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導讀：由于生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的兩者的工藝(yi)不同，所生(sheng)產的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中的含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)及外觀就不同。上(shang)引(yin)生(sheng)產的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，工藝(yi)得當氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)在10ppm以(yi)下(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生(sheng)產的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan) 是在保護條(tiao)件下(xia)的熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)在200-500ppm范圍內(nei)，但有時也(ye)高達(da)700ppm以(yi)上(shang)，一般情(qing)況下(xia)，此(ci)種方法(fa)生(sheng)產的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)外表光亮，低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，有時也(ye)叫(jiao)光桿(gan)。

銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)是電(dian)纜行(xing)(xing)業(ye)的主要(yao)(yao)原(yuan)料，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的方(fang)式主要(yao)(yao)有兩種(zhong)——連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)和上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較(jiao)多，其特(te)點是金屬在豎爐中融化后，銅(tong)液通過保溫爐、溜槽、中間(jian)包，從澆管進入封閉(bi)的模(mo)腔內，采用(yong)較(jiao)大(da)的冷(leng)卻(que)(que)強(qiang)度進行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)卻(que)(que)，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯(pi)，然后進行(xing)(xing)多道次軋(ya)制，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為熱加(jia)工組(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來(lai)的鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)已經破(po)碎，含氧(yang)量一般為200~400ppm之間(jian)。無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)國內基本全(quan)部采用(yong)上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，金屬在感應電(dian)爐中融化后通過石墨模(mo)進行(xing)(xing)上(shang)引連(lian)續(xu)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造，之后進行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)軋(ya)或(huo)冷(leng)加(jia)工，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)，含氧(yang)量一般在20ppm以(yi)下(xia)。由于(yu)制造工藝的不同，所以(yi)在組(zu)織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)含量分布(bu)、雜(za)質的形式及分布(bu)等諸多方(fang)面(mian)有較(jiao)大(da)差別。

一、拉制性能

銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉(la)制性能跟(gen)很多因素有關，如雜質的(de)(de)含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分(fen)布(bu)、工藝控制等。下面分(fen)別從以上幾(ji)個方(fang)面對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉(la)制性能進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)析。

1、熔化方(fang)式對(dui)S等雜質的影響

連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)主要是通(tong)過(guo)氣體的(de)燃(ran)燒(shao)使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)，在燃(ran)燒(shao)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，通(tong)過(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)和揮發作(zuo)用，可一(yi)定程(cheng)度減少部分雜(za)質進入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因(yin)此連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)法對(dui)原料(liao)要求(qiu)相對(dui)低一(yi)些。上引連鑄生產無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，由于(yu)是用感應電爐熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)(hua)，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表(biao)面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆(dou)”基本(ben)都(dou)熔(rong)(rong)入到(dao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液中。其中熔(rong)(rong)入的(de)S對(dui)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)塑(su)性(xing)影響極大，會增加拉絲斷線率。

2、鑄(zhu)造過(guo)程(cheng)中雜質(zhi)的(de)進入

在生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)工(gong)藝需通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)保溫爐、溜(liu)槽、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間包轉運銅液，相對(dui)容易造(zao)(zao)(zao)成耐火材(cai)料(liao)的剝落，在軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需要(yao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)(zao)(zao)成鐵質(zhi)(zhi)的脫落，會(hui)(hui)給銅桿造(zao)(zao)(zao)成外(wai)部夾雜。而熱軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮上和皮下(xia)氧化物的軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)入(ru)，會(hui)(hui)給低(di)氧桿的拉絲造(zao)(zao)(zao)成不利的影響。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝流程(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)短，銅液是(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)聯(lian)體爐內潛(qian)流式完成，對(dui)耐火材(cai)料(liao)的沖擊不大，結晶是(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)石墨模內進(jin)行，所(suo)以過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可能產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的污染源較(jiao)少，雜質(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)入(ru)的機會(hui)(hui)較(jiao)少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)會生產化合(he)物的(de)(de)元素(su)。在(zai)熔(rong)態銅(tong)中，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)可(ke)以溶解一(yi)部分，但當銅(tong)冷(leng)凝時，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)幾乎不溶解于銅(tong)中。熔(rong)態時所溶解的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以銅(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)共晶體析出，分布在(zai)晶粒晶界(jie)處。銅(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)共晶體的(de)(de)出現，顯著降低了銅(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。

硫可以溶解在(zai)熔體的(de)銅中，但在(zai)室溫(wen)下(xia)，其溶解度幾乎降低(di)到零，它(ta)以硫化亞銅的(de)形式出現在(zai)晶粒(li)晶界處，會顯著降低(di)銅的(de)塑性。

3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)和無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)中分布形式及其影響

氧含(han)量(liang)對(dui)低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)拉(la)線(xian)性(xing)能有(you)(you)著明顯(xian)的(de)(de)影響。當氧含(han)量(liang)增加到(dao)最(zui)佳(jia)(jia)值時(shi)，銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)斷線(xian)率最(zui)低(di)。這是(shi)因為氧在與大部分雜質反(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)都起到(dao)了(le)清除(chu)器(qi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。適度(du)的(de)(de)氧還有(you)(you)利于去除(chu)銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫，生(sheng)成水蒸(zheng)氣溢出(chu)，減(jian)少氣孔的(de)(de)形成。最(zui)佳(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)氧含(han)量(liang)為拉(la)線(xian)工藝提供了(le)最(zui)好的(de)(de)條件。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)的(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在連續澆鑄中(zhong)凝固(gu)的(de)最初階(jie)段(duan)，散(san)熱速率和(he)均(jun)(jun)勻(yun)冷卻(que)是決定銅桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)主要(yao)因素。不均(jun)(jun)勻(yun)冷卻(que)會引(yin)起銅桿(gan)內部結(jie)構本質(zhi)上的(de)差異(yi)，但后續的(de)熱加工，柱狀晶通常會遭到破(po)壞，使(shi)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅顆(ke)粒(li)細微(wei)化和(he)均(jun)(jun)勻(yun)分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)聚集而產生的(de)典型(xing)情況是中(zhong)心爆裂。除氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)影響外，具有(you)較(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)的(de)銅桿(gan)顯示出較(jiao)好(hao)的(de)拉線特性，較(jiao)大的(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)容(rong)易造成應力集中(zhong)點而斷裂。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)脆，延伸(shen)率(lv)下降，拉(la)伸(shen)式樣(yang)端口顯暗(an)紅色，結晶組織疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量超(chao)出8ppm時，工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)變(bian)差(cha)，表現為鑄造及(ji)拉(la)伸(shen)過程中(zhong)斷桿及(ji)斷線率(lv)極具增高(gao)(gao)。這(zhe)是由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)脆性(xing)相(xiang)，形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶體(ti)(ti)，以網狀組織分布在境界上。這(zhe)種脆性(xing)相(xiang)硬度高(gao)(gao)，在冷變(bian)形(xing)時將會(hui)與銅(tong)(tong)機體(ti)(ti)脫離，導致銅(tong)(tong)桿的機械性(xing)能(neng)(neng)下降，在后續加工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)容(rong)易造成斷裂現象(xiang)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量高(gao)(gao)還能(neng)(neng)導致無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿導電率(lv)下降。因此，必須嚴(yan)格控(kong)制上引連鑄工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)及(ji)產品質量。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧(yang)含量(liang)控制較低，氧(yang)化物的副(fu)作(zuo)用唄**降低，但氫的影響(xiang)成為較顯著的問題。吸氣后熔體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體及疏松(song)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)過(guo)程中，氫(qing)從過(guo)飽和(he)的(de)溶液(ye)中析出(chu)并聚集而形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析出(chu)的(de)氫(qing)又可(ke)還原(yuan)氧化亞銅而生成(cheng)(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上(shang)(shang)引鑄(zhu)造的(de)特(te)點是(shi)銅液(ye)自(zi)上(shang)(shang)而下的(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)液(ye)**形(xing)狀近似(si)錐型(xing)。銅液(ye)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析出(chu)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)浮過(guo)程中被堵(du)在(zai)(zai)凝固組織(zhi)內，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)鑄(zhu)桿內形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。上(shang)(shang)引的(de)含氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)少時(shi)，析出(chu)的(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)(jing)界(jie)處(chu)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏松(song)；含氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)多時(shi)，則聚集成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)，因此，氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)和(he)疏松(song)是(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。

氫來源于上引生(sheng)產(chan)過程中的各個(ge)工藝環(huan)節，如(ru)原料(liao)電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料(liao)木炭**、氣候環(huan)境**、石(shi)墨結晶器(qi)未干燥等。因此，熔(rong)化爐中的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液表(biao)面應(ying)(ying)覆(fu)蓋經烘烤的木炭，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)(ying)盡量(liang)去除(chu)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿質量(liang)非常重要(yao)。

在連鑄連軋工藝(yi)中，往往采用適度控(kong)制氧含量來控(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于(yu)銅液(ye)在鑄(zhu)造過程(cheng)中是自(zi)下而(er)上結晶，銅液(ye)中的氧和氫(qing)所產(chan)生(sheng)的水蒸(zheng)氣很容(rong)易(yi)上浮跑(pao)出，銅液(ye)中的氫(qing)大部(bu)分能被有效去除，因(yin)而(er)對銅桿的影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生(sheng)產電磁線等產品的(de)過程中，對銅(tong)桿的(de)表面質量(liang)(liang)也需(xu)提出要求。需(xu)要拉制后的(de)銅(tong)絲表面無毛刺、銅(tong)粉(fen)少、無油污。并通過扭轉試驗測(ce)量(liang)(liang)表面銅(tong)粉(fen)的(de)質量(liang)(liang)和扭轉后觀察銅(tong)桿的(de)復原(yuan)情況來判定其好壞。

在連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連軋(ya)過(guo)程(cheng)中，從鑄(zhu)(zhu)造到軋(ya)制(zhi)前(qian)，溫度(du)高(gao)，完全暴露于(yu)空(kong)氣中，使鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯表(biao)(biao)面(mian)形成較厚的氧(yang)化層，在軋(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)程(cheng)中，隨著(zhu)軋(ya)輥(gun)的轉動，氧(yang)化物(wu)顆粒軋(ya)入銅(tong)線表(biao)(biao)面(mian)。由于(yu)氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)是高(gao)熔點(dian)脆性(xing)化合物(wu)，對(dui)于(yu)軋(ya)入較深的氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)，當成條狀的聚(ju)集物(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就會是銅(tong)桿外表(biao)(biao)面(mian)產生毛刺，給后續的涂(tu)漆造成麻煩。

而上引連鑄工(gong)藝(yi)制(zhi)造的無氧(yang)銅桿，由(you)于鑄造和冷卻(que)完全與氧(yang)隔絕，后續亦無熱軋(ya)過程，銅桿表面(mian)無軋(ya)入表面(mian)的氧(yang)化(hua)物，質(zhi)量(liang)較好，拉制(zhi)后銅粉少，上述(shu)問題較少存在。

無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)也(ye)(ye)分進口(kou)設(she)備(bei)(bei)做的(de)和國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)做的(de),但目前進口(kou)產(chan)品(pin)已無(wu)明顯優勢，銅桿(gan)產(chan)品(pin)出(chu)來后區別不是(shi)很大,只(zhi)要銅板選的(de)好,生產(chan)控制比較穩定,國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)也(ye)(ye)能產(chan)出(chu)可拉伸0.05的(de)銅桿(gan).進口(kou)設(she)備(bei)(bei)一般是(shi)芬蘭奧托昆(kun)普(pu)的(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei),國(guo)產(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)最(zui)好的(de)應該(gai)是(shi)上(shang)海的(de)海軍廠的(de)了，生產(chan)時間最(zui)長，軍工企業，質(zhi)量可靠。

低氧(yang)銅桿進口設(she)備國際主要有(you)兩種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)美(mei)國南線設(she)備,英文是(shi)(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內(nei)廠家(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)南京華新,江西銅業,另一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)德國CONTIROD設(she)備,國內(nei)廠家(jia)是(shi)(shi)(shi)常州金源,天津大無縫(feng)。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從(cong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容易區別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量在10-20個(ge)(ge)PPM以下,但(dan)目前有(you)的(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能(neng)做(zuo)到50個(ge)(ge)PPM以下.低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)在 200-400個(ge)(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi)一般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在250個(ge)(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一般采(cai)取的(de)(de)是上引法,低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是連鑄連軋(ya),兩種產品相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)而(er)言低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)(dui)漆包線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing) 能(neng)更適應些,如柔軟性(xing)(xing),回彈角(jiao),繞線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng).但(dan)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)(dui)拉絲條件(jian)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)要苛刻些,同樣拉伸(shen)(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如果(guo)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條件(jian)不好,普通的(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可拉而(er)好的(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就(jiu)斷 線(xian)(xian)(xian),但(dan)如果(guo)放在好的(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條件(jian),同樣的(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi),低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說不定(ding)就(jiu)能(neng)拉到雙零五(wu),而(er)普通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最多只(zhi)能(neng)拉伸(shen)(shen)(shen)到0.1而(er)已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)最細(xi)的(de)(de)如雙零二卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)了.目前有(you)企(qi)業嘗試用(yong)剝皮的(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian)(xian).但(dan)有(you)關(guan)這方面(mian)的(de)(de)內容我還不是很(hen)清楚。

音(yin)響線一般反而喜(xi)歡用無(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan),這和無(wu)氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)單晶(jing)銅(tong)(tong),低氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)多晶(jing)銅(tong)(tong)有(you)關。

氧銅桿和無氧銅桿由于(yu)制造方法的(de)(de)不同，致(zhi)使存在(zai)差別，具有各自的(de)(de)特點。

一(yi)、關于(yu)氧的(de)吸(xi)入和脫去以及它的(de)存(cun)在狀態(tai)

生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此(ci)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)進入是在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)液態(tai)(tai)下(xia)吸入的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上(shang)引法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則相(xiang)反(fan)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)液態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相(xiang)當時間后，被(bei)還(huan)原而(er)脫去，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)這(zhe)種桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)，最低(di)可達(da)1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)上(shang)看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊(bian)界附近，這(zhe)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而(er)言可以(yi)說是常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則很(hen)少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜(za)形(xing)式(shi)在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)界出(chu)現(xian)對(dui)材料的(de)(de)(de)韌(ren)性產(chan)生(sheng)負面(mian)影響。而(er)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)，所以(yi)這(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)是均勻的(de)(de)(de)單相(xiang)組織(zhi)對(dui)韌(ren)性有利(li)。在(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)多孔(kong)性是不(bu)常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中則是常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)一種缺陷。

二(er)、熱軋組(zu)織和鑄造(zao)組(zu)織的區別

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿由于經(jing)過熱軋，所以(yi)(yi)其(qi)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬(shu)熱加工(gong)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經(jing)破碎，在(zai)(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿時(shi)已有(you)(you)再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)形式出現，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿屬(shu)鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒粗大，這是為什(shen)么，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅的(de)(de)再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)溫度(du)較(jiao)高，需要(yao)較(jiao)高退火溫度(du)的(de)(de)固有(you)(you)原(yuan)因(yin)。這是因(yin)為，再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒邊界附近，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒粗大，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒尺(chi)寸甚至(zhi)能(neng)達幾(ji)個毫(hao)米，因(yin)而晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒邊界少，即使通過拉(la)(la)制變形，但晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒邊界相(xiang)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿還是較(jiao)少，所以(yi)(yi)需要(yao)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)退火功(gong)率。對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅成功(gong)的(de)(de)退火要(yao)求是：由桿經(jing)拉(la)(la)制，但尚未鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)第一次退火，其(qi)退火功(gong)率應(ying)比同樣情況(kuang)的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅高10——15%。經(jing)繼(ji)續拉(la)(la)制，在(zai)(zai)以(yi)(yi)后階段的(de)(de)退火功(gong)率應(ying)留(liu)有(you)(you)足夠的(de)(de)余量(liang)和(he)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅切實區別執行不同的(de)(de)退火工(gong)藝，以(yi)(yi)保證在(zai)(zai)制品(pin)和(he)成品(pin)導線的(de)(de)柔軟性(xing)。

三、夾雜，氧含量波動，表面氧化物和可能(neng)存在的熱軋缺陷的差別

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可拉(la)性在(zai)所有線(xian)(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)相(xiang)比(bi)都是(shi)優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)，除上述組織原因外，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少(shao)，含氧(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)(wen)定，無(wu)熱軋可能產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)(gan)表(biao)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物厚度可達≤15A。在(zai)連鑄(zhu)連軋生產(chan)過(guo)程中如(ru)果工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)監控不(bu)嚴(yan)，含氧(yang)(yang)量不(bu)穩(wen)(wen)定將(jiang)直接影響(xiang)(xiang)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性能。如(ru)果桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物能在(zai)后工(gong)序的(de)(de)(de)(de)連續清洗中得(de)以彌補外，但(dan)比(bi)較麻煩的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)有相(xiang)當多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物存在(zai)于“皮下”，對(dui)拉(la)線(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)影響(xiang)(xiang)更直接，故而在(zai)拉(la)制微細線(xian)(xian)，超(chao)微細線(xian)(xian)時(shi)，為了減少(shao)斷線(xian)(xian)，有時(shi)要(yao)對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)采(cai)取不(bu)得(de)已的(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝皮，甚至二次剝皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)原因所在(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)除去皮下氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物。

四、低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)和(he)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的韌性有差(cha)別

兩者(zhe)都可以(yi)拉到(dao)0.015mm，但在低溫超導線中(zhong)的低溫級無氧銅，其細絲間的間距只(zhi)有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原材料到制線的經濟性有差別。

制造無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)要求質量較(jiao)高(gao)的原材料(liao)。一般(ban)，拉制直(zhi)徑>1mm的銅(tong)(tong)線時，低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的優點(dian)比(bi)較(jiao)明顯(xian)，而無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯(xian)得(de)更(geng)為優越的是(shi)拉制直(zhi)徑<0.5mm的銅(tong)(tong)線。

六、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)制線(xian)工藝(yi)與無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)有所不同。

低(di)氧銅桿的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)(gong)藝不(bu)能(neng)照搬(ban)到無氧銅桿的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)(gong)藝上來，至少兩者的(de)退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)(gong)藝是不(bu)同的(de)。因為(wei)線(xian)的(de)柔軟性深受材(cai)料成份和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)桿，制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)和(he)退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)影響，不(bu)能(neng)簡單地說低(di)氧銅或(huo)無氧銅誰(shui)軟誰(shui)硬。