zao)成(cheng)斷裂現象。氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)高(gao)還能導致無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)導電率(lv)下降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴格(ge)控(kong)制上(shang)引連鑄工藝及產(chan)品質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧(yang)含量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)較低，氧(yang)化物(wu)的副作用唄**降低，但(dan)氫的影響成為較顯著的問題。吸氣后熔體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體及疏(shu)松(song)是在(zai)結(jie)(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，氫(qing)從過飽和(he)的(de)(de)溶液中(zhong)析出(chu)并聚集而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)。在(zai)結(jie)(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前(qian)析出(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧化亞銅(tong)而(er)生(sheng)成(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上引鑄造的(de)(de)特(te)點是銅(tong)液自(zi)上而(er)下的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)液**形(xing)狀近似(si)錐(zhui)型。銅(tong)液結(jie)(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前(qian)析出(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體在(zai)上浮過程(cheng)中(zhong)被堵(du)在(zai)凝固組織內，結(jie)(jie)(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時(shi)在(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔。上引的(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量少時(shi)，析出(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)存(cun)在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)(jing)界處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量多時(shi)，則聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)孔和(he)疏(shu)松(song)是氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和(he)水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過程中的(de)(de)各(ge)個(ge)工藝環節，如(ru)原(yuan)料電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔(fu)料木(mu)炭(tan)**、氣候環境(jing)**、石墨結晶器未干燥(zao)等。因此，熔化爐中的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)液表面應覆蓋經烘烤的(de)(de)木(mu)炭(tan)，電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)應盡量(liang)去(qu)除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿質量(liang)非常重要。

在連鑄連軋工藝中，往往采用(yong)適度(du)控制(zhi)氧含量(liang)來(lai)控制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)液(ye)在鑄(zhu)造過程中是自下而上(shang)結晶，銅(tong)液(ye)中的氧和(he)氫所產(chan)生的水蒸氣很容易上(shang)浮跑出，銅(tong)液(ye)中的氫大(da)部分能被有效去除，因而對銅(tong)桿的影響較小(xiao)。

二、表面質量

在生(sheng)產(chan)電(dian)磁(ci)線等產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，對銅桿的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)質量也(ye)需提出(chu)要求。需要拉制后的(de)(de)(de)銅絲表面(mian)(mian)無毛刺、銅粉少(shao)、無油(you)污。并(bing)通過扭轉試驗測量表面(mian)(mian)銅粉的(de)(de)(de)質量和扭轉后觀察銅桿的(de)(de)(de)復原(yuan)情況(kuang)來判定其(qi)好(hao)壞。

在連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)過程中，從鑄(zhu)(zhu)造到軋(ya)制前，溫度高，完全(quan)暴露(lu)于(yu)空氣中，使鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯表面(mian)(mian)形成(cheng)較(jiao)厚的(de)(de)氧化(hua)層，在軋(ya)制過程中，隨著軋(ya)輥的(de)(de)轉動，氧化(hua)物顆粒軋(ya)入銅線表面(mian)(mian)。由于(yu)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅是高熔點脆性化(hua)合(he)物，對于(yu)軋(ya)入較(jiao)深的(de)(de)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅，當成(cheng)條狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)聚集物遇模具拉伸時，就會是銅桿(gan)外表面(mian)(mian)產生毛刺，給(gei)后續的(de)(de)涂(tu)漆造成(cheng)麻煩。

而(er)上引(yin)連鑄(zhu)工(gong)藝制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)的(de)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，由(you)于鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和冷卻完全(quan)與氧(yang)隔絕，后續亦無熱軋(ya)過程，銅(tong)桿表面無軋(ya)入表面的(de)氧(yang)化物，質(zhi)量較好，拉(la)制(zhi)后銅(tong)粉少(shao)，上述(shu)問題較少(shao)存在(zai)。

無氧銅(tong)桿也(ye)分進口(kou)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的(de)和(he)國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)做的(de),但(dan)目前進口(kou)產(chan)(chan)品已無明顯(xian)優勢，銅(tong)桿產(chan)(chan)品出來后區別不(bu)是很大,只要銅(tong)板選的(de)好(hao),生產(chan)(chan)控制比(bi)較穩(wen)定(ding),國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)也(ye)能產(chan)(chan)出可拉伸(shen)0.05的(de)銅(tong)桿.進口(kou)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)一般是芬(fen)蘭奧托(tuo)昆普的(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei),國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)最好(hao)的(de)應該(gai)是上海的(de)海軍(jun)廠的(de)了，生產(chan)(chan)時間(jian)最長(chang)，軍(jun)工(gong)企業(ye)，質量可靠。

低氧銅(tong)桿進口設備(bei)國(guo)際(ji)主要有兩(liang)種,一(yi)種是美國(guo)南(nan)線設備(bei),英文是SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠(chang)家(jia)是南(nan)京華新,江西銅(tong)業,另一(yi)種是德國(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei),國(guo)內廠(chang)家(jia)是常州金源(yuan),天津大無縫(feng)。

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容(rong)易區別,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個PPM以(yi)下,但(dan)目(mu)前有的(de)廠家只能(neng)(neng)做到50個PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個PPM,好(hao)的(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)250個PPM左右,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一般采(cai)取的(de)是上引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是連鑄連軋,兩(liang)種產品(pin)相對(dui)而言低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)漆包(bao)線(xian)(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)(neng)更適(shi)應些(xie),如(ru)(ru)柔軟性(xing),回彈角,繞線(xian)(xian)性(xing)能(neng)(neng).但(dan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)拉(la)絲條(tiao)件相對(dui)要苛刻些(xie),同樣(yang)拉(la)伸0.2的(de)細絲,如(ru)(ru)果伸線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)件不(bu)(bu)好(hao),普(pu)(pu)通的(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉(la)而好(hao)的(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就斷(duan) 線(xian)(xian),但(dan)如(ru)(ru)果放在(zai)好(hao)的(de)伸線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)件,同樣(yang)的(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說(shuo)不(bu)(bu)定就能(neng)(neng)拉(la)到雙零(ling)五,而普(pu)(pu)通無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最多只能(neng)(neng)拉(la)伸到0.1而已,當(dang)然做的(de)最細的(de)如(ru)(ru)雙零(ling)二卻非得(de)依靠進口的(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前有企業嘗(chang)試(shi)用剝皮(pi)的(de)方式來處理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來伸0.03線(xian)(xian).但(dan)有關這方面的(de)內容(rong)我還不(bu)(bu)是很(hen)清楚。

音響(xiang)線一般反而喜歡用無氧桿,這和無氧桿是單晶(jing)(jing)銅,低氧桿是多(duo)晶(jing)(jing)銅有關。

氧(yang)銅桿和無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿由于制造(zao)方法的(de)不同，致使存在(zai)差(cha)別，具(ju)有(you)各自的(de)特點。

一、關于氧的(de)吸入和脫去以(yi)及(ji)它的(de)存在狀態

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)溶度(du)約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)進入是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)液態下吸入的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則相反，氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持(chi)相當時間后，被還原而(er)脫去，通常(chang)(chang)(chang)這種桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低(di)可達1-2ppm，從(cong)組織上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界附近，這對(dui)(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而(er)言(yan)可以(yi)說是(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則很(hen)少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界出(chu)現(xian)對(dui)(dui)材料的(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)產生負面影響。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)，所以(yi)這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)組織是(shi)(shi)均勻的(de)(de)(de)單相組織對(dui)(dui)韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)多孔(kong)性(xing)是(shi)(shi)不常(chang)(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)一種缺陷。

二、熱(re)軋組(zu)織(zhi)和鑄造組(zu)織(zhi)的區(qu)別

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由(you)于經(jing)過熱軋(ya)，所(suo)以其(qi)組織屬熱加工組織，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造組織已經(jing)破(po)碎，在8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)時已有再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式出現，而(er)(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄(zhu)造組織，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大(da)(da)，這是為(wei)什么，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)較高(gao)，需要(yao)較高(gao)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固有原(yuan)因(yin)。這是因(yin)為(wei)，再(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)發生在晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)附近，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組織晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大(da)(da)，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)尺寸甚至能達幾(ji)個毫米，因(yin)而(er)(er)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)少，即(ji)使通過拉制變形，但晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)相對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是較少，所(suo)以需要(yao)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)。對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)要(yao)求是：由(you)桿(gan)經(jing)拉制，但尚未鑄(zhu)造組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一次(ci)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應(ying)比同(tong)樣情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼(ji)續拉制，在以后階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應(ying)留有足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)余量(liang)和(he)(he)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區(qu)別執行不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)(huo)工藝，以保證在制品(pin)和(he)(he)成(cheng)品(pin)導線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾雜，氧含量波(bo)動，表面氧化物和可能存在(zai)的(de)熱(re)軋(ya)缺陷的(de)差別(bie)

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)可(ke)(ke)拉性在(zai)(zai)所有(you)線徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)相比都是(shi)優越的(de)，除(chu)上(shang)述組織原(yuan)因(yin)外(wai)，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少(shao)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)(wen)定，無(wu)熱軋可(ke)(ke)能(neng)產生(sheng)的(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)厚度可(ke)(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋生(sheng)產過程中如(ru)果(guo)工(gong)(gong)藝不(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定，對氧(yang)(yang)監控不(bu)嚴，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量不(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定將直(zhi)接(jie)影響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)性能(neng)。如(ru)果(guo)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)表面(mian)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)后工(gong)(gong)序的(de)連續清(qing)洗中得(de)以彌(mi)補外(wai)，但比較麻煩的(de)是(shi)有(you)相當多的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)“皮下”，對拉線斷(duan)線影響更直(zhi)接(jie)，故而在(zai)(zai)拉制微(wei)細線，超(chao)微(wei)細線時，為了減少(shao)斷(duan)線，有(you)時要對銅桿(gan)(gan)采取不(bu)得(de)已(yi)的(de)辦法(fa)——剝(bo)皮，甚至二次剝(bo)皮的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)所在(zai)(zai)，目的(de)要除(chu)去皮下氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)。

四(si)、低氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)的韌性有(you)差別

兩者都可以拉到0.015mm，但在低溫(wen)超導線(xian)中的低溫(wen)級無氧銅(tong)，其細(xi)絲間的間距(ju)只有0.001mm.

五(wu)、從制桿的(de)原材料到制線的(de)經濟性有(you)差別。

制(zhi)造無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)要求質量(liang)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)原(yuan)材料。一(yi)般，拉制(zhi)直徑(jing)>1mm的(de)(de)銅線時(shi)，低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)優(you)點比較(jiao)明(ming)顯，而無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)顯得更為優(you)越的(de)(de)是拉制(zhi)直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)(de)銅線。

六、低(di)氧銅桿的(de)制線工(gong)藝與無氧銅桿的(de)有所(suo)不同。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)線(xian)(xian)工(gong)藝不能照搬到無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)線(xian)(xian)工(gong)藝上來，至(zhi)少兩者的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火工(gong)藝是不同的(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)為線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)柔(rou)軟(ruan)性深(shen)受材料成份和(he)制(zhi)桿，制(zhi)線(xian)(xian)和(he)退(tui)火工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，不能簡(jian)單(dan)地說低氧(yang)(yang)銅或無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅誰(shui)軟(ruan)誰(shui)硬。