熱門(men)關鍵詞：
來(lai)源：行業動(dong)態 閱讀：109501 發布時間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)不同，所生產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)及外觀就不同。上引(yin)生產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，工(gong)藝(yi)得當氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)(liang)在10ppm以下(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿；連鑄(zhu)連鑄(zhu)生產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿 是在保護條件下(xia)的(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)(liang)在200-500ppm范圍內(nei)，但(dan)有(you)(you)時也高達700ppm以上，一般情(qing)況下(xia)，此(ci)種方法(fa)生產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)外表光亮(liang)，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，有(you)(you)時也叫(jiao)光桿。
銅(tong)桿(gan)是電纜行業的(de)主要(yao)原料，生產的(de)方式主要(yao)有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)(fa)和上(shang)引(yin)(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄法(fa)(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)生產方法(fa)(fa)較(jiao)多，其特點是金屬(shu)在(zai)豎爐中融化后(hou)，銅(tong)液(ye)通過保溫(wen)爐、溜槽、中間(jian)包，從澆管(guan)進(jin)入封(feng)閉的(de)模(mo)腔內，采(cai)用(yong)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)冷(leng)卻(que)強(qiang)度進(jin)行冷(leng)卻(que)，形(xing)成鑄坯，然(ran)后(hou)進(jin)行多道次軋(ya)制，生產的(de)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)為熱加(jia)工(gong)組(zu)織，原來(lai)的(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織已(yi)經破碎，含氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般(ban)為200~400ppm之間(jian)。無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)國內基本全部采(cai)用(yong)上(shang)引(yin)(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄法(fa)(fa)生產，金屬(shu)在(zai)感應電爐中融化后(hou)通過石墨模(mo)進(jin)行上(shang)引(yin)(yin)連(lian)(lian)續鑄造(zao)，之后(hou)進(jin)行冷(leng)軋(ya)或(huo)冷(leng)加(jia)工(gong)，生產的(de)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)為鑄造(zao)組(zu)織，含氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)20ppm以下。由于(yu)制造(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)不同，所以在(zai)組(zu)織結構、氧(yang)含量(liang)分(fen)布、雜質的(de)形(xing)式及(ji)分(fen)布等諸多方面有(you)較(jiao)大(da)差(cha)別。
一、拉制性能
銅桿的(de)拉制(zhi)性能跟(gen)很多因素有關(guan)，如雜質的(de)含(han)(han)量、氧含(han)(han)量及分(fen)布、工藝控制(zhi)等。下(xia)面分(fen)別從以上幾個方面對銅桿的(de)拉制(zhi)性能進行分(fen)析。
1、熔化方式(shi)對(dui)S等(deng)雜質的影響
連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)主要是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)氣體(ti)的(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)熔(rong)(rong)化，在燃燒的(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，通過(guo)(guo)氧化和揮(hui)發作用，可一定程度減少部分雜質進入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因此連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋法對原料要求(qiu)相對低一些。上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，由于是(shi)用感應電爐(lu)熔(rong)(rong)化，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基(ji)本(ben)都熔(rong)(rong)入(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)熔(rong)(rong)入(ru)的(de)S對無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)塑性影響極大，會增加拉絲斷(duan)線率。
2、鑄造過(guo)程中(zhong)雜(za)質的進入(ru)
在(zai)生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)工藝(yi)需通過(guo)保溫爐(lu)(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間(jian)包轉運(yun)銅液，相(xiang)對(dui)容易造(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)(nai)火材料的剝(bo)落，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)制過(guo)程中(zhong)需要通過(guo)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)成(cheng)鐵質(zhi)的脫落，會(hui)(hui)給(gei)銅桿(gan)造(zao)成(cheng)外(wai)部夾雜。而熱軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)中(zhong)皮(pi)上和皮(pi)下(xia)氧化物(wu)的軋(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)入(ru)，會(hui)(hui)給(gei)低(di)氧桿(gan)的拉絲造(zao)成(cheng)不利(li)的影響。上引連鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)工藝(yi)流(liu)程較(jiao)短，銅液是通過(guo)聯體爐(lu)(lu)內潛(qian)流(liu)式(shi)完(wan)成(cheng)，對(dui)耐(nai)(nai)火材料的沖(chong)擊不大，結晶(jing)是通過(guo)石墨模內進(jin)行，所以過(guo)程中(zhong)可能產(chan)生(sheng)的污染源較(jiao)少，雜質(zhi)進(jin)入(ru)的機會(hui)(hui)較(jiao)少。
O、S、P是(shi)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)會生產化(hua)(hua)合物的元素(su)。在熔態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧可以溶(rong)解(jie)一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷(leng)凝(ning)時，氧幾(ji)乎不溶(rong)解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔態(tai)時所(suo)溶(rong)解(jie)的氧，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶體(ti)析出(chu)(chu)，分布在晶粒(li)晶界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶體(ti)的出(chu)(chu)現，顯著(zhu)降低(di)了銅(tong)(tong)的塑性(xing)。
硫可以溶解(jie)在熔(rong)體的銅中，但在室溫下(xia)，其溶解(jie)度幾乎降低(di)到零，它以硫化亞(ya)銅的形式(shi)出現在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處，會顯(xian)著降低(di)銅的塑性(xing)。
3、氧(yang)在(zai)低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)中分布(bu)形式(shi)及其(qi)影(ying)響
氧含量(liang)對低(di)氧銅桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉線(xian)性能有著明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。當(dang)氧含量(liang)增(zeng)加到最(zui)佳值時，銅桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)線(xian)率最(zui)低(di)。這是因為氧在與(yu)大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)都起到了(le)清(qing)除(chu)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。適度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧還有利于(yu)去(qu)除(chu)銅液中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)，生成(cheng)水(shui)蒸氣溢出，減少(shao)氣孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)佳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧含量(liang)為拉線(xian)工藝提供了(le)最(zui)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件。
低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)氧化(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)(bu)：在連續澆鑄中(zhong)凝固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散熱速率和均(jun)勻冷卻(que)是決定(ding)銅(tong)桿(gan)氧化(hua)物(wu)分布(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要因素(su)。不均(jun)勻冷卻(que)會引起銅(tong)桿(gan)內(nei)部結構本質上的(de)(de)(de)差異，但后續的(de)(de)(de)熱加工(gong)，柱狀晶通常會遭到(dao)破壞，使氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)顆粒(li)細微化(hua)和均(jun)勻分布(bu)(bu)。氧化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)聚集而產生的(de)(de)(de)典型情況是中(zhong)心爆裂。除氧化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)分布(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較(jiao)小氧化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯(xian)示出較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)拉線(xian)特性(xing)，較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)容易造成(cheng)應力(li)集中(zhong)點而斷裂。
無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)脆，延伸率下降(jiang)，拉(la)伸式樣端(duan)口顯(xian)暗紅色(se)，結晶組織(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)超(chao)出8ppm時，工藝性能(neng)變(bian)差(cha)，表現為鑄造及拉(la)伸過程中斷桿及斷線率極具(ju)增高。這(zhe)是(shi)由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)生(sheng)成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)脆性相，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網狀組織(zhi)分(fen)布在境(jing)界上。這(zhe)種脆性相硬(ying)度高，在冷變(bian)形時將會與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)機體脫離，導致銅(tong)(tong)桿的機械性能(neng)下降(jiang)，在后續加工中容(rong)易造成(cheng)斷裂(lie)現象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)高還能(neng)導致無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿導電率下降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴(yan)格控(kong)制上引連鑄工藝及產(chan)品質(zhi)量(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在上(shang)引連(lian)鑄中(zhong)，氧含量控制較低，氧化物的副作用唄**降(jiang)低，但氫的影(ying)響成為較顯著的問題(ti)。吸氣后熔體中(zhong)存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣體(ti)及(ji)疏松(song)是在(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)過程中，氫從過飽和的(de)溶(rong)液(ye)中析(xi)出(chu)并聚(ju)集(ji)而(er)(er)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。在(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)氫又可(ke)還(huan)原氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)而(er)(er)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水氣泡。由于(yu)上(shang)引(yin)鑄(zhu)造的(de)特點是銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)自(zi)上(shang)而(er)(er)下的(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)液(ye)**形(xing)狀近似錐型。銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)氣體(ti)在(zai)上(shang)浮過程中被堵在(zai)凝(ning)固組(zu)織內，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時在(zai)鑄(zhu)桿內形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣孔。上(shang)引(yin)的(de)含氣量(liang)少時，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)氫存在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)(jing)界處，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏松(song)；含氣量(liang)多時，則聚(ju)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣孔，因(yin)此，氣孔和疏松(song)是氫氣和水蒸氣兩者形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)。
氫來(lai)源于(yu)上引(yin)生產過(guo)程中的(de)各(ge)個工(gong)藝環節，如(ru)原(yuan)料電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料木炭**、氣候(hou)環境**、石墨結晶器(qi)未干(gan)燥等。因(yin)此，熔化爐中的(de)銅(tong)(tong)液表面應(ying)覆蓋經烘烤(kao)的(de)木炭，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳(er)朵”，對提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)質量非常重要(yao)。
在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)工藝中，往往采用適(shi)度控(kong)制氧(yang)含量來控(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅(tong)液在(zai)鑄造過程中是自(zi)下(xia)而上(shang)結晶，銅(tong)液中的(de)氧和氫所(suo)產生的(de)水蒸氣很容易上(shang)浮跑出，銅(tong)液中的(de)氫大(da)部分(fen)能被(bei)有效去除，因而對銅(tong)桿的(de)影(ying)響較小。
二、表面質量
在生(sheng)產(chan)電磁線等產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，對銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面質(zhi)(zhi)量也需(xu)提(ti)出要求。需(xu)要拉制(zhi)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)絲表(biao)面無毛刺、銅(tong)(tong)粉少、無油污。并通過扭(niu)(niu)轉試驗測量表(biao)面銅(tong)(tong)粉的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量和扭(niu)(niu)轉后(hou)觀察銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)復原情況(kuang)來判定(ding)其好壞。
在連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)(ya)過(guo)(guo)程中，從鑄(zhu)造(zao)到軋(ya)(ya)制前，溫(wen)度高，完(wan)全暴(bao)露(lu)于空氣中，使鑄(zhu)坯表面(mian)形成(cheng)較厚的(de)氧化層，在軋(ya)(ya)制過(guo)(guo)程中，隨著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧化物顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入銅(tong)線表面(mian)。由(you)于氧化亞銅(tong)是(shi)高熔點脆(cui)性(xing)化合(he)物，對(dui)于軋(ya)(ya)入較深的(de)氧化亞銅(tong)，當成(cheng)條狀(zhuang)的(de)聚(ju)集物遇模具拉伸時，就會(hui)是(shi)銅(tong)桿(gan)外表面(mian)產生毛刺，給后續(xu)的(de)涂漆造(zao)成(cheng)麻(ma)煩。
而上(shang)引連鑄工藝(yi)制造(zao)的無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)，由于鑄造(zao)和冷卻完(wan)全與氧(yang)隔絕，后續(xu)亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅(tong)桿(gan)表面無(wu)軋入表面的氧(yang)化(hua)物，質量較(jiao)好，拉(la)制后銅(tong)粉(fen)少，上(shang)述問題較(jiao)少存在。
無氧銅桿也(ye)分進(jin)口(kou)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)做(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)和國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)做(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de),但目前進(jin)口(kou)產(chan)(chan)品已無明顯(xian)優(you)勢，銅桿產(chan)(chan)品出(chu)來(lai)后區(qu)別不是(shi)很大,只要銅板選的(de)(de)好,生產(chan)(chan)控制(zhi)比(bi)較穩定,國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)也(ye)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)出(chu)可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)銅桿.進(jin)口(kou)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)一般是(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei),國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)最(zui)好的(de)(de)應該是(shi)上海的(de)(de)海軍廠的(de)(de)了，生產(chan)(chan)時間最(zui)長，軍工(gong)企業，質量可靠。
低氧銅桿進口設(she)備(bei)國(guo)際主要有兩種,一種是(shi)美國(guo)南(nan)線(xian)設(she)備(bei),英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)(nei)廠(chang)家是(shi)南(nan)京華新,江西銅業,另一種是(shi)德(de)國(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備(bei),國(guo)內(nei)(nei)廠(chang)家是(shi)常州金(jin)源,天津大(da)無縫。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從(cong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)上容易區別(bie),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下,但目(mu)前有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家只能做(zuo)到50個(ge)PPM以下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai)(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子一(yi)般(ban)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)控制在(zai)(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右(you),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一(yi)般(ban)采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上引(yin)法(fa),低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya),兩種(zhong)產品(pin)相對而(er)(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆包線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing) 能更適應些,如(ru)柔軟(ruan)性(xing),回彈角,繞線(xian)(xian)(xian)性(xing)能.但低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉(la)絲條件相對要(yao)苛(ke)刻(ke)些,同(tong)樣拉(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條件不(bu)好(hao)(hao)(hao),普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可(ke)拉(la)而(er)(er)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian)(xian)(xian),但如(ru)果放在(zai)(zai)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條件,同(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就能拉(la)到雙零五,而(er)(er)普通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只能拉(la)伸(shen)到0.1而(er)(er)已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻非(fei)得依靠進口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了(le).目(mu)前有企(qi)業嘗試用剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)來處理(li)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian)(xian).但有關這(zhe)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容我還不(bu)是(shi)很清(qing)楚(chu)。
音(yin)響線(xian)一(yi)般反(fan)而喜(xi)歡用無(wu)(wu)氧桿(gan),這和無(wu)(wu)氧桿(gan)是單(dan)晶(jing)(jing)銅(tong),低氧桿(gan)是多晶(jing)(jing)銅(tong)有(you)關。
氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)由于制造方法的(de)不同，致使存(cun)在(zai)差(cha)別，具有(you)各(ge)自的(de)特點(dian)。
一、關(guan)于氧的(de)吸入和脫去(qu)以及它的(de)存(cun)在狀態
生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入(ru)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液(ye)態(tai)下吸入(ru)的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)上引法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液(ye)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相當時間后，被還原而(er)(er)脫去，通常(chang)(chang)這(zhe)種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)(zhi)上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)附近(jin)，這(zhe)對(dui)(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)(er)言可以(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)但對(dui)(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶(jing)界(jie)出(chu)現對(dui)(dui)材料的(de)(de)韌性(xing)(xing)產生負面(mian)影(ying)響(xiang)。而(er)(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)，所以(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)均勻的(de)(de)單(dan)相組織(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)(dui)韌性(xing)(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)多孔性(xing)(xing)是(shi)不常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中則是(shi)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)缺(que)陷。
二、熱軋組(zu)織和鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織的區別
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于經(jing)過(guo)熱軋，所以其組(zu)織(zhi)屬(shu)熱加工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已經(jing)破碎(sui)，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿(gan)時已有再結晶(jing)的(de)(de)形式出現，而(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬(shu)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)為什(shen)么，無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再結晶(jing)溫度較高，需要(yao)較高退(tui)(tui)火(huo)溫度的(de)(de)固(gu)有原(yuan)因。這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)因為，再結晶(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)附近，無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大，晶(jing)粒(li)(li)尺寸甚至能達(da)幾個毫米，因而(er)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)少(shao)，即(ji)使通過(guo)拉制變形，但晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界(jie)相對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是(shi)(shi)較少(shao)，所以需要(yao)較高的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)。對無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)要(yao)求(qiu)是(shi)(shi)：由桿(gan)經(jing)拉制，但尚未鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)第一次退(tui)(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)應比同樣情(qing)況的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉制，在(zai)以后階段(duan)的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)應留有足夠的(de)(de)余(yu)量和(he)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實(shi)區(qu)別(bie)執行(xing)不同的(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝，以保證在(zai)制品和(he)成品導線的(de)(de)柔軟性(xing)。
三、夾(jia)雜，氧含量波動，表面氧化(hua)物和可能存在的(de)熱軋(ya)缺陷(xian)的(de)差別
無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)可(ke)拉(la)(la)性在(zai)所(suo)有(you)線徑里與低氧銅(tong)桿相比都是(shi)優越的(de)(de)，除上述組織原因外，無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿夾雜少，含氧量穩定(ding)，無(wu)熱軋可(ke)能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)缺陷，桿表氧化物厚度(du)可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)如果工藝不穩定(ding)，對(dui)(dui)氧監(jian)控不嚴(yan)，含氧量不穩定(ding)將直接影響桿的(de)(de)性能(neng)。如果桿的(de)(de)表面氧化物能(neng)在(zai)后(hou)工序的(de)(de)連(lian)續清洗中(zhong)得(de)以彌(mi)補外，但比較麻(ma)煩的(de)(de)是(shi)有(you)相當(dang)多的(de)(de)氧化物存在(zai)于“皮下”，對(dui)(dui)拉(la)(la)線斷線影響更直接，故而在(zai)拉(la)(la)制微(wei)細線，超微(wei)細線時，為了減少斷線，有(you)時要對(dui)(dui)銅(tong)桿采取不得(de)已的(de)(de)辦法——剝(bo)皮，甚(shen)至二次剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)原因所(suo)在(zai)，目的(de)(de)要除去(qu)皮下氧化物。
四、低(di)氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)的韌性有差別
兩(liang)者都可以(yi)拉到0.015mm，但(dan)在(zai)低溫超導線中的低溫級無(wu)氧銅(tong)，其(qi)細絲間的間距只有0.001mm.
五、從制(zhi)桿的原材料(liao)到制(zhi)線的經濟性(xing)有差別。
制(zhi)造無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)要求質量較高的(de)原材(cai)料。一般，拉(la)制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線時，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)優(you)點比較明(ming)顯，而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯得更為優(you)越的(de)是拉(la)制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線。
六、低(di)氧銅桿(gan)的(de)制線工藝與(yu)無氧銅桿(gan)的(de)有所不(bu)同。
低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)線工(gong)藝不(bu)(bu)能照搬(ban)到無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)線工(gong)藝上來，至少兩者的(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)工(gong)藝是不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)為線的(de)(de)(de)柔軟性深(shen)受(shou)材(cai)料(liao)成份和制(zhi)桿(gan)(gan)，制(zhi)線和退火(huo)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，不(bu)(bu)能簡(jian)單地說低氧(yang)銅或無(wu)氧(yang)銅誰軟誰硬。
