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來源：行業動態 閱讀：109560 發布時間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)工藝(yi)不同，所(suo)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中的(de)(de)含(han)氧量及(ji)外觀就不同。上引(yin)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，工藝(yi)得當氧含(han)量在(zai)10ppm以(yi)下(xia)(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)；連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan) 是在(zai)保護(hu)條(tiao)件下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)熱軋，氧含(han)量在(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但(dan)有時也高(gao)達700ppm以(yi)上，一般情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)(xia)，此種(zhong)方(fang)法生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)外表(biao)光(guang)亮，低氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，有時也叫(jiao)光(guang)桿(gan)。
銅桿(gan)(gan)是電(dian)纜行(xing)業的(de)(de)主(zhu)要原料，生產(chan)的(de)(de)方(fang)式主(zhu)要有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)和上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)生產(chan)方(fang)法(fa)較多，其(qi)特點是金(jin)屬(shu)在豎爐(lu)中融化后(hou)，銅液(ye)通(tong)過保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中間包(bao)，從(cong)澆(jiao)管進(jin)(jin)入封(feng)閉的(de)(de)模(mo)腔內(nei)，采(cai)用較大的(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻強(qiang)度進(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)多道(dao)次軋(ya)制(zhi)，生產(chan)的(de)(de)低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)為(wei)熱加(jia)工組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，原來(lai)的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經破碎(sui)，含氧(yang)量一般為(wei)200~400ppm之間。無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)國內(nei)基本全部采(cai)用上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生產(chan)，金(jin)屬(shu)在感應(ying)電(dian)爐(lu)中融化后(hou)通(tong)過石墨(mo)模(mo)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)(leng)(leng)加(jia)工，生產(chan)的(de)(de)無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，含氧(yang)量一般在20ppm以(yi)下。由于(yu)制(zhi)造(zao)工藝(yi)的(de)(de)不同，所以(yi)在組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)結構(gou)、氧(yang)含量分布、雜質的(de)(de)形式及分布等諸多方(fang)面有(you)較大差別。
一、拉制性能
銅(tong)桿的拉(la)制性(xing)能跟很多因(yin)素有關，如雜(za)質的含量、氧含量及分布、工藝(yi)控制等。下面分別從以上幾(ji)個(ge)方面對銅(tong)桿的拉(la)制性(xing)能進行分析。
1、熔(rong)化(hua)方(fang)式對S等雜質(zhi)的(de)影響
連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產銅(tong)(tong)桿主要是通過氣體的(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)化，在燃燒的(de)過程中，通過氧(yang)(yang)化和揮發作(zuo)用，可一定程度減少部(bu)分雜質進(jin)入銅(tong)(tong)液，因此連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)法對(dui)原料要求相(xiang)對(dui)低一些。上引連(lian)鑄生產無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿，由(you)于是用感應(ying)電爐(lu)熔(rong)化，電解銅(tong)(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本(ben)都(dou)熔(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)液中。其中熔(rong)入的(de)S對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿塑(su)性影(ying)響極大，會(hui)增加拉絲斷線率。
2、鑄造過程中雜質的進(jin)入
在生產(chan)過(guo)程中，連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)工(gong)藝需(xu)通過(guo)保(bao)溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中間包轉運銅(tong)液，相對容易(yi)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)耐火材料的(de)剝落(luo)，在軋(ya)(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過(guo)程中需(xu)要通過(guo)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)輥(gun)，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)鐵質的(de)脫(tuo)落(luo)，會(hui)給(gei)銅(tong)桿造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)部夾雜。而熱(re)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)中皮上(shang)和皮下氧化物的(de)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)入，會(hui)給(gei)低(di)氧桿的(de)拉(la)絲造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)不利(li)的(de)影響(xiang)。上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法生產(chan)工(gong)藝流程較(jiao)短，銅(tong)液是通過(guo)聯(lian)體爐(lu)內潛(qian)流式完成(cheng)(cheng)，對耐火材料的(de)沖擊不大，結晶是通過(guo)石墨模內進行，所(suo)以過(guo)程中可(ke)能(neng)產(chan)生的(de)污染源較(jiao)少，雜質進入的(de)機會(hui)較(jiao)少。
O、S、P是(shi)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)會生(sheng)產化合物的(de)(de)元素。在熔(rong)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)可(ke)以(yi)溶(rong)解一部(bu)分，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)幾(ji)乎不(bu)溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔(rong)態(tai)時所溶(rong)解的(de)(de)氧(yang)，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體析出，分布在晶(jing)粒(li)晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體的(de)(de)出現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)塑性(xing)。
硫(liu)可以(yi)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)在熔體(ti)的銅(tong)中，但在室(shi)溫下，其溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)度幾乎降(jiang)低到零，它以(yi)硫(liu)化亞銅(tong)的形式出現在晶粒晶界處，會顯著降(jiang)低銅(tong)的塑性。
3、氧(yang)在(zai)低氧(yang)銅桿和(he)無氧(yang)銅桿中(zhong)分布形式及其影響(xiang)
氧含量對(dui)低(di)氧銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)拉(la)線性能有(you)著明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)影響。當氧含量增加到(dao)最佳值時(shi)，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)線率最低(di)。這是因為氧在與大部(bu)分(fen)雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中都(dou)起(qi)到(dao)了清除(chu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)(de)氧還有(you)利于去除(chu)銅(tong)液中的(de)(de)(de)氫，生成水蒸氣溢出，減少(shao)氣孔的(de)(de)(de)形成。最佳的(de)(de)(de)氧含量為拉(la)線工藝提供了最好的(de)(de)(de)條件。
低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)分布：在連續(xu)澆鑄中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)最初階段，散熱速(su)率和均勻(yun)(yun)冷(leng)卻是決定銅桿氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)分布的(de)(de)主要(yao)因素。不均勻(yun)(yun)冷(leng)卻會(hui)引起(qi)銅桿內部結構(gou)本質上的(de)(de)差異，但后續(xu)的(de)(de)熱加工，柱狀(zhuang)晶通(tong)常(chang)會(hui)遭到(dao)破壞，使(shi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)細微化(hua)(hua)(hua)和均勻(yun)(yun)分布。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)聚集而產生的(de)(de)典型(xing)情況是中(zhong)心爆裂。除氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)分布的(de)(de)影響外，具有較小氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)的(de)(de)銅桿顯(xian)示出(chu)較好的(de)(de)拉線(xian)特性，較大的(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)容易造(zao)成應力集中(zhong)點(dian)而斷裂。
無氧(yang)(yang)銅含氧(yang)(yang)量超標(biao)，銅桿(gan)變脆(cui)，延伸率(lv)下(xia)降，拉伸式樣端口顯(xian)暗紅色，結晶組織(zhi)(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)含量超出8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)藝性能(neng)(neng)變差，表現為鑄造(zao)(zao)及(ji)(ji)拉伸過程中斷(duan)桿(gan)及(ji)(ji)斷(duan)線率(lv)極具(ju)增高(gao)。這(zhe)是由于氧(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)銅生(sheng)成氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅脆(cui)性相，形成銅-氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅共晶體，以網(wang)狀組織(zhi)(zhi)分布(bu)在境界上。這(zhe)種脆(cui)性相硬度高(gao)，在冷變形時(shi)將會與(yu)銅機(ji)體脫離，導(dao)致銅桿(gan)的(de)機(ji)械(xie)性能(neng)(neng)下(xia)降，在后續加工(gong)中容(rong)易造(zao)(zao)成斷(duan)裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)含量高(gao)還能(neng)(neng)導(dao)致無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)導(dao)電率(lv)下(xia)降。因此(ci)，必須嚴格控(kong)制上引(yin)連鑄工(gong)藝及(ji)(ji)產品質量。
4、氫的影響
在上引連鑄(zhu)中，氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)控制(zhi)較低(di)，氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)的(de)副作用唄**降低(di)，但(dan)氫的(de)影響(xiang)成為較顯著的(de)問題。吸氣后熔(rong)體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣體及疏松(song)(song)是在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)過程中(zhong)，氫(qing)從過飽和的(de)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)析出(chu)(chu)(chu)并聚(ju)集而(er)(er)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)前析出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)氫(qing)又可(ke)還原氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)而(er)(er)生成(cheng)水(shui)氣泡。由于上(shang)(shang)引(yin)鑄造的(de)特(te)點(dian)是銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)自上(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)下的(de)結(jie)晶(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)**形(xing)狀近(jin)似錐型。銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)結(jie)晶(jing)前析出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)氣體在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)浮過程中(zhong)被(bei)堵(du)在(zai)(zai)凝固組(zu)織內，結(jie)晶(jing)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)成(cheng)氣孔。上(shang)(shang)引(yin)的(de)含氣量(liang)少時(shi)，析出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)界(jie)處(chu)，形(xing)成(cheng)疏松(song)(song)；含氣量(liang)多時(shi)，則聚(ju)集成(cheng)氣孔，因(yin)此，氣孔和疏松(song)(song)是氫(qing)氣和水(shui)蒸氣兩者形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)。
氫來源(yuan)于上(shang)引(yin)生產(chan)過程中的(de)(de)各(ge)個工藝環(huan)節，如原(yuan)料(liao)電解銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料(liao)木(mu)炭(tan)**、氣候環(huan)境**、石墨結晶器未干燥等(deng)。因此，熔(rong)化爐(lu)中的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)液表面應覆(fu)蓋經(jing)烘烤的(de)(de)木(mu)炭(tan)，電解銅(tong)(tong)應盡量去除(chu)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳(er)朵”，對提(ti)高無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質(zhi)量非常重要。
在連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋工藝中(zhong)，往往采用適(shi)度控制氧含(han)量來(lai)控制氫(qing)。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)液在鑄造(zao)過程中是自下而上(shang)結晶，銅(tong)(tong)液中的氧和氫所產(chan)生(sheng)的水蒸氣很容易(yi)上(shang)浮跑(pao)出，銅(tong)(tong)液中的氫大部分能(neng)被有效去除，因而對銅(tong)(tong)桿的影響較小。
二、表面質量
在生(sheng)產(chan)電磁(ci)線等產(chan)品的(de)過(guo)程中，對銅(tong)桿的(de)表面(mian)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)也需提(ti)出要求。需要拉(la)制后的(de)銅(tong)絲表面(mian)無毛刺、銅(tong)粉(fen)少(shao)、無油污。并通過(guo)扭轉(zhuan)試驗測量(liang)(liang)表面(mian)銅(tong)粉(fen)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和扭轉(zhuan)后觀察銅(tong)桿的(de)復原(yuan)情況來判定其好(hao)壞(huai)。
在(zai)連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)過(guo)程中，從鑄(zhu)造到軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)前，溫度高，完(wan)全(quan)暴露于空(kong)氣中，使(shi)鑄(zhu)坯表面(mian)形成較厚的(de)氧化層(ceng)，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)過(guo)程中，隨(sui)著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧化物(wu)顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入銅(tong)線表面(mian)。由于氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)是高熔點脆性化合物(wu)，對于軋(ya)(ya)入較深的(de)氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)，當成條(tiao)狀的(de)聚集物(wu)遇模具拉伸(shen)時，就會是銅(tong)桿外表面(mian)產生毛刺，給(gei)后續(xu)的(de)涂漆造成麻煩。
而(er)上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)工藝制造的(de)無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿，由于鑄(zhu)造和冷卻(que)完全(quan)與氧(yang)隔絕(jue)，后續亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅桿表面(mian)無(wu)軋入表面(mian)的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)物，質量較好，拉制后銅粉少，上述(shu)問(wen)題較少存(cun)在。
無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)也分進口設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de)和(he)國(guo)產設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de),但目前進口產品(pin)已無(wu)明顯優勢，銅桿(gan)產品(pin)出(chu)來后區別不(bu)是很(hen)大,只要銅板選(xuan)的(de)(de)好,生產控制(zhi)比較穩定(ding),國(guo)產設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)也能產出(chu)可拉(la)伸0.05的(de)(de)銅桿(gan).進口設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)一般(ban)是芬蘭奧(ao)托昆(kun)普的(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei),國(guo)產設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)最好的(de)(de)應該是上(shang)海(hai)的(de)(de)海(hai)軍廠的(de)(de)了，生產時間最長，軍工企(qi)業(ye)，質量可靠。
低氧銅(tong)桿進口設備國(guo)際主要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)美國(guo)南線設備,英(ying)文是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)家是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)南京華(hua)新,江(jiang)西(xi)銅(tong)業,另一種(zhong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)德(de)國(guo)CONTIROD設備,國(guo)內(nei)廠(chang)家是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常(chang)州金源,天津大無縫。
無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上(shang)容(rong)易(yi)區別,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下(xia)(xia),但目(mu)前(qian)有的(de)(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能(neng)做(zuo)到(dao)50個(ge)PPM以下(xia)(xia).低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi)一般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左(zuo)右,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一般采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上(shang)引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種(zhong)產品相(xiang)對(dui)而言(yan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)漆(qi)包(bao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)性 能(neng)更適應(ying)些,如(ru)柔軟性,回彈(dan)角,繞線(xian)(xian)(xian)性能(neng).但低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)拉絲條(tiao)件相(xiang)對(dui)要苛刻些,同樣拉伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條(tiao)件不(bu)好,普通的(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可拉而好的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就(jiu)斷 線(xian)(xian)(xian),但如(ru)果放在(zai)好的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)條(tiao)件,同樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子(zi),低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說不(bu)定就(jiu)能(neng)拉到(dao)雙零五,而普通無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最(zui)多只(zhi)能(neng)拉伸(shen)(shen)到(dao)0.1而已,當(dang)然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)細(xi)的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻(que)非(fei)得依(yi)靠(kao)進口(kou)的(de)(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)了.目(mu)前(qian)有企(qi)業嘗試用剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)來處理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian)(xian).但有關這方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我還不(bu)是(shi)很清(qing)楚。
音響線一(yi)般反而喜歡用無(wu)氧桿(gan)(gan),這和無(wu)氧桿(gan)(gan)是單(dan)晶(jing)銅,低氧桿(gan)(gan)是多晶(jing)銅有關。
氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿和(he)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿由(you)于制造方(fang)法的不同(tong)，致使存在差別，具有各自的特(te)點(dian)。
一、關于氧的(de)吸入和脫去以及它的(de)存在狀態
生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此(ci)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)態下(xia)吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上(shang)引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)相反(fan)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)液(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相當時間后(hou)，被還原而(er)脫去(qu)，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)這(zhe)種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以下(xia)，最低可(ke)達1-2ppm，從組織上(shang)看，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)晶粒邊界附近，這(zhe)對(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而(er)言可(ke)以說(shuo)是常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以夾雜形式在(zai)(zai)晶界出現(xian)對(dui)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性產生負面影響。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低，所以這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組織是均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)相組織對(dui)韌性有利。在(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔性是不常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中則(ze)是常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)缺陷。
二、熱軋組織和鑄造(zao)組織的區(qu)別
低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)由于經(jing)過熱軋，所以(yi)(yi)其組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬熱加工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經(jing)破(po)碎，在8mm的(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)時(shi)已有(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)形式(shi)出現，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)屬鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒粗(cu)大(da)，這是(shi)為什(shen)么，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)溫度較(jiao)高(gao)，需要較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)溫度的(de)固有(you)原因(yin)。這是(shi)因(yin)為，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)發生在晶(jing)(jing)粒邊界(jie)(jie)附近，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒粗(cu)大(da)，晶(jing)(jing)粒尺(chi)寸(cun)甚(shen)至能達幾(ji)個毫(hao)米，因(yin)而晶(jing)(jing)粒邊界(jie)(jie)少，即使通過拉制變形，但晶(jing)(jing)粒邊界(jie)(jie)相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)還是(shi)較(jiao)少，所以(yi)(yi)需要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率。對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)要求是(shi)：由桿(gan)(gan)(gan)經(jing)拉制，但尚未(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)線時(shi)的(de)第一次退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)，其退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率應比(bi)同(tong)樣情況的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉制，在以(yi)(yi)后階段的(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率應留(liu)有(you)足夠的(de)余量和對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切(qie)實(shi)區別執行不同(tong)的(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)工(gong)藝，以(yi)(yi)保證在制品和成品導線的(de)柔軟(ruan)性(xing)。
三(san)、夾雜，氧(yang)含量波動，表(biao)面氧(yang)化物和(he)可能存在的熱軋缺陷的差別(bie)
無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)拉性(xing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)所有線(xian)(xian)徑里與低(di)氧銅桿(gan)(gan)相比都是(shi)優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，除(chu)上述(shu)組織原因(yin)外，無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)(gan)夾雜少(shao)，含氧量穩(wen)定(ding)，無(wu)熱軋(ya)可(ke)能產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷，桿(gan)(gan)表氧化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)厚度(du)可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)生產(chan)過(guo)程中如(ru)果工藝不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)，對(dui)氧監控不(bu)嚴，含氧量不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)將直接(jie)影響桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能。如(ru)果桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表面氧化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)能在(zai)(zai)(zai)后工序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連續清洗中得(de)以彌補外，但比較麻煩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)有相當多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)“皮下”，對(dui)拉線(xian)(xian)斷(duan)(duan)線(xian)(xian)影響更直接(jie)，故(gu)而在(zai)(zai)(zai)拉制微細(xi)線(xian)(xian)，超微細(xi)線(xian)(xian)時，為了減少(shao)斷(duan)(duan)線(xian)(xian)，有時要對(dui)銅桿(gan)(gan)采取不(bu)得(de)已(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝(bo)(bo)皮，甚(shen)至二次剝(bo)(bo)皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)所在(zai)(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要除(chu)去皮下氧化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。
四、低氧銅桿和(he)無氧銅桿的韌性(xing)有差別
兩者都可以(yi)拉到0.015mm，但在(zai)低(di)溫(wen)超導線中的低(di)溫(wen)級無氧(yang)銅，其(qi)細絲(si)間的間距只有0.001mm.
五、從制(zhi)桿的原材料到(dao)制(zhi)線的經濟性有差別。
制(zhi)造(zao)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)要求質量較高的(de)原(yuan)材料。一(yi)般，拉制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線時(shi)，低氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)優(you)點比較明(ming)顯(xian)，而無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯(xian)得更為優(you)越的(de)是拉制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線。
六(liu)、低氧(yang)銅桿的制線(xian)工藝與無氧(yang)銅桿的有所不同(tong)。
低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)制線(xian)(xian)(xian)工(gong)藝不(bu)能照(zhao)搬到(dao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)制線(xian)(xian)(xian)工(gong)藝上來，至少兩者的(de)退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝是不(bu)同的(de)。因為線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)柔(rou)軟性深受(shou)材料(liao)成份和制桿，制線(xian)(xian)(xian)和退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝的(de)影(ying)響，不(bu)能簡(jian)單地說低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)或(huo)無氧(yang)銅(tong)誰軟誰硬(ying)。
下(xia)一條立山如何分辨劣質線纜（電纜人必備）
