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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)用(yong)于傳(chuan)輸(shu)和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用(yong)于城市地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出(chu)線(xian)路、工礦企業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江(jiang)海水下(xia)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比(bi)重(zhong)正逐漸(jian)增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系(xi)統的(de)主干線(xian)路中(zhong)用(yong)以(yi)傳(chuan)輸(shu)和分配大(da)功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品(pin)，包括1-500KV以(yi)及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級(ji)，各種絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使用至今已有百年

主要(yao)分(fen)類

分(fen)類：按電壓等(deng)級(ji)分(fen)

簡(jian)介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)至今已有百余(yu)年(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)，美國發(fa)明家T.A.愛迪生在銅棒上包(bao)繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵(tie)管(guan)內，然后填充瀝青(qing)混合物制(zhi)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將此(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設于紐約(yue)，開創了(le)地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英(ying)國人卡倫德(de)發(fa)明瀝青(qing)浸(jin)漬(zi)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英(ying)國人S.Z.費蘭梯在倫敦與德(de)特(te)福德(de)之間(jian)敷(fu)設了(le)10千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英(ying)國建成20千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)。1911年(nian)，德(de)國敷(fu)設成60千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，開始(shi)了(le)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)，德(de)國人M.霍(huo)希施泰(tai)特(te)研制(zhi)成分(fen)相(xiang)屏(ping)蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),改(gai)善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布,消除(chu)了(le)絕緣(yuan)表面的(de)(de)(de)正切應力(li)(li)(li)，成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的(de)(de)(de)里程(cheng)碑。1952年(nian)，瑞(rui)典在北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設了(le)380千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan),實(shi)現(xian)了(le)超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)。到80年(nian)代(dai)已制(zhi)成1100千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏、1200千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏的(de)(de)(de)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電壓等(deng)級(ji)可分為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)、低壓電力電纜（35千伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)下）、高(gao)(gao)壓電纜(110千伏(fu)(fu)以(yi)上)、超高(gao)(gao)壓電纜（275～800千伏(fu)(fu)）以(yi)及(ji)特高(gao)(gao)壓電纜（1000千伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)上）。此外，還可按(an)電流(liu)制分為(wei)(wei)交流(liu)電纜和直流(liu)電纜。

按絕緣材料分

1、油浸(jin)紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)以油浸(jin)紙作絕緣(yuan)(yuan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。其應用(yong)歷史最長(chang)(chang)。它(ta)安全可靠，使用(yong)壽命長(chang)(chang)，價格低廉。主要缺點是敷設受落差限(xian)制。自從開發(fa)出(chu)不滴(di)流浸(jin)紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)后(hou)，解決了落差限(xian)制問題，使油浸(jin)紙絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得(de)以繼續廣泛應用(yong)。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣層為擠壓(ya)(ya)塑(su)料(liao)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。常(chang)用(yong)的塑(su)料(liao)有(you)(you)聚(ju)氯乙烯、聚(ju)乙烯、交聯聚(ju)乙烯。塑(su)料(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)結構簡單,制(zhi)造加工方(fang)便(bian)，重量(liang)輕，敷設(she)安裝方(fang)便(bian),不受敷設(she)落差限制(zhi)。因此廣泛應用(yong)作中(zhong)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)，并有(you)(you)取代粘性浸(jin)漬油紙電(dian)纜(lan)的趨勢。其最大缺點是存在(zai)樹枝化擊穿現象，這限制(zhi)了(le)它在(zai)更高電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣(yuan)電力(li)電纜　絕緣(yuan)層為橡膠加上(shang)(shang)各種配合(he)劑，經過充分(fen)混(hun)煉后(hou)擠包在導電線芯上(shang)(shang)，經過加溫硫(liu)化而成(cheng)。它(ta)柔軟，富有彈性(xing)，適(shi)合(he)于移動頻繁、敷設(she)彎(wan)曲半(ban)徑小(xiao)的(de)場合(he)。

常(chang)用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙(yi)丙(bing)膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電(dian)壓等級分

1、低壓電纜：適用(yong)于固定敷(fu)設(she)在交(jiao)流50Hz，額定電壓3kv及以下的輸(shu)(shu)配電線(xian)路上作輸(shu)(shu)送電能用(yong)。

2、中低壓電纜(lan)：（一般(ban)指35KV及以下）：聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)，聚乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)，交聯聚乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電纜(lan)：（一(yi)般為(wei)110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙(yi)烯電纜(lan)和交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣電纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特(te)高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千伏及以上）。

基本結(jie)(jie)構(gou)：電力電纜的基本結(jie)(jie)構(gou)由線芯（導體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四(si)部(bu)分組(zu)成。

1.線芯是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)部分，用來輸送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜的主要部分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將線芯與大地以及不(bu)同相的線芯間在電氣上(shang)彼此隔(ge)離，保證(zheng)電能輸(shu)送，是(shi)電力電纜結構(gou)中(zhong)不(bu)可缺少的組成部(bu)分。

3.15KV及以(yi)上的(de)電力電纜一般都(dou)有導(dao)體屏蔽(bi)(bi)層和絕緣屏蔽(bi)(bi)層。

4.保護層的作用(yong)是保護電力電纜免受(shou)外(wai)(wai)界雜(za)質和水(shui)分的侵(qin)入，以及防(fang)止外(wai)(wai)力直接損(sun)壞電力電纜。

主要(yao)優點：

1占(zhan)(zhan)地少。一般埋設于(yu)土壤中(zhong)(zhong)或敷(fu)設于(yu)室內，溝(gou)道(dao)，隧道(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)，線間絕緣距離小，不用桿塔，占(zhan)(zhan)地少，基本不占(zhan)(zhan)地面上空間。

2可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)高(gao)。受氣候(hou)條件(jian)和周圍環境(jing)影響小(xiao)，傳(chuan)輸(shu)性(xing)能穩定，可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)高(gao)。

3具有(you)向超高壓，大容量(liang)發展的更為(wei)有(you)利的條(tiao)件，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的型號

1.用漢語拼音第一個字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕(jue)緣種(zhong)類、導(dao)體材(cai)料、內護層材(cai)料和結構特(te)點。如用Z代表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)護層構成(cheng)，有二位數(shu)字。無(wu)(wu)數(shu)字代(dai)表(biao)(biao)無(wu)(wu)鎧裝層，無(wu)(wu)外(wai)被層。第一位數(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示(shi)鎧裝，第二位數(shu)字表(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維外(wai)被表(biao)(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電(dian)(dian)纜型號按電(dian)(dian)纜結構的排列一般依次序為：絕(jue)緣材(cai)料；導體材(cai)料；內護層(ceng)；外護層(ceng)。

4.電(dian)纜產(chan)品用型號(hao)、額(e)定電(dian)壓和規格表(biao)示。其方法是在型號(hao)后再(zai)加上說(shuo)明額(e)定電(dian)壓、芯數和標稱截面積的。

型號詳(xiang)細說(shuo)明

（1）類別：H——市內通信(xin)電(dian)(dian)纜HP——配線電(dian)(dian)纜HJ——局(ju)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)纜

（2）絕緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)YF——泡(pao)沫聚(ju)烯烴(jing)(jing)絕緣(yuan)YP——泡(pao)沫/實心(xin)皮聚(ju)烯烴(jing)(jing)絕緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶(dai)(dai)粘接屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚乙烯護(hu)(hu)套S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬帶(dai)(dai)屏(ping)蔽(bi)聚乙烯護(hu)(hu)套   ;   V——聚氯乙烯護(hu)(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石(shi)油(you)膏填充G——高頻(pin)隔離C——自承式(shi)

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙(shuang)層(ceng)防腐鋼帶(dai)繞(rao)包銷裝聚乙(yi)烯外被層(ceng)

33——單層細鋼絲鎧(kai)裝聚乙(yi)烯被層

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼(gang)帶(dai)皺(zhou)紋縱包鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)聚乙(yi)烯外被層

553——雙(shuang)層鋼帶皺紋縱包(bao)鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣電線(xian)；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣電線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)套電線；

BVR 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣軟線；RV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣安(an)裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)平型連接(jie)線軟線；BVS 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯護套(tao)軟線(xian)；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)(xian)；RY 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟線(xian)(xian)；

RYV 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻(zu)燃型(xing)NH：耐(nai)火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)