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導讀：由于生(sheng)(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝不同(tong)，所(suo)生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)及外觀就不同(tong)。上引生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿，工(gong)藝得當氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)在10ppm以下(xia)，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿 是在保(bao)護(hu)條(tiao)件下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)軋，氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)在200-500ppm范(fan)圍內，但有時(shi)也高達(da)700ppm以上，一般(ban)情(qing)況下(xia)，此種(zhong)方(fang)法生(sheng)(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)外表光亮，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿，有時(shi)也叫(jiao)光桿。

銅(tong)桿是電纜行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)方式主要有兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)(fa)和上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)方法(fa)(fa)較(jiao)(jiao)多，其特(te)點是金屬在豎爐中融化(hua)后(hou)，銅(tong)液通過保(bao)溫(wen)爐、溜槽、中間(jian)包，從澆(jiao)管進(jin)入(ru)封閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)模腔內，采用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻(que)強(qiang)度進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻(que)，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯(pi)，然(ran)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)多道次軋(ya)制(zhi)(zhi)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿為(wei)熱加工組(zu)織，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織已經破碎，含氧(yang)量一般(ban)為(wei)200~400ppm之(zhi)間(jian)。無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿國內基本全部(bu)采用(yong)(yong)上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，金屬在感應電爐中融化(hua)后(hou)通過石墨模進(jin)行(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之(zhi)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)加工，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)織，含氧(yang)量一般(ban)在20ppm以下(xia)。由于制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)工藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)不同，所以在組(zu)織結(jie)構(gou)、氧(yang)含量分布、雜質的(de)(de)(de)形式及分布等諸多方面有較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)差別(bie)。

一、拉制性能

銅(tong)桿的(de)拉(la)制性能跟很多因素有關，如雜質的(de)含量、氧含量及分布、工藝控(kong)制等。下面(mian)分別從以(yi)上幾個方面(mian)對銅(tong)桿的(de)拉(la)制性能進行分析。

1、熔(rong)化方式對S等雜質的影響

連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿主要(yao)是(shi)通(tong)過氣體的燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)化(hua)，在燃燒的過程中，通(tong)過氧(yang)化(hua)和(he)揮發作(zuo)用(yong)，可一定程度減(jian)少部分雜質進入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)，因此連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋法對原(yuan)料(liao)要(yao)求相對低一些。上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)生產無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，由于(yu)是(shi)用(yong)感應(ying)電(dian)爐熔(rong)化(hua)，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆(dou)”基本都(dou)熔(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)中。其中熔(rong)入的S對無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿塑性影響極(ji)大，會(hui)增(zeng)加(jia)拉(la)絲斷線率。

2、鑄造過程中雜質的進(jin)入

在生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)工(gong)藝需(xu)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)保溫(wen)爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉運銅液，相對容易造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)耐火材料的(de)(de)剝落，在軋(ya)(ya)制過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)需(xu)要通過(guo)(guo)(guo)軋(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)鐵質(zhi)的(de)(de)脫落，會(hui)給銅桿造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)外部夾雜。而(er)熱軋(ya)(ya)中(zhong)皮上(shang)和皮下氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)軋(ya)(ya)入，會(hui)給低氧(yang)桿的(de)(de)拉(la)絲造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)利的(de)(de)影響。上(shang)引連鑄法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝流程較短，銅液是通過(guo)(guo)(guo)聯體爐內(nei)潛流式完成(cheng)(cheng)，對耐火材料的(de)(de)沖擊不(bu)大，結(jie)晶是通過(guo)(guo)(guo)石墨模(mo)內(nei)進行(xing)，所以過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)可能產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)污染源較少(shao)，雜質(zhi)進入的(de)(de)機會(hui)較少(shao)。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會生產化合物(wu)的(de)元素。在熔(rong)態銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)可(ke)以溶(rong)解(jie)一部分，但當(dang)銅(tong)(tong)冷(leng)凝時，氧(yang)(yang)幾(ji)乎(hu)不(bu)溶(rong)解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔(rong)態時所溶(rong)解(jie)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶體析出，分布(bu)在晶粒晶界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶體的(de)出現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。

硫(liu)可以溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)在(zai)熔體的(de)銅(tong)(tong)中，但在(zai)室(shi)溫下，其溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)度幾(ji)乎(hu)降(jiang)低到零(ling)，它(ta)以硫(liu)化亞銅(tong)(tong)的(de)形式出(chu)現在(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處，會顯著(zhu)降(jiang)低銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。

3、氧在低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿中分布形式及其影響

氧含量(liang)(liang)對(dui)低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的拉(la)線(xian)性能有(you)著明(ming)顯的影響。當氧含量(liang)(liang)增加到(dao)最佳值時，銅(tong)桿(gan)的斷線(xian)率最低。這(zhe)是(shi)因為氧在與大部(bu)分(fen)雜質反應(ying)的過程中都起(qi)到(dao)了清除器(qi)的作(zuo)用。適度的氧還有(you)利于去除銅(tong)液中的氫，生(sheng)成水蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)溢出，減少氣(qi)(qi)孔的形成。最佳的氧含量(liang)(liang)為拉(la)線(xian)工藝提供了最好的條(tiao)件(jian)。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化物的(de)分(fen)布：在(zai)連續(xu)澆鑄中凝固的(de)最初(chu)階段，散(san)熱速率和(he)均(jun)勻冷卻(que)是決(jue)定銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)氧(yang)化物分(fen)布的(de)主要因(yin)素。不均(jun)勻冷卻(que)會引起銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)內(nei)部結構本質上的(de)差(cha)異，但后續(xu)的(de)熱加工，柱狀晶通常會遭到(dao)破壞，使氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)顆(ke)粒細微化和(he)均(jun)勻分(fen)布。氧(yang)化物顆(ke)粒聚(ju)集而產生的(de)典型情況(kuang)是中心(xin)爆裂。除氧(yang)化物顆(ke)粒分(fen)布的(de)影響外，具有較小(xiao)氧(yang)化物顆(ke)粒的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)顯示(shi)出較好(hao)的(de)拉線特性(xing)，較大(da)的(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒容易造成應力(li)集中點而斷裂。

無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)量超標，銅(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)脆(cui)，延伸率下(xia)降(jiang)，拉(la)(la)伸式(shi)樣端(duan)口(kou)顯暗(an)紅色，結晶組(zu)織疏松(song)。當氧(yang)含量超出(chu)8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)藝性(xing)能(neng)變(bian)差，表現(xian)為鑄造(zao)及(ji)拉(la)(la)伸過程中(zhong)斷桿及(ji)斷線率極具(ju)增高(gao)(gao)。這(zhe)是由(you)于氧(yang)能(neng)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性(xing)相，形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶體，以(yi)網狀組(zu)織分布(bu)在(zai)境界上(shang)。這(zhe)種脆(cui)性(xing)相硬度高(gao)(gao)，在(zai)冷(leng)變(bian)形(xing)時(shi)將會(hui)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)機(ji)體脫(tuo)離，導(dao)致(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)桿的機(ji)械性(xing)能(neng)下(xia)降(jiang)，在(zai)后續加工(gong)中(zhong)容易造(zao)成斷裂(lie)現(xian)象(xiang)。氧(yang)含量高(gao)(gao)還能(neng)導(dao)致(zhi)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿導(dao)電率下(xia)降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴格控制上(shang)引(yin)連鑄工(gong)藝及(ji)產(chan)品質量。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄(zhu)中，氧(yang)含量(liang)控制較低(di)，氧(yang)化(hua)物的副(fu)作(zuo)用唄(bai)**降低(di)，但(dan)氫的影響(xiang)成為較顯著的問題。吸氣后(hou)熔體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體及疏(shu)松(song)是在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，氫從過(guo)(guo)飽和(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液中(zhong)析(xi)(xi)出(chu)并聚集而形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶前(qian)析(xi)(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫又可(ke)還原氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)而生成水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡。由于上(shang)引鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是銅(tong)(tong)液自上(shang)而下的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶，形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)液**形狀近似錐型。銅(tong)(tong)液結(jie)晶前(qian)析(xi)(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上(shang)浮過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)被堵(du)在(zai)(zai)凝固組織內，結(jie)晶時(shi)在(zai)(zai)鑄桿內形成氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)引的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量少時(shi)，析(xi)(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫存在(zai)(zai)于晶界處，形成疏(shu)松(song)；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量多時(shi)，則聚集成氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和(he)疏(shu)松(song)是氫氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

氫(qing)來源于(yu)上引生產過程中(zhong)的各個(ge)工(gong)藝(yi)環(huan)節，如原料電(dian)解銅(tong)的“銅(tong)綠”、輔料木炭**、氣候(hou)環(huan)境(jing)**、石墨結晶(jing)器未干(gan)燥(zao)等(deng)。因(yin)此(ci)，熔化爐中(zhong)的銅(tong)液表面應(ying)覆蓋(gai)經烘烤的木炭，電(dian)解銅(tong)應(ying)盡量去除“銅(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)豆(dou)”“耳朵”，對提(ti)高無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿質量非常重(zhong)要。

在連鑄連軋工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采(cai)用(yong)適度控(kong)制氧含量(liang)來控(kong)制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅液在鑄造過(guo)程中(zhong)是(shi)自下而(er)(er)上結晶，銅液中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧和氫所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)水蒸氣很(hen)容易上浮跑出，銅液中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫大部分能被有效去(qu)除，因而(er)(er)對銅桿的(de)(de)影(ying)響較小。

二、表面質量

在生產(chan)(chan)電磁線等(deng)產(chan)(chan)品的(de)過程中(zhong)，對銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)表(biao)面(mian)質(zhi)量(liang)也需提出要(yao)求。需要(yao)拉制(zhi)后(hou)的(de)銅(tong)絲表(biao)面(mian)無(wu)毛刺(ci)、銅(tong)粉(fen)少、無(wu)油污。并(bing)通過扭轉試驗測量(liang)表(biao)面(mian)銅(tong)粉(fen)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和扭轉后(hou)觀察銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)復(fu)原(yuan)情況來(lai)判定其好壞。

在(zai)連鑄連軋過程中，從鑄造到(dao)軋制前，溫(wen)度高，完全(quan)暴露(lu)于(yu)空氣中，使鑄坯表(biao)面(mian)(mian)形成較厚的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)層，在(zai)軋制過程中，隨著(zhu)軋輥的(de)(de)轉動(dong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)軋入(ru)銅(tong)線(xian)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)。由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)是高熔(rong)點脆性化(hua)(hua)合(he)物(wu)，對于(yu)軋入(ru)較深的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)，當(dang)成條狀的(de)(de)聚(ju)集物(wu)遇(yu)模具拉伸時，就會是銅(tong)桿(gan)外表(biao)面(mian)(mian)產生(sheng)毛刺(ci)，給后續的(de)(de)涂漆(qi)造成麻煩。

而上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)工(gong)藝制(zhi)造的無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，由于鑄(zhu)造和(he)冷卻完全與氧(yang)隔絕，后續亦無熱軋過程，銅(tong)桿表面無軋入表面的氧(yang)化(hua)物，質(zhi)量(liang)較好，拉制(zhi)后銅(tong)粉少(shao)，上(shang)述問題較少(shao)存在。

無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)也分進(jin)(jin)口(kou)設備做的(de)(de)和國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)設備做的(de)(de),但目前進(jin)(jin)口(kou)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品已無(wu)明顯(xian)優(you)勢，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品出來后區別不(bu)是很大(da),只要銅(tong)(tong)板選(xuan)的(de)(de)好,生產(chan)(chan)(chan)控(kong)制比較穩定,國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)設備也能產(chan)(chan)(chan)出可拉伸(shen)0.05的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan).進(jin)(jin)口(kou)設備一般是芬蘭奧托昆(kun)普(pu)的(de)(de)設備,國(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)設備最(zui)(zui)好的(de)(de)應該是上海的(de)(de)海軍廠的(de)(de)了，生產(chan)(chan)(chan)時間最(zui)(zui)長，軍工企業，質量可靠(kao)。

低氧(yang)銅桿進口設備國(guo)際主要(yao)有兩種,一種是美國(guo)南線設備,英文是SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)廠家是南京華新,江(jiang)西銅業,另一種是德國(guo)CONTIROD設備,國(guo)內(nei)廠家是常州金(jin)源,天津大(da)無(wu)縫。

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及(ji)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上(shang)容易區別(bie),無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下,但目(mu)前(qian)有的(de)廠家只(zhi)能做(zuo)到(dao)50個(ge)PPM以下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)在(zai)(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一般(ban)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在(zai)(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右(you),無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一般(ban)采(cai)取的(de)是上(shang)引法(fa),低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya),兩種產品相對(dui)而言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)漆包線(xian)性 能更適應些(xie),如(ru)柔軟性,回彈角,繞(rao)線(xian)性能.但低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對(dui)拉(la)絲(si)條件(jian)相對(dui)要苛刻些(xie),同(tong)樣拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)細(xi)絲(si),如(ru)果(guo)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條件(jian)不(bu)好,普(pu)通的(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉(la)而好的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就斷(duan) 線(xian),但如(ru)果(guo)放在(zai)(zai)好的(de)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條件(jian),同(tong)樣的(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就能拉(la)到(dao)雙零五,而普(pu)通無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最多只(zhi)能拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)到(dao)0.1而已,當然做(zuo)的(de)最細(xi)的(de)如(ru)雙零二卻(que)非得依(yi)靠進口(kou)的(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前(qian)有企業嘗(chang)試用剝皮的(de)方式來(lai)處理(li)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)(shen)0.03線(xian).但有關這方面的(de)內容我(wo)還(huan)不(bu)是很清楚。

音響(xiang)線一般反(fan)而喜歡用無氧桿,這和無氧桿是(shi)單晶(jing)銅(tong),低氧桿是(shi)多(duo)晶(jing)銅(tong)有關。

氧銅桿和(he)無氧銅桿由于制造(zao)方法的不同，致使存在差別，具(ju)有(you)各自的特點。

一、關于氧的吸入和脫去以(yi)及它的存(cun)在(zai)狀(zhuang)態

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)液態下(xia)吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)(er)上引法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相(xiang)當時間(jian)后，被還原而(er)(er)脫去，通常(chang)這種(zhong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量都(dou)在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)，最低(di)(di)可達1-2ppm，從組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)上看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存(cun)在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)粒邊界附近(jin)，這對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而(er)(er)言可以(yi)說是(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則很少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜(za)形式在(zai)晶(jing)界出現對(dui)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)韌(ren)性產生負(fu)面影響(xiang)。而(er)(er)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)(di)，所以(yi)這種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)單相(xiang)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)韌(ren)性有利。在(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔性是(shi)不常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)(er)在(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中則是(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)缺陷。

二、熱軋組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)和鑄造組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)的區別

低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿由(you)于經過熱(re)軋，所以(yi)(yi)其組織(zhi)屬熱(re)加(jia)工(gong)組織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造組織(zhi)已經破碎，在8mm的(de)(de)桿時已有(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)形式出現，而(er)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿屬鑄(zhu)造組織(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，這是(shi)為什么，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)溫度較(jiao)高，需要(yao)較(jiao)高退火(huo)溫度的(de)(de)固有(you)原(yuan)因(yin)。這是(shi)因(yin)為，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)發生在晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)附近，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿組織(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，晶(jing)粒(li)尺寸甚(shen)至能達幾個毫米，因(yin)而(er)晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)少(shao)，即(ji)使(shi)通(tong)過拉(la)制(zhi)變形，但(dan)晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)相(xiang)對(dui)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿還是(shi)較(jiao)少(shao)，所以(yi)(yi)需要(yao)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)退火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)。對(dui)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的(de)(de)退火(huo)要(yao)求是(shi)：由(you)桿經拉(la)制(zhi)，但(dan)尚未鑄(zhu)造組織(zhi)的(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)第一次退火(huo)，其退火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應比同(tong)樣情況的(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經繼續(xu)拉(la)制(zhi)，在以(yi)(yi)后階(jie)段的(de)(de)退火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應留有(you)足夠的(de)(de)余(yu)量和對(dui)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區別執行不同(tong)的(de)(de)退火(huo)工(gong)藝，以(yi)(yi)保證(zheng)在制(zhi)品和成品導線的(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾雜(za)，氧(yang)含量波動，表(biao)面氧(yang)化物和可能存在的熱(re)軋(ya)缺陷的差別

無氧銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)可拉性在所有線(xian)(xian)徑里與(yu)低氧銅桿(gan)相比都(dou)是(shi)優越的(de)(de)(de)，除上述組織原因外，無氧銅桿(gan)夾雜少，含(han)氧量穩定(ding)，無熱(re)軋(ya)可能(neng)產生的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)，桿(gan)表氧化(hua)物厚度可達(da)≤15A。在連鑄連軋(ya)生產過(guo)程中(zhong)如果工(gong)藝不穩定(ding)，對氧監控不嚴，含(han)氧量不穩定(ding)將(jiang)直接(jie)影響桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)。如果桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)表面氧化(hua)物能(neng)在后工(gong)序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)連續清洗(xi)中(zhong)得以彌(mi)補外，但比較麻煩的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)有相當多的(de)(de)(de)氧化(hua)物存在于(yu)“皮下(xia)”，對拉線(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)影響更直接(jie)，故而在拉制微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)(xian)，超微(wei)細(xi)線(xian)(xian)時，為(wei)了減少斷線(xian)(xian)，有時要(yao)對銅桿(gan)采取不得已的(de)(de)(de)辦法——剝(bo)皮，甚至(zhi)二次剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)(de)原因所在，目的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)除去皮下(xia)氧化(hua)物。

四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的(de)韌性有差別

兩者都(dou)可以拉到0.015mm，但在低溫超(chao)導線中的(de)低溫級無氧銅，其細絲間的(de)間距只有0.001mm.

五、從制(zhi)(zhi)桿的原材料(liao)到制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)的經濟性(xing)有(you)差別。

制造無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)要求質量較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)原(yuan)材料。一般，拉制直徑>1mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線時，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)優點(dian)比(bi)較(jiao)明顯，而無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)顯得更為(wei)優越(yue)的(de)(de)是拉制直徑<0.5mm的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)線。

六、低(di)氧銅桿的(de)制線工藝與無氧銅桿的(de)有所不同。

低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)制(zhi)線工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)不能照搬到無氧(yang)銅桿的(de)制(zhi)線工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)上來，至少兩者的(de)退火工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)是不同的(de)。因為線的(de)柔軟性深受材(cai)料(liao)成份和制(zhi)桿，制(zhi)線和退火工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)影(ying)響，不能簡單地說低氧(yang)銅或無氧(yang)銅誰軟誰硬。