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來源:行業動態(tai) 閱讀(du):109263 發(fa)布時(shi)間(jian):2019-07-05
導讀(du):由于生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)(de)工藝(yi)不同,所(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧量及(ji)外觀就不同。上引生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan),工藝(yi)得(de)當氧含(han)量在(zai)10ppm以(yi)下,叫(jiao)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan);連鑄連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是在(zai)保護條件下的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)軋,氧含(han)量在(zai)200-500ppm范(fan)圍內,但有(you)時(shi)也高(gao)達700ppm以(yi)上,一般(ban)情(qing)況下,此(ci)種方法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)外表光亮(liang),低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan),有(you)時(shi)也叫(jiao)光桿(gan)(gan)。
銅桿是電纜行業(ye)的(de)主要原(yuan)料(liao),生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)方(fang)式主要有兩種——連鑄連軋(ya)法(fa)和上(shang)引連鑄法(fa)。連鑄連軋(ya)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較多(duo),其特點(dian)是金屬在豎爐(lu)中(zhong)融化后(hou)(hou),銅液通過保(bao)溫爐(lu)、溜槽(cao)、中(zhong)間(jian)包,從澆管進(jin)(jin)(jin)入封閉(bi)的(de)模(mo)腔內,采(cai)用較大的(de)冷卻強度進(jin)(jin)(jin)行冷卻,形成鑄坯,然后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行多(duo)道次軋(ya)制(zhi),生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿為(wei)熱加工組(zu)(zu)織(zhi),原(yuan)來的(de)鑄造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經破(po)碎,含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)為(wei)200~400ppm之間(jian)。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿國內基本全部采(cai)用上(shang)引連鑄法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan),金屬在感(gan)應電爐(lu)中(zhong)融化后(hou)(hou)通過石墨模(mo)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行上(shang)引連續鑄造,之后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行冷軋(ya)或(huo)冷加工,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿為(wei)鑄造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi),含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在20ppm以(yi)下。由于制(zhi)造工藝的(de)不同,所以(yi)在組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量分(fen)布、雜(za)質的(de)形式及分(fen)布等諸多(duo)方(fang)面有較大差別。
一、拉制性能
銅桿的(de)拉(la)制性(xing)能跟(gen)很多因素有關,如(ru)雜(za)質的(de)含量、氧含量及(ji)分布、工藝控制等。下面分別(bie)從以上幾(ji)個方(fang)面對銅桿的(de)拉(la)制性(xing)能進行分析。
1、熔(rong)化(hua)方式對S等雜質的影響
連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要是通過(guo)(guo)氣體的燃燒(shao)使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔(rong)化(hua),在(zai)燃燒(shao)的過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中,通過(guo)(guo)氧化(hua)和揮發作(zuo)用,可(ke)一(yi)定程(cheng)度減少部分雜(za)質(zhi)進入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液,因此連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)對原(yuan)料要求(qiu)相對低一(yi)些。上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)生產(chan)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan),由于是用感應(ying)電(dian)爐熔(rong)化(hua),電(dian)解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔(rong)入(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液中。其中熔(rong)入(ru)的S對無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑(su)性影響極(ji)大,會增(zeng)加拉絲(si)斷線(xian)率。
2、鑄造過程中雜(za)質的進入(ru)
在(zai)生產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中,連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)工藝(yi)需(xu)(xu)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中間包(bao)轉運銅液,相對容易造(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火材料的(de)(de)剝落,在(zai)軋(ya)制過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中需(xu)(xu)要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)軋(ya)輥(gun),造(zao)成(cheng)鐵質的(de)(de)脫落,會給銅桿造(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱(re)軋(ya)中皮(pi)(pi)上和(he)皮(pi)(pi)下氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)軋(ya)入,會給低(di)氧(yang)桿的(de)(de)拉絲造(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)利的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)法生產(chan)工藝(yi)流(liu)程(cheng)較短,銅液是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)聯(lian)體爐(lu)內潛流(liu)式完成(cheng),對耐(nai)火材料的(de)(de)沖擊(ji)不(bu)大,結晶是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)石墨模(mo)內進(jin)行(xing),所以(yi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中可(ke)能產(chan)生的(de)(de)污染源(yuan)較少(shao)(shao),雜質進(jin)入的(de)(de)機會較少(shao)(shao)。
O、S、P是(shi)與銅(tong)(tong)會(hui)生產化合物的(de)(de)元素。在熔(rong)(rong)態銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong),氧可(ke)以溶(rong)解(jie)一部分(fen),但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時,氧幾乎不溶(rong)解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)。熔(rong)(rong)態時所溶(rong)解(jie)的(de)(de)氧,以銅(tong)(tong)=氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體析出(chu)(chu),分(fen)布在晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)現,顯(xian)著降低(di)了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。
硫(liu)可以(yi)溶解在熔體的(de)銅中,但(dan)在室溫下,其(qi)溶解度幾乎降低(di)到零,它(ta)以(yi)硫(liu)化亞銅的(de)形(xing)式出(chu)現在晶粒晶界處,會顯著降低(di)銅的(de)塑性(xing)。
3、氧(yang)(yang)在低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿中分布形式及其影響
氧含量(liang)對低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉線(xian)性(xing)能有著(zhu)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。當氧含量(liang)增加(jia)到(dao)最佳(jia)值(zhi)時,銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)線(xian)率最低。這(zhe)是因為氧在(zai)與大(da)部(bu)分雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中都起到(dao)了清(qing)除(chu)(chu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。適度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧還有利于(yu)去(qu)除(chu)(chu)銅(tong)(tong)液中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫,生成水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣溢(yi)出,減少氣孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成。最佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧含量(liang)為拉線(xian)工藝提供了最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)。
低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的分(fen)(fen)布(bu):在(zai)連續澆鑄中(zhong)凝固的最初階段(duan),散熱速率和(he)均勻(yun)(yun)冷卻是(shi)(shi)決(jue)定銅桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)的主要(yao)因(yin)素。不(bu)均勻(yun)(yun)冷卻會(hui)引起銅桿(gan)內部結構本質上(shang)的差異,但(dan)后續的熱加工,柱狀晶通常(chang)會(hui)遭到破(po)壞,使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅顆(ke)粒(li)細微(wei)化(hua)和(he)均勻(yun)(yun)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)聚(ju)集而產(chan)生的典型情(qing)況(kuang)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心爆(bao)裂(lie)。除氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)的影響外,具有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)的銅桿(gan)顯示出較(jiao)(jiao)好(hao)的拉(la)線特性,較(jiao)(jiao)大的Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)容易(yi)造成應力集中(zhong)點(dian)而斷裂(lie)。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量超(chao)標(biao),銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)變(bian)脆,延伸率下(xia)降,拉伸式(shi)樣(yang)端口顯暗紅色,結晶組織疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量超(chao)出8ppm時(shi),工藝性(xing)能(neng)變(bian)差,表現為鑄造(zao)及拉伸過(guo)程中斷(duan)桿(gan)(gan)及斷(duan)線率極具增高。這(zhe)是(shi)由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)脆性(xing)相,形成銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體(ti),以網狀(zhuang)組織分(fen)布在(zai)境界上(shang)。這(zhe)種脆性(xing)相硬度高,在(zai)冷(leng)變(bian)形時(shi)將會(hui)與銅(tong)(tong)機體(ti)脫離,導致銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的機械性(xing)能(neng)下(xia)降,在(zai)后續加工中容易造(zao)成斷(duan)裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量高還能(neng)導致無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)導電(dian)率下(xia)降。因此(ci),必(bi)須嚴格控制上(shang)引連(lian)鑄工藝及產品質量。
4、氫的影響
在上引連鑄(zhu)中(zhong),氧含量(liang)控制較(jiao)(jiao)低(di),氧化物的副作用唄**降低(di),但氫的影響(xiang)成(cheng)為(wei)較(jiao)(jiao)顯著(zhu)的問題(ti)。吸(xi)氣后熔體中(zhong)存在平衡反(fan)應:H2O(g)=[O]+2[H];
氣體(ti)及疏(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)是(shi)在(zai)結晶(jing)的(de)過(guo)程中,氫(qing)從過(guo)飽和(he)的(de)溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)中析(xi)出并聚集而(er)形(xing)成的(de)。在(zai)結晶(jing)前析(xi)出的(de)氫(qing)又可還(huan)原氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)而(er)生成水(shui)氣泡。由于上(shang)引(yin)(yin)鑄造的(de)特(te)點是(shi)銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)自上(shang)而(er)下的(de)結晶(jing),形(xing)成的(de)液(ye)(ye)**形(xing)狀(zhuang)近似(si)錐(zhui)型。銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)結晶(jing)前析(xi)出的(de)氣體(ti)在(zai)上(shang)浮過(guo)程中被堵在(zai)凝固(gu)組(zu)織內,結晶(jing)時(shi)(shi)在(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)成氣孔。上(shang)引(yin)(yin)的(de)含氣量少時(shi)(shi),析(xi)出的(de)氫(qing)存(cun)在(zai)于晶(jing)界處,形(xing)成疏(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song);含氣量多時(shi)(shi),則聚集成氣孔,因此(ci),氣孔和(he)疏(shu)(shu)(shu)松(song)是(shi)氫(qing)氣和(he)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣兩者形(xing)成的(de)。
氫(qing)來源于上引生產過程(cheng)中的各個工藝環節,如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料木炭**、氣(qi)候環境**、石墨結(jie)晶(jing)器未(wei)干(gan)燥等。因此,熔(rong)化爐中的銅(tong)(tong)液表面應(ying)覆蓋經烘烤的木炭,電解銅(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量去(qu)除“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”,對提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質(zhi)量非常重要。
在連鑄(zhu)連軋工藝中,往(wang)往(wang)采用適度控制氧含量來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅液在鑄造(zao)過程(cheng)中(zhong)是(shi)自下而上結晶,銅液中(zhong)的氧和氫(qing)所產生的水蒸氣很(hen)容易上浮跑出,銅液中(zhong)的氫(qing)大部分能被有(you)效去除(chu),因而對銅桿的影(ying)響較小。
二、表面質量
在(zai)生產電磁線(xian)等產品的過程中(zhong),對銅桿(gan)的表面質量也需提出要求。需要拉制后(hou)(hou)的銅絲表面無毛刺(ci)、銅粉(fen)少、無油污。并(bing)通過扭轉試驗測(ce)量表面銅粉(fen)的質量和(he)扭轉后(hou)(hou)觀察(cha)銅桿(gan)的復原情況來判定(ding)其好壞。
在連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)過程中(zhong),從(cong)鑄(zhu)造到軋(ya)制前,溫度(du)高,完全暴(bao)露于空氣中(zhong),使(shi)鑄(zhu)坯表面形成較厚的氧(yang)化(hua)層,在軋(ya)制過程中(zhong),隨著軋(ya)輥的轉動,氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆粒軋(ya)入銅線表面。由(you)于氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅是高熔點脆性化(hua)合物(wu),對于軋(ya)入較深的氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅,當(dang)成條狀(zhuang)的聚集物(wu)遇(yu)模具拉伸時,就會是銅桿外表面產生毛(mao)刺(ci),給后續(xu)的涂(tu)漆造成麻煩。
而上引連鑄工藝(yi)制造(zao)的無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿,由于鑄造(zao)和冷(leng)卻完全與氧(yang)(yang)隔絕,后續亦無熱軋過程,銅(tong)桿表面(mian)無軋入表面(mian)的氧(yang)(yang)化物,質量較好,拉(la)制后銅(tong)粉少(shao),上述問題較少(shao)存在。
無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)也分進口設(she)(she)備做的(de)和國產(chan)設(she)(she)備做的(de),但目(mu)前進口產(chan)品(pin)已無(wu)明顯(xian)優勢,銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)產(chan)品(pin)出(chu)來后區(qu)別不是(shi)很大,只要銅(tong)(tong)板(ban)選(xuan)的(de)好(hao),生產(chan)控制比較穩定,國產(chan)設(she)(she)備也能(neng)產(chan)出(chu)可(ke)拉伸0.05的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan).進口設(she)(she)備一般(ban)是(shi)芬蘭奧(ao)托昆普的(de)設(she)(she)備,國產(chan)設(she)(she)備最好(hao)的(de)應(ying)該是(shi)上海的(de)海軍廠(chang)的(de)了,生產(chan)時間最長(chang),軍工企業,質量可(ke)靠。
低氧銅桿進口設備國(guo)際主要(yao)有兩種,一種是(shi)美(mei)國(guo)南線設備,英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠(chang)家是(shi)南京華新,江西銅業,另一種是(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設備,國(guo)內廠(chang)家是(shi)常州金源,天津大(da)無縫。
無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從(cong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容易區別,無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)10-20個(ge)(ge)PPM以下(xia),但(dan)目前(qian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)廠(chang)家只能(neng)做到50個(ge)(ge)PPM以下(xia).低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi)(zi)一般(ban)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在(zai)250個(ge)(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一般(ban)采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上引法,低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋,兩(liang)種(zhong)產品相對而(er)(er)(er)言(yan)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆包線(xian)性 能(neng)更(geng)適(shi)應些(xie)(xie),如柔軟性,回彈角,繞線(xian)性能(neng).但(dan)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉絲條件相對要(yao)苛(ke)刻些(xie)(xie),同樣拉伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲,如果(guo)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條件不好,普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可(ke)拉而(er)(er)(er)好的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian),但(dan)如果(guo)放在(zai)好的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條件,同樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子(zi)(zi),低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不定就能(neng)拉到雙零(ling)五,而(er)(er)(er)普通(tong)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只能(neng)拉伸(shen)(shen)到0.1而(er)(er)(er)已,當(dang)然做的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細的(de)(de)(de)如雙零(ling)二卻(que)非(fei)得依(yi)靠進口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目前(qian)有(you)企業嘗試(shi)用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)來(lai)處理低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)(shen)0.03線(xian).但(dan)有(you)關這方面的(de)(de)(de)內容我還不是(shi)很清(qing)楚(chu)。
音(yin)響線一般反而(er)喜歡(huan)用無氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan),這和無氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是單晶銅,低氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是多晶銅有關。
氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿和無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿由(you)于制造方法的不(bu)同,致使(shi)存在差別(bie),具(ju)有(you)各自的特(te)點(dian)。
一(yi)、關于氧的吸入和(he)脫去以及它的存在狀態
生產(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在10—50ppm,在常(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在銅(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)溶度約2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在200(175)—400(450)ppm,因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)進入是(shi)在銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)液態下吸入的(de)(de)(de),而(er)(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)相反,氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在液態銅(tong)下保持(chi)相當時間后(hou),被還原而(er)(er)脫去,通常(chang)這種桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在10—50ppm以(yi)下,最低可達1-2ppm,從組(zu)織(zhi)上看,低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang),以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)狀態,存(cun)在于(yu)晶粒邊界附近,這對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)(er)言(yan)可以(yi)說是(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)但對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)很少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)以(yi)夾雜形式在晶界出現(xian)對材料的(de)(de)(de)韌性(xing)(xing)產(chan)生負面影響。而(er)(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低,所以(yi)這種銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)是(shi)均(jun)勻的(de)(de)(de)單相組(zu)織(zhi)對韌性(xing)(xing)有利。在無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)多孔(kong)性(xing)(xing)是(shi)不(bu)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de),而(er)(er)在低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中則(ze)是(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種缺(que)陷。
二、熱軋組織和(he)鑄(zhu)造組織的區別
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于(yu)經(jing)過熱軋,所以(yi)其組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬熱加工組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi),原來(lai)的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經(jing)破碎,在8mm的(de)桿(gan)時已有(you)再結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)形式出現,而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi),晶(jing)粒(li)粗大,這是為什(shen)么(me),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)再結(jie)晶(jing)溫度較高(gao)(gao),需要較高(gao)(gao)退火(huo)溫度的(de)固有(you)原因(yin)。這是因(yin)為,再結(jie)晶(jing)發生在晶(jing)粒(li)邊界附近,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)粗大,晶(jing)粒(li)尺(chi)寸甚至能達幾個毫米,因(yin)而(er)晶(jing)粒(li)邊界少,即使通過拉(la)制(zhi)變形,但(dan)晶(jing)粒(li)邊界相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是較少,所以(yi)需要較高(gao)(gao)的(de)退火(huo)功(gong)率。對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的(de)退火(huo)要求是:由桿(gan)經(jing)拉(la)制(zhi),但(dan)尚未(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)線(xian)時的(de)第一(yi)次退火(huo),其退火(huo)功(gong)率應(ying)比同(tong)樣情(qing)況的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高(gao)(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉(la)制(zhi),在以(yi)后階段的(de)退火(huo)功(gong)率應(ying)留有(you)足夠的(de)余量和(he)(he)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切實區別執行不同(tong)的(de)退火(huo)工藝,以(yi)保證在制(zhi)品(pin)和(he)(he)成品(pin)導線(xian)的(de)柔軟(ruan)性。
三(san)、夾雜(za),氧(yang)含量波動,表面氧(yang)化(hua)物和可(ke)能存在的熱軋缺陷的差別(bie)
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)可拉(la)性在(zai)所有線(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)相(xiang)比都(dou)是(shi)優越的(de),除上述組織原(yuan)因外,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少(shao),含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩(wen)定(ding),無(wu)熱軋(ya)可能產(chan)生的(de)缺陷,桿(gan)(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物厚(hou)度可達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產(chan)過程中如果工(gong)藝不穩(wen)定(ding),對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不嚴,含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)不穩(wen)定(ding)將直(zhi)接影(ying)響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)性能。如果桿(gan)(gan)的(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物能在(zai)后工(gong)序的(de)連(lian)續清洗(xi)中得以彌補外,但比較(jiao)麻煩的(de)是(shi)有相(xiang)當多(duo)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物存(cun)在(zai)于(yu)“皮下(xia)”,對拉(la)線(xian)斷線(xian)影(ying)響更直(zhi)接,故而在(zai)拉(la)制微(wei)細線(xian),超(chao)微(wei)細線(xian)時(shi),為了(le)減(jian)少(shao)斷線(xian),有時(shi)要對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)采取不得已的(de)辦法——剝皮,甚至二次剝皮的(de)原(yuan)因所在(zai),目的(de)要除去皮下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物。
四、低氧銅桿和無(wu)氧銅桿的韌性(xing)有差別(bie)
兩者都(dou)可以拉到0.015mm,但(dan)在低溫(wen)超導線中的低溫(wen)級無氧銅,其(qi)細絲間的間距只(zhi)有(you)0.001mm.
五、從制(zhi)桿的(de)原材料到制(zhi)線(xian)的(de)經濟性有差別。
制(zhi)造無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)要求質量較(jiao)高的(de)原材料(liao)。一般,拉制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)時,低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)優點比較(jiao)明顯,而無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯得更為(wei)優越的(de)是拉制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)。
六、低(di)氧銅桿的(de)制(zhi)線工藝與無(wu)氧銅桿的(de)有(you)所(suo)不同(tong)。
低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)不能(neng)照搬到無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)上(shang)來(lai),至少兩者的(de)退(tui)火工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)是不同的(de)。因為線的(de)柔(rou)軟性深(shen)受材料成份和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)桿(gan),制(zhi)(zhi)線和(he)退(tui)火工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)影響,不能(neng)簡單地(di)說低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)或(huo)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)誰(shui)(shui)軟誰(shui)(shui)硬。
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