熱門關鍵詞(ci)：
來源：行業動態 閱讀：109337 發布時(shi)間：2019-07-05
導讀(du)：由于生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)同，所(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中的(de)(de)含氧(yang)量(liang)及外觀就(jiu)不(bu)同。上(shang)引(yin)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，工(gong)藝(yi)得當氧(yang)含量(liang)在10ppm以下，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)；連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連鑄(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan) 是(shi)在保護條件下的(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含量(liang)在200-500ppm范圍(wei)內(nei)，但有時(shi)也高達700ppm以上(shang)，一般情(qing)況(kuang)下，此種方法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)外表光亮(liang)，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，有時(shi)也叫(jiao)光桿(gan)。
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)是電(dian)纜行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)主要(yao)原(yuan)料，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)方式主要(yao)有(you)(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法和上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方法較多，其特點是金屬在(zai)豎爐(lu)中融(rong)化后，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液通過(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中間(jian)包，從澆管進入(ru)封(feng)閉的(de)(de)模腔內，采(cai)用(yong)較大的(de)(de)冷卻強度(du)進行(xing)冷卻，形成鑄(zhu)坯(pi)，然后進行(xing)多道(dao)次軋(ya)制，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為熱加工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已經破碎，含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般為200~400ppm之(zhi)間(jian)。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)國(guo)內基本全部采(cai)用(yong)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法生(sheng)產(chan)，金屬在(zai)感應電(dian)爐(lu)中融(rong)化后通過(guo)石墨(mo)模進行(xing)上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)鑄(zhu)造(zao)，之(zhi)后進行(xing)冷軋(ya)或冷加工(gong)(gong)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)為鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)，含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)20ppm以(yi)下。由(you)于制造(zao)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)不同(tong)，所以(yi)在(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)分布、雜質(zhi)的(de)(de)形式及分布等諸多方面有(you)(you)較大差別(bie)。
一、拉制性能
銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)能跟很多因素有(you)關(guan)，如雜質的(de)(de)含量、氧(yang)含量及分布、工藝控制(zhi)(zhi)等。下面分別從以(yi)上(shang)幾個(ge)方面對銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉制(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)能進行分析。
1、熔化方式對S等雜質(zhi)的(de)影響
連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿主(zhu)要是(shi)通過氣體的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)燒使銅(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)，在燃(ran)燒的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，通過氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)和揮發作用(yong)，可(ke)一定程(cheng)度減少部分雜質(zhi)進入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)，因此(ci)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋法對(dui)原(yuan)料要求(qiu)相對(dui)低一些。上(shang)引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)生產(chan)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿，由于是(shi)用(yong)感應電爐(lu)熔(rong)化(hua)(hua)，電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本(ben)都熔(rong)入(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)熔(rong)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)S對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿塑性影響極大，會增加拉絲斷(duan)線(xian)率(lv)。
2、鑄造過程中雜質的進入
在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)工藝需(xu)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜(liu)槽、中(zhong)間包(bao)轉(zhuan)運銅液(ye)，相對容(rong)易(yi)造(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火材料(liao)的(de)(de)剝落，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)需(xu)要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)軋(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)成(cheng)鐵質的(de)(de)脫落，會(hui)給(gei)銅桿造(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱軋(ya)(ya)中(zhong)皮(pi)上(shang)和(he)皮(pi)下氧化物的(de)(de)軋(ya)(ya)入，會(hui)給(gei)低氧桿的(de)(de)拉絲造(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)利的(de)(de)影響。上(shang)引連鑄法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工藝流程較(jiao)短，銅液(ye)是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)聯體爐(lu)內潛(qian)流式完成(cheng)，對耐(nai)火材料(liao)的(de)(de)沖擊不(bu)大(da)，結晶(jing)是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)石墨模內進行，所以過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)可能產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)污染源(yuan)較(jiao)少(shao)，雜質進入的(de)(de)機會(hui)較(jiao)少(shao)。
O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會(hui)生產化(hua)(hua)合(he)物的(de)元素。在熔(rong)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧可(ke)以溶(rong)解一部分(fen)，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷(leng)凝時，氧幾乎(hu)不溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔(rong)態(tai)時所溶(rong)解的(de)氧，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)析出(chu)，分(fen)布在晶(jing)(jing)粒晶(jing)(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)的(de)出(chu)現，顯(xian)著降(jiang)低(di)了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。
硫可以溶解在熔(rong)體的銅中，但在室溫下，其溶解度幾(ji)乎降(jiang)低到零，它以硫化(hua)亞(ya)銅的形(xing)式出現(xian)在晶粒晶界處，會顯著降(jiang)低銅的塑性(xing)。
3、氧在低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)和無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中分布形式及(ji)其影(ying)響(xiang)
氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)拉線性(xing)能(neng)有(you)著明顯的(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量增加到最佳值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)斷(duan)線率最低(di)。這是因(yin)為(wei)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在與大(da)部分雜(za)質反應(ying)的(de)(de)過程中都起到了(le)(le)清(qing)除(chu)器(qi)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。適度的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)還有(you)利于去除(chu)銅(tong)液中的(de)(de)氫(qing)，生(sheng)成水蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔的(de)(de)形成。最佳的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量為(wei)拉線工藝提供了(le)(le)最好的(de)(de)條件。
低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布：在連續澆鑄中凝固的(de)(de)最初階段，散熱速率和均(jun)勻(yun)冷(leng)卻(que)是決定(ding)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)分(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)主要因素(su)。不均(jun)勻(yun)冷(leng)卻(que)會引起銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)內(nei)部(bu)結(jie)構(gou)本質上的(de)(de)差(cha)異，但后續的(de)(de)熱加工，柱狀晶通常會遭到破壞，使氧化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)顆粒(li)細微化(hua)(hua)和均(jun)勻(yun)分(fen)(fen)布。氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)聚集(ji)而產(chan)生的(de)(de)典型情(qing)況是中心爆裂。除氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)分(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)影(ying)響外，具有較(jiao)小氧化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)顯(xian)示出(chu)較(jiao)好的(de)(de)拉線特性，較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)容易造成應力集(ji)中點而斷裂。
無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)超標，銅(tong)桿變(bian)(bian)脆(cui)，延(yan)伸(shen)率(lv)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，拉(la)伸(shen)式樣端口顯暗紅色(se)，結晶組(zu)織疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)超出(chu)8ppm時，工(gong)藝性能變(bian)(bian)差(cha)，表現(xian)為鑄造及(ji)拉(la)伸(shen)過(guo)程中(zhong)斷桿及(ji)斷線率(lv)極具增高。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)能與銅(tong)生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)脆(cui)性相，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)共晶體(ti)，以(yi)網狀(zhuang)組(zu)織分(fen)布(bu)在境界上。這種脆(cui)性相硬度(du)高，在冷變(bian)(bian)形時將會與銅(tong)機體(ti)脫離(li)，導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)銅(tong)桿的機械性能下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，在后續加(jia)工(gong)中(zhong)容易(yi)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)斷裂現(xian)象。氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)高還(huan)能導(dao)致(zhi)(zhi)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿導(dao)電(dian)率(lv)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)。因(yin)此(ci)，必須嚴格(ge)控制上引連(lian)鑄工(gong)藝及(ji)產品質量(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在(zai)上引連鑄中，氧含(han)量(liang)控制較低(di)，氧化物的副(fu)作用唄**降(jiang)低(di)，但(dan)氫(qing)的影響成為較顯(xian)著的問題。吸(xi)氣后熔體中存在(zai)平衡反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體及疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)在結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)過程中，氫(qing)(qing)從過飽和(he)(he)的(de)(de)溶液(ye)中析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)并聚集而形成(cheng)的(de)(de)。在結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)前(qian)析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)又可還(huan)原(yuan)氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)而生成(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上(shang)引(yin)(yin)鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)特點是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)自上(shang)而下(xia)的(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，形成(cheng)的(de)(de)液(ye)**形狀近似(si)錐型。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)前(qian)析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體在上(shang)浮過程中被堵在凝固組(zu)織內，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)時在鑄桿內形成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)引(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)少(shao)時，析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)存在于(yu)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)界處，形成(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)；含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量(liang)多(duo)時，則聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因此(ci)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和(he)(he)疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形成(cheng)的(de)(de)。
氫來(lai)源于上引生產(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)的(de)各個(ge)工藝(yi)環節，如(ru)原(yuan)料(liao)電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料(liao)木(mu)炭**、氣候環境**、石墨結(jie)晶器未干燥(zao)等。因此，熔化爐中(zhong)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)液表面(mian)應覆蓋經烘烤的(de)木(mu)炭，電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)應盡量(liang)去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳(er)朵”，對提(ti)高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質量(liang)非常重(zhong)要。
在(zai)連鑄連軋工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適度控(kong)(kong)制氧含量來(lai)控(kong)(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅(tong)液在鑄造過程中(zhong)是自下(xia)而(er)上(shang)(shang)結晶(jing)，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氧和氫(qing)所(suo)產(chan)生的(de)水蒸氣很容易上(shang)(shang)浮跑出，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氫(qing)大部(bu)分能被(bei)有效去(qu)除，因而(er)對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)影響較(jiao)小(xiao)。
二、表面質量
在生產電磁線等(deng)產品的(de)(de)過(guo)程中，對銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)表面(mian)質(zhi)(zhi)量也需提出(chu)要求。需要拉制(zhi)后的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)絲(si)表面(mian)無毛刺、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉少、無油污(wu)。并通過(guo)扭轉(zhuan)試驗測量表面(mian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)粉的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量和扭轉(zhuan)后觀察銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)復原情況來判(pan)定(ding)其好壞(huai)。
在連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連軋過程中(zhong)，從鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)到(dao)軋制前，溫(wen)度(du)高，完全暴露(lu)于空氣(qi)中(zhong)，使鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯表面(mian)形成(cheng)較(jiao)厚的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)層，在軋制過程中(zhong)，隨著軋輥的(de)(de)轉動，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物顆粒軋入銅(tong)線(xian)表面(mian)。由于氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)是高熔點脆性化(hua)合物，對于軋入較(jiao)深(shen)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)，當成(cheng)條狀的(de)(de)聚集物遇(yu)模具拉伸時，就會(hui)是銅(tong)桿外表面(mian)產生毛刺(ci)，給后續的(de)(de)涂漆造(zao)成(cheng)麻(ma)煩。
而上引連鑄工藝制造(zao)的無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)，由(you)于(yu)鑄造(zao)和冷卻(que)完全(quan)與氧(yang)隔絕，后續亦無熱軋(ya)過(guo)程，銅(tong)桿(gan)表面(mian)無軋(ya)入表面(mian)的氧(yang)化物，質(zhi)量較(jiao)好，拉制后銅(tong)粉少，上述問題較(jiao)少存(cun)在。
無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)也分進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)設備(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de)和國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de),但目(mu)前進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)產(chan)(chan)品已無明顯優勢，銅(tong)桿(gan)產(chan)(chan)品出來后區別不是很大,只(zhi)要銅(tong)板選的(de)(de)好(hao),生產(chan)(chan)控制比較(jiao)穩定(ding),國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)也能產(chan)(chan)出可(ke)(ke)拉伸0.05的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan).進(jin)(jin)口(kou)(kou)設備(bei)(bei)一(yi)般是芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)設備(bei)(bei),國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設備(bei)(bei)最好(hao)的(de)(de)應該是上海(hai)的(de)(de)海(hai)軍廠(chang)的(de)(de)了，生產(chan)(chan)時(shi)間最長，軍工企業，質量可(ke)(ke)靠。
低氧銅桿進口(kou)設(she)備國際主要有兩種,一(yi)種是美國南線(xian)設(she)備,英文是SOUTHWIRE,國內(nei)廠(chang)家是南京華(hua)新,江西銅業(ye),另(ling)一(yi)種是德國CONTIROD設(she)備,國內(nei)廠(chang)家是常州金源(yuan),天津大(da)無縫。
無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及(ji)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿從(cong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容易(yi)區別(bie),無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在10-20個PPM以(yi)下,但目前有的(de)(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)做到(dao)50個PPM以(yi)下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿在 200-400個PPM,好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)桿子一(yi)般(ban)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控(kong)制在250個PPM左右,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿一(yi)般(ban)采取的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上引法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿是(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種產品相對(dui)(dui)而言低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿對(dui)(dui)漆包線性 能(neng)更適應(ying)些,如(ru)(ru)柔軟性,回彈角(jiao),繞線性能(neng).但低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿對(dui)(dui)拉絲(si)條件(jian)(jian)相對(dui)(dui)要苛刻些,同樣(yang)拉伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲(si),如(ru)(ru)果(guo)伸(shen)線條件(jian)(jian)不(bu)好(hao)(hao),普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿可(ke)拉而好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿就斷 線,但如(ru)(ru)果(guo)放在好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線條件(jian)(jian),同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)桿子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿說不(bu)定就能(neng)拉到(dao)雙零五,而普通(tong)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿最多只能(neng)拉伸(shen)到(dao)0.1而已,當然(ran)做的(de)(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)雙零二卻非得依(yi)靠進口的(de)(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿了(le).目前有企業嘗(chang)試用剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿來伸(shen)0.03線.但有關這方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)內容我還不(bu)是(shi)很清楚。
音(yin)響線(xian)一般反(fan)而喜歡用無氧(yang)桿,這和無氧(yang)桿是(shi)單晶銅,低氧(yang)桿是(shi)多晶銅有關。
氧銅(tong)桿(gan)和無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)由于制造(zao)方(fang)法(fa)的(de)不(bu)同，致(zhi)使存在差(cha)別，具有(you)各自的(de)特點。
一、關于氧的吸(xi)入和脫去以及它的存(cun)在狀態
生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入(ru)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液態(tai)下吸入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)液態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相當時間后，被(bei)還原而脫去，通(tong)常(chang)(chang)這種桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低(di)可達(da)1-2ppm，從組(zu)織(zhi)上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒(li)邊界(jie)附近(jin)，這對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而言可以(yi)說是常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則很(hen)少(shao)見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜(za)形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界(jie)出現對材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)產(chan)生負面影響(xiang)。而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)，所(suo)以(yi)這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)是均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)單相組(zu)織(zhi)對韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔(kong)性(xing)(xing)是不常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則是常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種缺陷。
二、熱軋(ya)組(zu)織和鑄造(zao)組(zu)織的區別
低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于經(jing)過熱(re)軋(ya)，所(suo)以其(qi)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)屬熱(re)加(jia)工組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經(jing)破(po)碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)時已有再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式出現(xian)，而無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大，這是為什么(me)，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)溫度較高(gao)，需要較高(gao)退火(huo)溫度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固有原因(yin)。這是因(yin)為，再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)發(fa)生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)(bian)界附近，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)尺寸甚至能達幾個毫米，因(yin)而晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)(bian)界少(shao)(shao)，即使通過拉(la)制變(bian)形(xing)，但晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)(bian)界相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是較少(shao)(shao)，所(suo)以需要較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)。對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)要求是：由桿(gan)經(jing)拉(la)制，但尚未鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)次退火(huo)，其(qi)退火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)應比同樣情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼(ji)續拉(la)制，在(zai)以后階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)應留有足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余量和對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區(qu)別(bie)執(zhi)行不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退火(huo)工藝，以保(bao)證在(zai)制品和成品導線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。
三、夾雜，氧含量波動，表面氧化物和可能存在的(de)熱軋缺陷的(de)差別
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)拉性在(zai)所(suo)有線(xian)(xian)徑里(li)與(yu)低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿相比都是優越的(de)(de)(de)，除(chu)上述組織原因外(wai)，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿夾雜少，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩(wen)定(ding)，無(wu)熱(re)軋可(ke)(ke)能產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)，桿表氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)厚度可(ke)(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生(sheng)產過(guo)程中(zhong)如(ru)果工藝不穩(wen)定(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)監(jian)控不嚴，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)不穩(wen)定(ding)將直(zhi)接影響(xiang)桿的(de)(de)(de)性能。如(ru)果桿的(de)(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)能在(zai)后工序的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續清洗中(zhong)得以彌補外(wai)，但(dan)比較麻煩的(de)(de)(de)是有相當多的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)存在(zai)于“皮(pi)下(xia)”，對拉線(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)影響(xiang)更直(zhi)接，故而在(zai)拉制(zhi)微細(xi)線(xian)(xian)，超微細(xi)線(xian)(xian)時(shi)，為了減(jian)少斷線(xian)(xian)，有時(shi)要(yao)對銅桿采取(qu)不得已的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法——剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)，甚至二(er)次剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)原因所(suo)在(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)除(chu)去皮(pi)下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)。
四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌(ren)性有差別
兩者都(dou)可以拉到(dao)0.015mm，但在低溫(wen)超(chao)導(dao)線(xian)中的低溫(wen)級無(wu)氧銅(tong)，其細絲(si)間的間距只(zhi)有0.001mm.
五、從制桿的原材(cai)料到制線的經濟性有差(cha)別。
制造(zao)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)要(yao)求質量(liang)較高的(de)原材料。一般，拉(la)制直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線時，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)優點比較明顯(xian)，而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯(xian)得更為優越的(de)是拉(la)制直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線。
六(liu)、低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的制(zhi)線工藝(yi)與無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的有所不同。
低(di)氧銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)制線工藝(yi)不能照搬到無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)制線工藝(yi)上來，至少(shao)兩者的(de)(de)退(tui)火工藝(yi)是不同的(de)(de)。因為線的(de)(de)柔(rou)軟(ruan)性(xing)深受材料成份和制桿(gan)，制線和退(tui)火工藝(yi)的(de)(de)影(ying)響，不能簡單(dan)地說低(di)氧銅或無(wu)氧銅誰(shui)軟(ruan)誰(shui)硬。
