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導讀：由于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)不同，所生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量及(ji)外觀(guan)就不同。上引(yin)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿(gan)(gan)，工(gong)藝(yi)得當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量在10ppm以下，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿(gan)(gan) 是(shi)在保護(hu)條件(jian)下的(de)(de)熱軋(ya)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量在200-500ppm范圍內，但有時(shi)也高達700ppm以上，一般情況下，此種方法生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅外表光亮，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)，有時(shi)也叫(jiao)光桿(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是電纜行(xing)(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要原(yuan)料，生產的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)要有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)和上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)生產方(fang)法(fa)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)，其(qi)特(te)點是金屬在豎爐中(zhong)融化后(hou)，銅(tong)液(ye)通過(guo)保溫(wen)爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包，從澆管進(jin)入(ru)封閉(bi)的(de)(de)模腔內，采用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)卻強(qiang)度進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)(leng)卻，形(xing)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯(pi)，然后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)多(duo)道次軋(ya)制(zhi)，生產的(de)(de)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)為熱加(jia)工(gong)組織，原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組織已經破碎，含氧(yang)量一般(ban)為200~400ppm之(zhi)間。無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)國內基(ji)本全(quan)部采用(yong)(yong)上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生產，金屬在感(gan)應電爐中(zhong)融化后(hou)通過(guo)石墨(mo)模進(jin)行(xing)(xing)上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造，之(zhi)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)冷(leng)(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)(leng)加(jia)工(gong)，生產的(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)為鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組織，含氧(yang)量一般(ban)在20ppm以(yi)下。由于(yu)制(zhi)造工(gong)藝的(de)(de)不(bu)同，所以(yi)在組織結(jie)構(gou)、氧(yang)含量分布、雜質的(de)(de)形(xing)式(shi)及(ji)分布等諸多(duo)方(fang)面有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅(tong)桿的拉制性能(neng)(neng)跟(gen)很(hen)多因素有關(guan)，如雜質(zhi)的含(han)量(liang)、氧含(han)量(liang)及分(fen)布、工藝控制等。下(xia)面(mian)(mian)分(fen)別從以上幾(ji)個(ge)方面(mian)(mian)對(dui)銅(tong)桿的拉制性能(neng)(neng)進行分(fen)析(xi)。

1、熔化方式(shi)對S等(deng)雜質的(de)影響

連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要是(shi)通(tong)過氣體的燃燒(shao)使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔化，在燃燒(shao)的過程(cheng)中(zhong)，通(tong)過氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化和揮發(fa)作用，可(ke)一(yi)定程(cheng)度減少部分雜質進(jin)入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因此連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋法對原料(liao)要求相(xiang)對低一(yi)些。上(shang)引連(lian)鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是(shi)用感應電(dian)爐(lu)熔化，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都(dou)熔入到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong)熔入的S對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑性(xing)影(ying)響極大，會(hui)增加拉(la)絲斷(duan)線率。

2、鑄造過程(cheng)中(zhong)雜質(zhi)的進入

在生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)，連鑄連軋工藝需通過(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)間包轉運銅(tong)液(ye)，相對容易造成(cheng)耐火材料的(de)(de)剝落，在軋制過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)需要通過(guo)軋輥，造成(cheng)鐵質的(de)(de)脫落，會(hui)給銅(tong)桿造成(cheng)外部夾雜。而(er)熱軋中(zhong)(zhong)皮上和皮下氧化物的(de)(de)軋入，會(hui)給低氧桿的(de)(de)拉(la)絲(si)造成(cheng)不利的(de)(de)影(ying)響。上引連鑄法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)工藝流程較(jiao)短，銅(tong)液(ye)是通過(guo)聯體(ti)爐內(nei)潛(qian)流式完(wan)成(cheng)，對耐火材料的(de)(de)沖擊不大，結晶是通過(guo)石墨模內(nei)進行，所以過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)能產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)污染源較(jiao)少(shao)，雜質進入的(de)(de)機(ji)會(hui)較(jiao)少(shao)。

O、S、P是與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)會(hui)生產(chan)化(hua)合物的元(yuan)素。在熔態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中，氧可以(yi)溶解(jie)一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧幾乎(hu)不溶解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中。熔態(tai)時所溶解(jie)的氧，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體析(xi)出，分布在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體的出現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的塑(su)性(xing)。

硫可(ke)以溶解(jie)在(zai)(zai)熔體(ti)的銅中，但在(zai)(zai)室溫(wen)下，其溶解(jie)度幾乎(hu)降(jiang)低(di)到零，它以硫化亞銅的形(xing)式出(chu)現在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界(jie)處，會(hui)顯著降(jiang)低(di)銅的塑性。

3、氧在低氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)中分(fen)布形式(shi)及其影響

氧含量(liang)對低氧銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)拉線(xian)(xian)性能(neng)有(you)著明顯的(de)(de)(de)影響。當氧含量(liang)增加到最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)值時，銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)斷線(xian)(xian)率最(zui)(zui)低。這(zhe)是因為(wei)氧在與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)過程中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)起(qi)到了清除器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)(de)氧還有(you)利(li)于去(qu)除銅液中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)氫，生(sheng)成水蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)形成。最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)氧含量(liang)為(wei)拉線(xian)(xian)工藝提供了最(zui)(zui)好的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)：在連續澆鑄中凝(ning)固的(de)最初階段(duan)，散熱(re)速(su)率和(he)(he)均勻冷卻(que)是決定(ding)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)的(de)主要因素。不均勻冷卻(que)會引(yin)起銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)內部(bu)結構本(ben)質上的(de)差(cha)異(yi)，但后續的(de)熱(re)加(jia)工，柱狀晶通常會遭到破壞(huai)，使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)顆粒(li)細微化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)均勻分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)聚集(ji)而產生的(de)典型情況是中心爆裂(lie)。除氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)的(de)影響外(wai)，具有較(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯示出較(jiao)好的(de)拉線特性，較(jiao)大的(de)Cu2O顆粒(li)容易造(zao)成應(ying)力集(ji)中點(dian)而斷(duan)裂(lie)。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量超標(biao)，銅(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)(bian)脆，延(yan)伸率下(xia)降，拉(la)伸式樣端口(kou)顯暗(an)紅色，結(jie)晶(jing)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)疏松(song)。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量超出8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)藝性能變(bian)(bian)差，表(biao)現(xian)為鑄造及(ji)拉(la)伸過程中斷桿及(ji)斷線率極(ji)具增高。這是(shi)由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)脆性相，形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體(ti)，以(yi)網狀組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)分布在(zai)境界(jie)上。這種(zhong)脆性相硬度高，在(zai)冷變(bian)(bian)形(xing)時(shi)將會與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)機(ji)體(ti)脫離，導(dao)致(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)桿的機(ji)械性能下(xia)降，在(zai)后續(xu)加工(gong)中容易(yi)造成斷裂現(xian)象(xiang)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量高還能導(dao)致(zhi)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿導(dao)電率下(xia)降。因此，必須嚴格(ge)控制上引連鑄工(gong)藝及(ji)產品質量。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中，氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)控制較低(di)，氧(yang)化物的副作用唄**降低(di)，但(dan)氫(qing)的影(ying)響(xiang)成(cheng)為較顯著的問題。吸氣后熔體(ti)中存(cun)在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體及疏松是在(zai)結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，氫(qing)從(cong)過飽和的(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)中析出(chu)并聚集而(er)(er)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)結晶(jing)前析出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)又可(ke)還原氧化亞銅而(er)(er)生成(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)。由(you)于(yu)上(shang)(shang)引鑄造的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是銅液(ye)自上(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)下的(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)**形(xing)狀近(jin)似(si)錐型。銅液(ye)結晶(jing)前析出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)上(shang)(shang)浮過程(cheng)中被(bei)堵在(zai)凝固組(zu)織內，結晶(jing)時(shi)在(zai)鑄桿內形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。上(shang)(shang)引的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量少時(shi)，析出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)界處，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏松；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)量多時(shi)，則聚集成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)，因此(ci)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)和疏松是氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者(zhe)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過程中的各個(ge)工(gong)藝環(huan)節，如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、輔(fu)料木(mu)炭(tan)**、氣候環(huan)境**、石墨(mo)結晶器未干(gan)燥等。因此，熔化(hua)爐中的銅(tong)(tong)液表面應覆(fu)蓋經(jing)烘烤的木(mu)炭(tan)，電解銅(tong)(tong)應盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿質量非常(chang)重要。

在連鑄連軋工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適度控制氧含量來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅液在鑄造過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)是自下而(er)(er)上(shang)結晶，銅液中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氧和氫所(suo)產生(sheng)的(de)水蒸氣很容(rong)易(yi)上(shang)浮跑出(chu)，銅液中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)氫大部分能(neng)被(bei)有(you)效去除，因而(er)(er)對(dui)銅桿的(de)影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產電磁線等產品的(de)過程(cheng)中，對銅(tong)桿的(de)表面質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)也需(xu)提出要(yao)求。需(xu)要(yao)拉制(zhi)后(hou)的(de)銅(tong)絲表面無毛刺、銅(tong)粉(fen)少(shao)、無油(you)污。并通(tong)過扭(niu)轉試驗測量(liang)(liang)表面銅(tong)粉(fen)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)和扭(niu)轉后(hou)觀察銅(tong)桿的(de)復原情況來判(pan)定其好(hao)壞。

在(zai)連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)(ya)過程中(zhong)，從鑄(zhu)造到軋(ya)(ya)制前，溫度高，完全暴(bao)露于(yu)空氣中(zhong)，使(shi)鑄(zhu)坯(pi)表面形(xing)成較(jiao)(jiao)厚(hou)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化層，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制過程中(zhong)，隨著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆粒(li)軋(ya)(ya)入銅(tong)(tong)線表面。由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)是高熔點脆性化合物(wu)，對于(yu)軋(ya)(ya)入較(jiao)(jiao)深(shen)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)，當成條狀的(de)聚集物(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就(jiu)會(hui)是銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)外表面產(chan)生毛刺(ci)，給后(hou)續的(de)涂漆造成麻煩。

而上引連鑄工藝制(zhi)造的(de)(de)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)，由(you)于鑄造和(he)冷卻(que)完(wan)全與氧隔絕，后(hou)續亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅(tong)桿(gan)表面無(wu)軋入(ru)表面的(de)(de)氧化物，質量較(jiao)好，拉制(zhi)后(hou)銅(tong)粉少，上述問(wen)題(ti)較(jiao)少存(cun)在(zai)。

無氧銅桿(gan)也(ye)分進口設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)和國產設(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)(de)(de)(de),但目前進口產品已無明顯優勢，銅桿(gan)產品出來后區(qu)別不是很大,只要銅板選的(de)(de)(de)(de)好,生產控制比較穩定,國產設(she)(she)備(bei)也(ye)能(neng)產出可拉伸(shen)0.05的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅桿(gan).進口設(she)(she)備(bei)一般是芬蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)備(bei),國產設(she)(she)備(bei)最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)應該是上海的(de)(de)(de)(de)海軍(jun)(jun)廠的(de)(de)(de)(de)了，生產時間最長，軍(jun)(jun)工(gong)企(qi)業，質量可靠。

低氧銅桿進口設備國(guo)際主要有兩種(zhong),一(yi)種(zhong)是美(mei)國(guo)南(nan)線(xian)設備,英文是SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠家(jia)是南(nan)京華新,江西銅業,另一(yi)種(zhong)是德國(guo)CONTIROD設備,國(guo)內廠家(jia)是常州金(jin)源,天津(jin)大無縫。

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從(cong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上(shang)容(rong)易區別,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)10-20個PPM以下,但(dan)(dan)目(mu)前有(you)的(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)(neng)做(zuo)到(dao)50個PPM以下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個PPM,好的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子一(yi)般含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在(zai)250個PPM左(zuo)右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一(yi)般采(cai)取的(de)(de)是上(shang)引(yin)法,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是連鑄(zhu)連軋,兩種(zhong)產(chan)品(pin)相對而(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆包線(xian)性 能(neng)(neng)更(geng)適應些(xie),如柔軟性,回彈角,繞線(xian)性能(neng)(neng).但(dan)(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉(la)絲(si)條(tiao)件(jian)相對要苛刻些(xie),同(tong)(tong)樣拉(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)細絲(si),如果伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian)不(bu)好,普通(tong)的(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)而(er)好的(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就斷 線(xian),但(dan)(dan)如果放在(zai)好的(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian),同(tong)(tong)樣的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就能(neng)(neng)拉(la)到(dao)雙零五,而(er)普通(tong)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最多(duo)只能(neng)(neng)拉(la)伸(shen)到(dao)0.1而(er)已,當(dang)然(ran)做(zuo)的(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)如雙零二卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前有(you)企(qi)業嘗試用剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian).但(dan)(dan)有(you)關這(zhe)方面的(de)(de)內容(rong)我(wo)還不(bu)是很(hen)清楚(chu)。

音(yin)響線一般反而喜歡用無氧桿(gan)(gan),這和無氧桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)單晶銅(tong),低氧桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)多晶銅(tong)有(you)關。

氧銅桿和無氧銅桿由于制造方(fang)法的不同，致使存在差別，具有(you)各自的特點。

一、關于氧的吸入和脫去(qu)以(yi)及它的存在狀態(tai)

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)(chang)溫(wen)下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)固溶(rong)度約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)進(jin)入(ru)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)液態下(xia)吸入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持(chi)相(xiang)當時間后(hou)，被還原(yuan)而(er)脫去，通常(chang)(chang)這種(zhong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下(xia)，最(zui)低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組(zu)織上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊(bian)界附近，這對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而(er)言可以(yi)(yi)說是(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)但(dan)對無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)晶(jing)界出現對材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)韌(ren)性產生負面影(ying)響(xiang)。而(er)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)，所以(yi)(yi)這種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織是(shi)(shi)均勻的(de)(de)(de)單(dan)相(xiang)組(zu)織對韌(ren)性有(you)利。在(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔性是(shi)(shi)不常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中則(ze)是(shi)(shi)常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)缺陷。

二(er)、熱軋組織(zhi)和鑄(zhu)造組織(zhi)的區別

低氧銅桿(gan)(gan)由(you)于經(jing)過(guo)熱軋，所(suo)以其組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)屬(shu)熱加工組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)已(yi)經(jing)破碎，在(zai)(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)時已(yi)有再結晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式出現，而(er)無(wu)(wu)氧銅桿(gan)(gan)屬(shu)鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)粒粗(cu)大，這是為什么，無(wu)(wu)氧銅的(de)(de)(de)(de)再結晶(jing)(jing)溫度較高(gao)(gao)，需要較高(gao)(gao)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)溫度的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)有原因(yin)。這是因(yin)為，再結晶(jing)(jing)發(fa)生在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒邊界(jie)附近，無(wu)(wu)氧銅桿(gan)(gan)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)粒粗(cu)大，晶(jing)(jing)粒尺寸甚至能達幾個毫(hao)米(mi)，因(yin)而(er)晶(jing)(jing)粒邊界(jie)少，即(ji)使通(tong)過(guo)拉制變形，但(dan)晶(jing)(jing)粒邊界(jie)相對低氧銅桿(gan)(gan)還是較少，所(suo)以需要較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)。對無(wu)(wu)氧銅成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)要求(qiu)是：由(you)桿(gan)(gan)經(jing)拉制，但(dan)尚(shang)未鑄造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一次退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)，其退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應比同(tong)樣(yang)情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)低氧銅高(gao)(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼(ji)續拉制，在(zai)(zai)以后階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應留有足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)余量(liang)和對低氧銅和無(wu)(wu)氧銅切實區別執行不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)工藝(yi)，以保證在(zai)(zai)制品(pin)和成(cheng)品(pin)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾雜，氧含量(liang)波動，表面氧化物和可能存在(zai)的熱(re)軋缺陷(xian)的差別

無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)拉(la)性在(zai)(zai)所(suo)有線(xian)徑(jing)里與(yu)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)相比(bi)都(dou)是優越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)，除上述組織原因外，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)夾雜(za)少(shao)，含氧(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)定(ding)，無熱軋(ya)可(ke)能產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)，桿(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋(ya)生產(chan)(chan)過程中如果工藝不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)監控不(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)量不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)將直接影響桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)性能。如果桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物能在(zai)(zai)后工序的(de)(de)(de)連續清洗中得(de)以(yi)彌補外，但比(bi)較(jiao)麻煩的(de)(de)(de)是有相當多的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物存在(zai)(zai)于“皮下”，對拉(la)線(xian)斷(duan)線(xian)影響更(geng)直接，故而在(zai)(zai)拉(la)制微(wei)細線(xian)，超微(wei)細線(xian)時，為(wei)了減少(shao)斷(duan)線(xian)，有時要對銅(tong)桿(gan)采取不(bu)得(de)已的(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝皮，甚至二次剝皮的(de)(de)(de)原因所(suo)在(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)要除去(qu)皮下氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物。

四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌性有差(cha)別(bie)

兩者都可以拉(la)到0.015mm，但在低(di)溫超導線中的低(di)溫級無氧銅，其細(xi)絲間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從(cong)制桿的原(yuan)材(cai)料到制線的經濟(ji)性(xing)有(you)差別。

制造(zao)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)要(yao)求質量較(jiao)高的(de)原材料。一般，拉制直徑(jing)>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線(xian)時，低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)優點比較(jiao)明顯，而無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)顯得(de)更為優越的(de)是拉制直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線(xian)。

六、低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的制線工(gong)藝與無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的有所不(bu)同。

低氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工藝不能(neng)照搬(ban)到無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工藝上來，至少兩者的退火工藝是不同的。因為線(xian)的柔軟性(xing)深受(shou)材(cai)料成份和制(zhi)(zhi)桿，制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)和退火工藝的影響，不能(neng)簡單地(di)說低氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)或無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)誰軟誰硬(ying)。