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導(dao)讀(du)：由(you)于生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)工(gong)藝不同，所生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)含氧(yang)量及外(wai)觀就不同。上引生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工(gong)藝得(de)當氧(yang)含量在10ppm以(yi)下(xia)，叫(jiao)(jiao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是在保(bao)護條件下(xia)的(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含量在200-500ppm范圍內，但(dan)有(you)時(shi)也高達700ppm以(yi)上，一(yi)般(ban)情況(kuang)下(xia)，此種方法(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)外(wai)表(biao)光亮，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有(you)時(shi)也叫(jiao)(jiao)光桿(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)桿(gan)是電纜行業的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要原料，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)主(zhu)要有(you)兩種——連鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連軋(ya)(ya)法和上引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法。連鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連軋(ya)(ya)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)方(fang)法較多(duo)，其特點是金(jin)屬在豎爐中(zhong)融(rong)化后(hou)(hou)，銅(tong)液通過(guo)保(bao)溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)包，從澆管進(jin)(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)腔(qiang)內，采(cai)用(yong)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻強度進(jin)(jin)行冷(leng)卻，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)行多(duo)道次(ci)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)為熱加工(gong)組織，原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組織已經破碎，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)(yi)般為200~400ppm之間(jian)(jian)。無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)國內基本全部(bu)采(cai)用(yong)上引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)，金(jin)屬在感應電爐中(zhong)融(rong)化后(hou)(hou)通過(guo)石墨模(mo)進(jin)(jin)行上引連續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)行冷(leng)軋(ya)(ya)或冷(leng)加工(gong)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組織，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)(yi)般在20ppm以(yi)下。由于制(zhi)造(zao)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，所以(yi)在組織結構(gou)、氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)分布、雜質的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)及分布等諸多(duo)方(fang)面有(you)較大(da)差別(bie)。

一、拉制性能

銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)拉制(zhi)性(xing)能跟(gen)很多因素有關，如雜質的(de)含量、氧含量及分布、工藝控制(zhi)等。下面分別(bie)從以上(shang)幾個方(fang)面對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)拉制(zhi)性(xing)能進(jin)行(xing)分析。

1、熔化方式對S等雜質的影(ying)響

連鑄(zhu)連軋生產(chan)銅桿(gan)(gan)主要(yao)是通(tong)過(guo)氣體的燃燒(shao)使銅桿(gan)(gan)熔化(hua)，在燃燒(shao)的過(guo)程(cheng)中，通(tong)過(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)和(he)揮發作用，可一定(ding)程(cheng)度(du)減少(shao)部分雜質(zhi)進入(ru)銅液(ye)，因此連鑄(zhu)連軋法(fa)對(dui)(dui)原(yuan)料(liao)要(yao)求相對(dui)(dui)低一些。上引(yin)連鑄(zhu)生產(chan)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)，由于是用感應電爐熔化(hua)，電解銅表面的“銅綠”“銅豆”基(ji)本都(dou)熔入(ru)到銅液(ye)中。其中熔入(ru)的S對(dui)(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)塑性影(ying)響極大(da)，會增加拉(la)絲斷線率。

2、鑄造過程中雜質的進入(ru)

在生(sheng)產過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中，連鑄連軋(ya)工藝需(xu)(xu)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中間包轉運(yun)銅液，相對容易(yi)造成(cheng)耐火材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)剝落(luo)，在軋(ya)制過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中需(xu)(xu)要(yao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)軋(ya)輥，造成(cheng)鐵質的(de)(de)脫落(luo)，會給銅桿造成(cheng)外部(bu)夾雜(za)。而熱軋(ya)中皮上和皮下氧(yang)(yang)化物的(de)(de)軋(ya)入，會給低氧(yang)(yang)桿的(de)(de)拉絲(si)造成(cheng)不(bu)利(li)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。上引連鑄法生(sheng)產工藝流程(cheng)較短，銅液是(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)聯體爐內(nei)潛(qian)流式完成(cheng)，對耐火材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)沖擊不(bu)大，結晶是(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)石墨(mo)模內(nei)進行(xing)，所以過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中可能產生(sheng)的(de)(de)污染(ran)源較少(shao)，雜(za)質進入的(de)(de)機會較少(shao)。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會(hui)生產化(hua)合物(wu)的(de)元(yuan)素。在熔(rong)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)可以溶(rong)解一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)(shi)，氧(yang)幾乎(hu)不(bu)溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔(rong)態(tai)時(shi)(shi)所溶(rong)解的(de)氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體析出(chu)，分布在晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體的(de)出(chu)現，顯(xian)著降低(di)了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性(xing)。

硫可以溶解(jie)在(zai)熔體的銅中，但(dan)在(zai)室溫下，其(qi)溶解(jie)度(du)幾乎降(jiang)低到零，它以硫化亞銅的形式(shi)出現在(zai)晶粒晶界(jie)處，會顯著(zhu)降(jiang)低銅的塑性。

3、氧在(zai)低(di)氧銅桿和無氧銅桿中分布形式(shi)及其影響

氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)對(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的拉線(xian)性能(neng)有著明顯的影(ying)響。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)增加到(dao)最佳值時，銅(tong)桿(gan)的斷線(xian)率(lv)最低。這是因為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)與大部(bu)分雜質反應的過程(cheng)中(zhong)都(dou)起到(dao)了(le)(le)清除(chu)器的作用。適度(du)的氧(yang)(yang)還有利于去除(chu)銅(tong)液中(zhong)的氫，生成(cheng)(cheng)水蒸(zheng)氣溢出，減少氣孔(kong)的形成(cheng)(cheng)。最佳的氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)為(wei)拉線(xian)工藝(yi)提(ti)供了(le)(le)最好的條件(jian)。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布：在連續澆鑄中(zhong)凝(ning)固的(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散熱(re)速率和(he)均(jun)勻(yun)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)是決(jue)定銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)分(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)主要因素(su)。不(bu)均(jun)勻(yun)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)會引起銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)內部(bu)結構本質上的(de)(de)(de)差異，但(dan)后續的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)加(jia)工，柱(zhu)狀晶通常會遭到(dao)破壞，使氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)顆粒(li)細微(wei)化和(he)均(jun)勻(yun)分(fen)布。氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆粒(li)聚集而(er)產生的(de)(de)(de)典型情(qing)況(kuang)是中(zhong)心爆裂。除(chu)氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆粒(li)分(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較小氧(yang)化物(wu)(wu)顆粒(li)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯示出較好的(de)(de)(de)拉線特性，較大的(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)容易造(zao)成應力(li)集中(zhong)點(dian)而(er)斷裂。

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)脆(cui)，延(yan)伸率(lv)(lv)(lv)下(xia)降，拉伸式樣(yang)端口(kou)顯暗紅(hong)色(se)，結(jie)晶組織疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量超(chao)出8ppm時(shi)，工藝性(xing)能(neng)變(bian)差，表現為鑄造(zao)及拉伸過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)斷桿及斷線率(lv)(lv)(lv)極具增高(gao)。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)成氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性(xing)相，形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體(ti)(ti)，以(yi)網(wang)狀組織分布在(zai)境界上。這種脆(cui)性(xing)相硬度高(gao)，在(zai)冷變(bian)形(xing)時(shi)將(jiang)會(hui)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機體(ti)(ti)脫(tuo)離(li)，導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)機械(xie)性(xing)能(neng)下(xia)降，在(zai)后續加工中(zhong)容易造(zao)成斷裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量高(gao)還能(neng)導(dao)致無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿導(dao)電(dian)率(lv)(lv)(lv)下(xia)降。因此(ci)，必須嚴格控制上引連鑄工藝及產品質(zhi)量。

4、氫的影響

在上引連(lian)鑄中，氧含(han)量控制較(jiao)低，氧化物的(de)副作(zuo)用唄(bai)**降低，但氫的(de)影(ying)響成(cheng)為(wei)較(jiao)顯著的(de)問題。吸氣后(hou)熔體中存在平衡反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)體及疏松是(shi)在(zai)結晶(jing)的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)，氫(qing)從過飽(bao)和的(de)(de)溶液(ye)中(zhong)析出(chu)(chu)(chu)并聚(ju)集而(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)。在(zai)結晶(jing)前析出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)又可還原(yuan)氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)而(er)生成(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)泡。由(you)于上(shang)(shang)引(yin)鑄造的(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)自上(shang)(shang)而(er)下的(de)(de)結晶(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)液(ye)**形(xing)狀近似(si)錐型。銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)結晶(jing)前析出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)體在(zai)上(shang)(shang)浮過程中(zhong)被(bei)堵在(zai)凝(ning)固組織(zhi)內，結晶(jing)時在(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)成(cheng)氣(qi)孔。上(shang)(shang)引(yin)的(de)(de)含(han)(han)氣(qi)量少(shao)時，析出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)于晶(jing)界處，形(xing)成(cheng)疏松；含(han)(han)氣(qi)量多時，則聚(ju)集成(cheng)氣(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)孔和疏松是(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)和水(shui)蒸氣(qi)兩者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過程中(zhong)的(de)各個工藝環(huan)節，如原(yuan)料(liao)電解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料(liao)木炭**、氣候環(huan)境(jing)**、石墨結晶器未干燥等。因此，熔化(hua)爐中(zhong)的(de)銅(tong)液表(biao)面應覆(fu)蓋經烘(hong)烤的(de)木炭，電解(jie)(jie)銅(tong)應盡量去除“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)豆(dou)”“耳朵(duo)”，對(dui)提高無氧銅(tong)桿質量非常重(zhong)要(yao)。

在連鑄連軋工(gong)藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適度控制氧含量來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)在鑄(zhu)造過(guo)程(cheng)中是自下而上結晶，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)中的(de)氧和(he)氫所(suo)產生的(de)水蒸氣很容易上浮跑(pao)出，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)中的(de)氫大部分能被(bei)有(you)效(xiao)去除，因而對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)影(ying)響較小(xiao)。

二、表面質量

在生產電(dian)磁線(xian)等產品(pin)的(de)(de)過(guo)程中，對銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)表面(mian)質量(liang)也需提出要求(qiu)。需要拉制后的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)絲表面(mian)無毛刺、銅(tong)(tong)粉少、無油污。并通過(guo)扭轉試驗測量(liang)表面(mian)銅(tong)(tong)粉的(de)(de)質量(liang)和扭轉后觀察銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)復(fu)原情況來(lai)判定其(qi)好壞。

在(zai)連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，從鑄(zhu)造到軋(ya)制前(qian)，溫度(du)高(gao)，完(wan)全暴(bao)露于(yu)空氣中(zhong)(zhong)，使鑄(zhu)坯表(biao)面(mian)(mian)形(xing)成(cheng)較厚的(de)(de)氧化(hua)層，在(zai)軋(ya)制過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，隨(sui)著(zhu)軋(ya)輥的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)動(dong)，氧化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒軋(ya)入銅(tong)線(xian)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)。由于(yu)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)是(shi)高(gao)熔點(dian)脆性化(hua)合物(wu)，對于(yu)軋(ya)入較深(shen)的(de)(de)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)，當成(cheng)條狀的(de)(de)聚集物(wu)遇(yu)模具(ju)拉伸時，就會是(shi)銅(tong)桿外(wai)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)產生毛刺(ci)，給后續(xu)的(de)(de)涂漆造成(cheng)麻(ma)煩。

而上引(yin)連鑄工藝制造(zao)的無氧銅(tong)桿，由于鑄造(zao)和冷卻完(wan)全與氧隔絕(jue)，后續亦無熱軋過程，銅(tong)桿表面無軋入表面的氧化(hua)物，質量較好，拉制后銅(tong)粉少，上述問題較少存在。

無氧銅桿(gan)也(ye)分進口(kou)設備做的(de)(de)和國產(chan)(chan)設備做的(de)(de),但目前進口(kou)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)已無明顯優(you)勢，銅桿(gan)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)出(chu)來后區別不(bu)是(shi)很大,只要銅板選的(de)(de)好(hao),生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)控制(zhi)比較穩定,國產(chan)(chan)設備也(ye)能產(chan)(chan)出(chu)可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)銅桿(gan).進口(kou)設備一般是(shi)芬(fen)蘭奧托(tuo)昆(kun)普的(de)(de)設備,國產(chan)(chan)設備最(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)應該是(shi)上(shang)海(hai)的(de)(de)海(hai)軍(jun)廠的(de)(de)了，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)時間最(zui)長，軍(jun)工(gong)企業，質量可靠。

低氧(yang)銅桿進口設(she)備國(guo)際主要(yao)有兩種(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是美國(guo)南線設(she)備,英文是SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠家是南京華新,江(jiang)西銅業,另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是德國(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備,國(guo)內廠家是常州金源(yuan),天津(jin)大無(wu)縫(feng)。

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容易區別,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)(shi)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在10-20個PPM以下,但(dan)(dan)(dan)目前有的(de)(de)(de)廠家(jia)只能(neng)(neng)做到50個PPM以下.低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)在 200-400個PPM,好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在250個PPM左右(you),無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一般采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)上引法(fa),低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種產品(pin)相(xiang)對(dui)而(er)言低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)漆(qi)包線(xian)性(xing)(xing) 能(neng)(neng)更適應些(xie),如柔軟(ruan)性(xing)(xing),回彈角,繞線(xian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng).但(dan)(dan)(dan)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)拉(la)(la)絲條件(jian)相(xiang)對(dui)要苛刻些(xie),同樣拉(la)(la)伸0.2的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如果伸線(xian)條件(jian)不好(hao)(hao)(hao),普通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉(la)(la)而(er)好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就斷(duan) 線(xian),但(dan)(dan)(dan)如果放在好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)伸線(xian)條件(jian),同樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說不定就能(neng)(neng)拉(la)(la)到雙(shuang)零五(wu),而(er)普通(tong)(tong)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只能(neng)(neng)拉(la)(la)伸到0.1而(er)已(yi),當然(ran)做的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)如雙(shuang)零二卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)了.目前有企業嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式來處理(li)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來伸0.03線(xian).但(dan)(dan)(dan)有關這方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)內容我還不是(shi)(shi)很清楚。

音響線(xian)一般反而喜(xi)歡用(yong)無氧桿(gan)(gan),這和無氧桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)單晶銅(tong),低(di)氧桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)多(duo)晶銅(tong)有關(guan)。

氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)由(you)于制造方法的(de)不同(tong)，致使存(cun)在差別，具有各(ge)自的(de)特點。

一、關于氧的吸入和脫去以及它的存在狀態(tai)

生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)常溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液(ye)態(tai)下吸入的(de)(de)，而上引法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則相反(fan)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)液(ye)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相當時間后(hou)，被還原而脫去，通(tong)常這種桿的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低(di)(di)(di)可(ke)達1-2ppm，從組織上看，低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊界附(fu)近，這對(dui)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而言可(ke)以(yi)說是(shi)(shi)常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則很少見(jian)(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾(jia)雜形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晶(jing)界出現對(dui)材(cai)料的(de)(de)韌性產(chan)生負(fu)面(mian)影(ying)響。而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)(di)(di)，所以(yi)這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織是(shi)(shi)均勻的(de)(de)單相組織對(dui)韌性有利(li)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)多孔性是(shi)(shi)不常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)則是(shi)(shi)常見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)一種缺(que)陷。

二、熱軋組(zu)織和鑄造組(zu)織的(de)區別

低(di)氧(yang)銅桿由(you)于經過熱(re)軋(ya)，所(suo)(suo)以其(qi)組織(zhi)屬熱(re)加工(gong)組織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)已(yi)經破碎，在8mm的(de)(de)桿時(shi)已(yi)有(you)再結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)形(xing)式出現，而無氧(yang)銅桿屬鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大，這是為什么，無氧(yang)銅的(de)(de)再結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)溫度較(jiao)高(gao)，需要(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)溫度的(de)(de)固有(you)原因。這是因為，再結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)發(fa)生在晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)附近，無氧(yang)銅桿組織(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗大，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺寸甚至能達(da)幾(ji)個毫米，因而晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)少，即使通過拉制變形(xing)，但(dan)(dan)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)銅桿還(huan)是較(jiao)少，所(suo)(suo)以需要(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)。對(dui)無氧(yang)銅成功(gong)的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)要(yao)求是：由(you)桿經拉制，但(dan)(dan)尚未鑄造(zao)組織(zhi)的(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)第一次退(tui)火(huo)(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)應(ying)比(bi)同(tong)樣情況的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅高(gao)10——15%。經繼續拉制，在以后階段的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)應(ying)留有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)余(yu)量和(he)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)銅和(he)無氧(yang)銅切實區別執(zhi)行不同(tong)的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)(huo)工(gong)藝，以保證在制品和(he)成品導線的(de)(de)柔軟性。

三(san)、夾雜，氧含量波動，表面氧化物和可能存(cun)在的熱軋缺陷(xian)的差(cha)別

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)可拉性在(zai)所有(you)線(xian)徑里(li)與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿相比都(dou)是優越的(de)(de)(de)，除上(shang)述組織(zhi)原因外，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿夾雜少，含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)定，無熱軋(ya)可能產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)，桿表(biao)(biao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)厚度可達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過程中如果工藝不穩(wen)定，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不嚴，含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量不穩(wen)定將直接影響桿的(de)(de)(de)性能。如果桿的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)能在(zai)后工序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續清洗中得以彌補(bu)外，但比較(jiao)麻煩的(de)(de)(de)是有(you)相當多的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)存(cun)在(zai)于“皮下(xia)”，對(dui)拉線(xian)斷線(xian)影響更直接，故而(er)在(zai)拉制微(wei)細線(xian)，超微(wei)細線(xian)時(shi)，為了減少斷線(xian)，有(you)時(shi)要(yao)對(dui)銅(tong)桿采取不得已的(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝皮，甚至二次剝皮的(de)(de)(de)原因所在(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)除去皮下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)(wu)。

四(si)、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌(ren)性有差別

兩者(zhe)都可以拉到0.015mm，但在低(di)溫(wen)(wen)超(chao)導線中的低(di)溫(wen)(wen)級無(wu)氧(yang)銅，其細絲間的間距只有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原材(cai)料到制線的經(jing)濟性(xing)有差別。

制造無氧銅(tong)桿要求質量較高(gao)的(de)原材料。一般(ban)，拉制直徑(jing)(jing)>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線時，低氧銅(tong)桿的(de)優(you)點比較明顯，而無氧銅(tong)桿顯得更為優(you)越的(de)是拉制直徑(jing)(jing)<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線。

六、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的制線工(gong)藝(yi)與無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的有(you)所(suo)不同。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)線工(gong)藝不能照搬到無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)線工(gong)藝上來，至少(shao)兩者的(de)(de)退火(huo)工(gong)藝是不同的(de)(de)。因為線的(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性深(shen)受材料成份和制(zhi)桿(gan)(gan)，制(zhi)線和退火(huo)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)影響(xiang)，不能簡單地(di)說低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)或(huo)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)誰軟(ruan)誰硬。