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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是用(yong)于傳輸和分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常(chang)用(yong)于城市地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出線(xian)(xian)路(lu)、工(gong)礦企業(ye)內部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水(shui)下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比重正逐(zhu)漸增(zeng)加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的(de)主(zhu)干線(xian)(xian)路(lu)中(zhong)用(yong)以傳輸和分配(pei)大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品(pin)，包(bao)括1-500KV以及以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使(shi)用至今已有(you)百年(nian)

主(zhu)要分類

分類：按電(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)至今已有百余年(nian)歷(li)史(shi)。1879年(nian)，美國發明(ming)家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)棒上包繞(rao)黃麻并(bing)將(jiang)其(qi)穿(chuan)入鐵管內，然后填充瀝(li)青(qing)混合(he)物制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)(she)于紐約，開(kai)創了地(di)下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英國人(ren)卡倫(lun)德(de)發明(ming)瀝(li)青(qing)浸(jin)漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英國人(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯(ti)在(zai)(zai)倫(lun)敦與(yu)德(de)特(te)福(fu)德(de)之間敷設(she)(she)了10千伏(fu)油浸(jin)紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英國建成(cheng)20千伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣(guang)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)。1911年(nian)，德(de)國敷設(she)(she)成(cheng)60千伏(fu)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開(kai)始了高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發展。1913年(nian)，德(de)國人(ren)M.霍(huo)希(xi)施(shi)泰特(te)研制成(cheng)分相屏(ping)蔽(bi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消(xiao)除了絕緣表面的(de)(de)正切應力(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發展中的(de)(de)里(li)程(cheng)碑(bei)。1952年(nian)，瑞典在(zai)(zai)北部(bu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)(she)了380千伏(fu)超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)。到80年(nian)代已制成(cheng)1100千伏(fu)、1200千伏(fu)的(de)(de)特(te)高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級可分為中、低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜（35千伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)下）、高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(110千伏(fu)(fu)以(yi)(yi)上)、超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（275～800千伏(fu)(fu)）以(yi)(yi)及(ji)特高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（1000千伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)流制(zhi)分為交流電(dian)(dian)纜和直流電(dian)(dian)纜。

按絕緣材料分

1、油浸(jin)(jin)(jin)紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜以(yi)油浸(jin)(jin)(jin)紙作絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜。其應(ying)用(yong)歷史最(zui)長。它(ta)安全可靠，使(shi)用(yong)壽命長，價格低廉。主要缺點(dian)是(shi)敷(fu)設受(shou)落(luo)差(cha)限制。自從開(kai)發出(chu)不滴流浸(jin)(jin)(jin)紙絕緣(yuan)后，解決了落(luo)差(cha)限制問題，使(shi)油浸(jin)(jin)(jin)紙絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜得以(yi)繼續廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。

2、塑(su)(su)料(liao)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕(jue)緣(yuan)層為擠壓(ya)(ya)塑(su)(su)料(liao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常用的塑(su)(su)料(liao)有聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)、聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)、交(jiao)聯(lian)聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)。塑(su)(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結(jie)構(gou)簡單,制(zhi)造加(jia)工方便，重量輕(qing)，敷(fu)設安(an)裝(zhuang)方便,不受(shou)敷(fu)設落差限制(zhi)。因(yin)此廣泛應用作中低(di)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并(bing)有取代粘性浸漬油紙(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的趨勢。其最(zui)大缺點(dian)是存(cun)在(zai)(zai)樹枝(zhi)化擊(ji)穿(chuan)現象，這(zhe)限制(zhi)了(le)它在(zai)(zai)更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的使用。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕(jue)緣電力電纜　絕(jue)緣層(ceng)為橡(xiang)膠(jiao)加上各(ge)種配(pei)合(he)劑(ji)，經過(guo)充分混煉后擠包在導電線芯(xin)上，經過(guo)加溫硫化(hua)而(er)成。它柔軟，富有彈性，適合(he)于移動(dong)頻繁(fan)、敷(fu)設(she)彎曲半徑(jing)小的(de)場合(he)。

常用作絕緣的膠料有(you)天然膠-丁苯膠混合物(wu)，乙丙膠、丁基膠等。

按(an)電壓等級分(fen)

1、低壓電(dian)纜：適用于(yu)固定敷設在交流(liu)50Hz，額(e)定電(dian)壓3kv及(ji)以下的(de)輸配電(dian)線路上作輸送電(dian)能(neng)用。

2、中低壓電纜：（一(yi)般指(zhi)35KV及(ji)以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)電纜，聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電纜，交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)電纜等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般為110KV及以上(shang)）：聚(ju)乙烯電(dian)纜(lan)和交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特(te)高壓電纜：（1000千伏及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)）。

基(ji)本(ben)(ben)結(jie)構：電(dian)力電(dian)纜的基(ji)本(ben)(ben)結(jie)構由線芯（導體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和(he)保(bao)護層四部分(fen)組成。

1.線(xian)芯是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部分(fen)，用來輸送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的主要部分(fen)。

2.絕(jue)緣層是將線芯(xin)與大(da)地(di)以及不同相(xiang)的線芯(xin)間在電(dian)氣上彼此隔離，保證(zheng)電(dian)能輸送，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜結構中不可缺少的組成(cheng)部(bu)分。

3.15KV及(ji)以(yi)上的電(dian)力電(dian)纜一般都(dou)有導(dao)體屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)(ceng)和(he)絕緣(yuan)屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)(ceng)。

4.保(bao)護層的(de)作用是保(bao)護電力(li)電纜免受外(wai)界雜(za)質(zhi)和水分的(de)侵入，以及防止外(wai)力(li)直(zhi)接損壞電力(li)電纜。

主要優點：

1占地(di)少(shao)。一般埋設(she)(she)于土壤(rang)中或敷設(she)(she)于室(shi)內，溝道，隧(sui)道中，線間(jian)絕緣距離小，不(bu)用桿(gan)塔，占地(di)少(shao)，基(ji)本不(bu)占地(di)面(mian)上空(kong)間(jian)。

2可靠性(xing)(xing)高。受氣候條件和周圍環境影響小，傳輸性(xing)(xing)能穩(wen)定，可靠性(xing)(xing)高。

3具有(you)(you)向超高壓，大(da)容量發展(zhan)的(de)更(geng)為有(you)(you)利的(de)條件，如低溫，超導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明(ming)

電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的型(xing)號

1.用(yong)(yong)漢語拼音第一(yi)個字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)示(shi)絕緣(yuan)種(zhong)類、導體材料、內護層材料和結構特點。如用(yong)(yong)Z代表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)(biao)鉛(qian)（qian）；F代表(biao)(biao)分相(xiang)（fen）；ZR代表(biao)(biao)阻燃(ran)（zuran）；NH代表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字表示外(wai)護層構成，有(you)二位數(shu)字。無數(shu)字代表無鎧(kai)裝層，無外(wai)被(bei)(bei)層。第(di)一位數(shu)字表示鎧(kai)裝，第(di)二位數(shu)字表示外(wai)被(bei)(bei)，如(ru)粗(cu)鋼絲鎧(kai)裝纖維外(wai)被(bei)(bei)表示為41。

3.電(dian)纜(lan)型號按電(dian)纜(lan)結構的排列一般依次序為：絕(jue)緣材料；導體材料；內護層(ceng)；外護層(ceng)。

4.電纜產(chan)品(pin)用型號、額定電壓(ya)和(he)規格表(biao)示。其(qi)方法是在型號后再(zai)加上說明額定電壓(ya)、芯數(shu)和(he)標稱截面積的。

型號詳細說(shuo)明

（1）類別：H——市(shi)內通信電(dian)纜HP——配線電(dian)纜HJ——局(ju)用電(dian)纜

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚烯烴(jing)絕(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心(xin)皮聚烯烴(jing)絕(jue)緣

（3）內護層：A——涂(tu)塑鋁帶(dai)粘接屏蔽聚乙烯(xi)護套S——鋁，鋼(gang)雙(shuang)層金(jin)屬帶(dai)屏蔽聚乙烯(xi)護套      V——聚氯乙烯(xi)護套

（4）特征(zheng)：T——石油膏填充G——高頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外(wai)護(hu)層：23——雙層防腐(fu)鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙(yi)烯(xi)外(wai)被層

33——單層(ceng)細(xi)鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單層(ceng)粗鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚(ju)乙(yi)烯被(bei)層(ceng)

53——單層(ceng)鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)

553——雙層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯(xi)外被層

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電線；BLV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣電線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套電線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套電線；

BVR 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯絕緣軟線(xian)；RV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯絕緣安裝軟線(xian)；

RVB 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)平型連接線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)絞型軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚(ju)(ju)乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯護(hu)套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙型ZR: 阻(zu)燃型NH：耐(nai)火(huo)型DH：防(fang)火(huo)型