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導讀(du)：由于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)桿的(de)兩者(zhe)的(de)工藝不(bu)同(tong)，所生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)桿中的(de)含(han)(han)氧(yang)量(liang)及外觀就不(bu)同(tong)。上(shang)引生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)桿，工藝得當氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)在10ppm以下，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿；連鑄(zhu)連鑄(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)桿 是在保護條件下的(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)在200-500ppm范(fan)圍內，但有(you)時(shi)也高達700ppm以上(shang)，一般情況(kuang)下，此種方(fang)法生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)外表光亮(liang)，低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，有(you)時(shi)也叫(jiao)光桿。

銅(tong)桿是電纜行(xing)業的(de)主要原料，生(sheng)產的(de)方(fang)式主要有兩(liang)種——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)(fa)和(he)上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)生(sheng)產方(fang)法(fa)(fa)較(jiao)多，其特點是金屬在(zai)(zai)豎爐(lu)中(zhong)融(rong)(rong)化后，銅(tong)液通過(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜(liu)槽(cao)、中(zhong)間(jian)包，從澆管進(jin)入(ru)封(feng)閉(bi)的(de)模腔(qiang)內，采用較(jiao)大的(de)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)強(qiang)度進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)，形(xing)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后進(jin)行(xing)多道次(ci)軋(ya)制(zhi)，生(sheng)產的(de)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿為熱(re)加工(gong)組織(zhi)，原來的(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組織(zhi)已經破(po)碎，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)為200~400ppm之間(jian)。無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿國(guo)內基本全部采用上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)生(sheng)產，金屬在(zai)(zai)感(gan)應電爐(lu)中(zhong)融(rong)(rong)化后通過(guo)石墨模進(jin)行(xing)上引連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)，之后進(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)(leng)加工(gong)，生(sheng)產的(de)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿為鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)組織(zhi)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)20ppm以下。由于制(zhi)造(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)不同，所以在(zai)(zai)組織(zhi)結構(gou)、氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量分布(bu)(bu)、雜質的(de)形(xing)式及分布(bu)(bu)等諸(zhu)多方(fang)面有較(jiao)大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的拉(la)制性能跟很多因(yin)素有關，如雜(za)質的含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分布、工藝控(kong)制等(deng)。下面分別(bie)從以上(shang)幾個方面對(dui)銅桿的拉(la)制性能進行分析。

1、熔化方式對S等(deng)雜質的影(ying)響

連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿主要是(shi)通過(guo)氣體的(de)燃燒使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)化，在燃燒的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，通過(guo)氧化和揮發作用，可一定程(cheng)度減(jian)少部分雜質進入(ru)(ru)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)，因此連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法對(dui)原料要求相對(dui)低一些。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄生產無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，由于是(shi)用感應電爐(lu)熔(rong)化，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔(rong)入(ru)(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔(rong)入(ru)(ru)的(de)S對(dui)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿塑(su)性影響(xiang)極大，會(hui)增加拉絲斷線率。

2、鑄造過程中雜質的進入

在生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)，連鑄連軋工藝(yi)需(xu)(xu)通過(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間包轉(zhuan)運銅(tong)液，相對(dui)容易造(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火(huo)材料(liao)的剝(bo)落(luo)，在軋制(zhi)過(guo)程中(zhong)需(xu)(xu)要通過(guo)軋輥，造(zao)成(cheng)鐵質(zhi)的脫落(luo)，會給銅(tong)桿造(zao)成(cheng)外部夾雜。而熱(re)軋中(zhong)皮(pi)上和皮(pi)下氧化物(wu)的軋入，會給低氧桿的拉絲造(zao)成(cheng)不利的影響(xiang)。上引連鑄法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工藝(yi)流程較短，銅(tong)液是通過(guo)聯體爐內潛流式完成(cheng)，對(dui)耐(nai)火(huo)材料(liao)的沖擊不大，結晶是通過(guo)石墨模內進行，所以過(guo)程中(zhong)可能產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)的污染源較少(shao)，雜質(zhi)進入的機會較少(shao)。

O、S、P是與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)會生產(chan)化合(he)物的元素。在熔態銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)可以溶解(jie)一部分(fen)，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時，氧(yang)幾乎(hu)不溶解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔態時所溶解(jie)的氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)(jing)體析出，分(fen)布在晶(jing)(jing)粒晶(jing)(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)(jing)體的出現，顯著降低(di)了銅(tong)(tong)的塑性(xing)。

硫可以溶解在熔體(ti)的銅(tong)(tong)中，但在室溫下，其溶解度幾乎降低(di)到零(ling)，它(ta)以硫化亞銅(tong)(tong)的形式出現在晶(jing)(jing)粒晶(jing)(jing)界處，會顯著降低(di)銅(tong)(tong)的塑性(xing)。

3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅桿和無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿中分布形(xing)式及其影響

氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量對低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)拉線(xian)(xian)性(xing)能(neng)有著明顯的(de)影響。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量增加到最佳值時，銅(tong)桿的(de)斷線(xian)(xian)率最低(di)(di)。這(zhe)是(shi)因為氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)與大部分雜質反應的(de)過程中(zhong)都起到了清(qing)除器(qi)的(de)作用。適度的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)還有利(li)于(yu)去除銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氫，生(sheng)成水蒸氣(qi)溢出，減少(shao)氣(qi)孔的(de)形成。最佳的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量為拉線(xian)(xian)工藝提(ti)供了最好的(de)條件。

低氧銅(tong)桿氧化(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)：在(zai)連續澆鑄中凝固的(de)(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散熱速率和均勻(yun)冷(leng)卻是決定銅(tong)桿氧化(hua)物(wu)分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)因素(su)。不均勻(yun)冷(leng)卻會引起銅(tong)桿內部結構本(ben)質上的(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異，但后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱加工，柱狀晶通(tong)常會遭到破壞(huai)，使氧化(hua)亞銅(tong)顆(ke)粒細微化(hua)和均勻(yun)分布(bu)。氧化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒聚集而產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)情況是中心爆(bao)裂。除氧化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較小氧化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)粒的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿顯示出較好的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉線特性，較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒容易造成應力(li)集中點而斷(duan)裂。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)超(chao)標(biao)，銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)變脆(cui)，延伸(shen)率下降，拉伸(shen)式(shi)樣端(duan)口(kou)顯暗紅色(se)，結晶組織(zhi)疏松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)(liang)超(chao)出8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)藝性能(neng)變差，表現為鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)及拉伸(shen)過程中斷(duan)桿(gan)(gan)及斷(duan)線率極具增(zeng)高(gao)。這是由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)與(yu)銅(tong)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)脆(cui)性相，形成(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)共晶體，以網狀組織(zhi)分布在境界(jie)上。這種脆(cui)性相硬度高(gao)，在冷變形時(shi)將會與(yu)銅(tong)機體脫(tuo)離，導致銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的機械性能(neng)下降，在后(hou)續(xu)加工(gong)中容(rong)易造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)斷(duan)裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)還(huan)能(neng)導致無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)導電(dian)率下降。因此(ci)，必須嚴格控(kong)制上引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)藝及產品質量(liang)(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中(zhong)，氧含量控制較低，氧化物的副作用(yong)唄**降(jiang)低，但氫的影響成為較顯著的問題。吸(xi)氣(qi)后(hou)熔體中(zhong)存在平(ping)衡反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體及疏松(song)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，氫(qing)(qing)從過(guo)(guo)飽和(he)的(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)析(xi)出并(bing)聚集而形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)又(you)可還原氧化亞銅(tong)而生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水氣(qi)(qi)泡(pao)。由于上(shang)引鑄造的(de)(de)特(te)點是銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)自上(shang)而下的(de)(de)結晶(jing)，形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)**形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀近(jin)似錐型。銅(tong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)結晶(jing)前(qian)析(xi)出的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)浮過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)被堵在(zai)(zai)(zai)凝固組織(zhi)內(nei)，結晶(jing)時在(zai)(zai)(zai)鑄桿內(nei)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔。上(shang)引的(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)量少(shao)時，析(xi)出的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)界處(chu)，形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏松(song)；含氣(qi)(qi)量多時，則聚集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)孔和(he)疏松(song)是氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。

氫來源于上引生(sheng)產(chan)過程中的各個工藝環節，如原料(liao)電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)的“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、輔(fu)料(liao)木炭(tan)**、氣候(hou)環境**、石墨結晶(jing)器未干(gan)燥(zao)等。因(yin)此，熔化爐中的銅(tong)(tong)液表(biao)面應(ying)覆蓋經烘烤的木炭(tan)，電解(jie)銅(tong)(tong)應(ying)盡量去除“銅(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆(dou)”“耳朵”，對提高(gao)無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質(zhi)量非常重要。

在連鑄連軋工藝中(zhong)，往往采用適(shi)度控制(zhi)氧含量來控制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由(you)于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)在鑄造過程中(zhong)是自下而(er)上結晶，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧和氫(qing)所產生的(de)(de)水蒸氣(qi)很容易上浮跑出，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫(qing)大部分能(neng)被有(you)效去除，因(yin)而(er)對銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)影響較(jiao)小(xiao)。

二、表面質量

在生產(chan)電(dian)磁線(xian)等(deng)產(chan)品的(de)過程(cheng)中，對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)表面質(zhi)量(liang)也需(xu)提出(chu)要求。需(xu)要拉(la)制后(hou)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)絲表面無毛(mao)刺、銅(tong)(tong)粉少、無油污(wu)。并通過扭轉試(shi)驗測量(liang)表面銅(tong)(tong)粉的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)扭轉后(hou)觀(guan)察銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)復原情(qing)況來判定(ding)其好壞。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)過程中，從鑄造(zao)到軋(ya)(ya)制前，溫度(du)高，完全暴露于(yu)(yu)空氣中，使鑄坯表面(mian)形成(cheng)較(jiao)厚的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)層，在軋(ya)(ya)制過程中，隨(sui)著(zhu)軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)物顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入銅(tong)線(xian)表面(mian)。由于(yu)(yu)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)是高熔點脆(cui)性化(hua)(hua)合(he)物，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)軋(ya)(ya)入較(jiao)深的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)，當成(cheng)條狀的(de)聚集(ji)物遇(yu)模具拉伸時，就會是銅(tong)桿(gan)外表面(mian)產生(sheng)毛刺，給后續的(de)涂漆造(zao)成(cheng)麻煩。

而上(shang)引連鑄工藝制造(zao)的(de)(de)無氧(yang)銅桿，由于鑄造(zao)和冷卻完全(quan)與氧(yang)隔絕，后續亦(yi)無熱軋過(guo)程，銅桿表面無軋入表面的(de)(de)氧(yang)化物(wu)，質(zhi)量較好，拉(la)制后銅粉少，上(shang)述問題較少存(cun)在。

無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)也分進(jin)(jin)(jin)口設(she)備做的(de)(de)和國產(chan)設(she)備做的(de)(de),但目前進(jin)(jin)(jin)口產(chan)品已無明顯優勢，銅(tong)桿(gan)產(chan)品出(chu)來后區(qu)別(bie)不是很(hen)大(da),只要(yao)銅(tong)板選(xuan)的(de)(de)好,生產(chan)控制比(bi)較穩定,國產(chan)設(she)備也能產(chan)出(chu)可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan).進(jin)(jin)(jin)口設(she)備一般是芬(fen)蘭(lan)奧托(tuo)昆普的(de)(de)設(she)備,國產(chan)設(she)備最好的(de)(de)應該是上海的(de)(de)海軍廠的(de)(de)了，生產(chan)時(shi)間最長(chang)，軍工企業，質量可靠。

低氧銅桿進口設備(bei)(bei)國(guo)(guo)際主(zhu)要有兩種,一種是美(mei)國(guo)(guo)南線設備(bei)(bei),英(ying)文是SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)(guo)內(nei)廠家(jia)是南京(jing)華(hua)新,江(jiang)西銅業(ye),另一種是德(de)國(guo)(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei)(bei),國(guo)(guo)內(nei)廠家(jia)是常州金源,天津大無(wu)縫。

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容易區別,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下,但(dan)目前(qian)(qian)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家只能做(zuo)到(dao)50個(ge)PPM以下.低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子一般(ban)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)一般(ban)采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上引法,低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種產品相對而言低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對漆包線(xian)(xian)性 能更(geng)適應些(xie),如柔軟(ruan)性,回彈角(jiao),繞線(xian)(xian)性能.但(dan)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)對拉(la)絲(si)條件相對要苛(ke)刻些(xie),同(tong)樣(yang)拉(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細絲(si),如果伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)條件不(bu)好,普(pu)(pu)通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)可拉(la)而好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線(xian)(xian),但(dan)如果放在(zai)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)(xian)條件,同(tong)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)子,低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定(ding)就(jiu)能拉(la)到(dao)雙(shuang)零五,而普(pu)(pu)通(tong)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)最多只能拉(la)伸(shen)到(dao)0.1而已,當然(ran)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如雙(shuang)零二(er)卻(que)非得(de)依(yi)靠進口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)了.目前(qian)(qian)有(you)(you)企業嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式來處理低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)來伸(shen)0.03線(xian)(xian).但(dan)有(you)(you)關這方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容我還不(bu)是(shi)很清楚(chu)。

音響線(xian)一般反(fan)而喜歡用無(wu)氧(yang)桿,這和無(wu)氧(yang)桿是(shi)單(dan)晶(jing)銅(tong),低氧(yang)桿是(shi)多晶(jing)銅(tong)有關。

氧銅桿和(he)無氧銅桿由于(yu)制造方法的(de)不同，致使存在差別，具有各自的(de)特點。

一、關(guan)于氧的吸入和脫去以及它的存在狀態

生(sheng)(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度約(yue)2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此(ci)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入是(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液態(tai)(tai)下吸入的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相當時間后(hou)，被(bei)還(huan)原而(er)(er)(er)脫去，通常(chang)這(zhe)(zhe)種桿(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)10—50ppm以下，最低(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)上看(kan)，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)(tai)，存在(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊界附近，這(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而(er)(er)(er)言可以說是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則很少(shao)見(jian)(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)以夾(jia)雜形式(shi)在(zai)晶(jing)界出現對(dui)材料(liao)的(de)(de)韌性產生(sheng)(sheng)負面(mian)影響(xiang)。而(er)(er)(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)，所以這(zhe)(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織(zhi)是(shi)均(jun)勻(yun)的(de)(de)單相組織(zhi)對(dui)韌性有利(li)。在(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)多孔性是(shi)不常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)(er)在(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)則是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種缺陷。

二(er)、熱軋組(zu)織和鑄造組(zu)織的區別(bie)

低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于經(jing)(jing)過熱(re)軋，所以(yi)(yi)其組(zu)(zu)織屬熱(re)加工(gong)(gong)組(zu)(zu)織，原來的(de)(de)鑄造組(zu)(zu)織已經(jing)(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿(gan)時(shi)已有(you)(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)形式出(chu)現(xian)，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄造組(zu)(zu)織，晶(jing)粒粗大，這是為(wei)什么(me)，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)溫(wen)度較高(gao)，需要(yao)(yao)較高(gao)退(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)固有(you)(you)原因(yin)(yin)。這是因(yin)(yin)為(wei)，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)發生(sheng)在(zai)晶(jing)粒邊(bian)界附近，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)(zu)織晶(jing)粒粗大，晶(jing)粒尺寸(cun)甚至能達幾(ji)個毫(hao)米，因(yin)(yin)而晶(jing)粒邊(bian)界少，即(ji)使通過拉制(zhi)變形，但晶(jing)粒邊(bian)界相(xiang)對低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還是較少，所以(yi)(yi)需要(yao)(yao)較高(gao)的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功率。對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)成功的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)要(yao)(yao)求是：由桿(gan)經(jing)(jing)拉制(zhi)，但尚未鑄造組(zu)(zu)織的(de)(de)線時(shi)的(de)(de)第一次退(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)火(huo)功率應比同(tong)樣情況的(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)(jing)繼(ji)續(xu)拉制(zhi)，在(zai)以(yi)(yi)后階段的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功率應留(liu)有(you)(you)足夠的(de)(de)余量和對低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)切實區別執行不同(tong)的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)(gong)藝，以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證在(zai)制(zhi)品和成品導線的(de)(de)柔軟性(xing)。

三、夾雜，氧含量波動，表面(mian)氧化物和可能(neng)存在的(de)(de)熱軋缺陷的(de)(de)差別

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)可(ke)拉(la)性(xing)在所(suo)有線(xian)徑里與低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)相(xiang)比都(dou)是(shi)優(you)越(yue)的(de)(de)，除(chu)上述組織原因外，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)夾雜(za)少，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩定(ding)，無(wu)熱軋(ya)可(ke)能(neng)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)厚度(du)可(ke)達≤15A。在連鑄連軋(ya)生(sheng)產過程中如果(guo)工藝(yi)不(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)控不(bu)(bu)嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)將(jiang)直接影響桿(gan)的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。如果(guo)桿(gan)的(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)能(neng)在后工序的(de)(de)連續清洗中得(de)以彌補外，但比較麻煩的(de)(de)是(shi)有相(xiang)當(dang)多的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)存在于“皮(pi)(pi)下”，對拉(la)線(xian)斷線(xian)影響更(geng)直接，故而在拉(la)制微(wei)細線(xian)，超微(wei)細線(xian)時，為了減(jian)少斷線(xian)，有時要對銅(tong)桿(gan)采取不(bu)(bu)得(de)已的(de)(de)辦(ban)法——剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)(pi)，甚至(zhi)二次(ci)剝(bo)(bo)皮(pi)(pi)的(de)(de)原因所(suo)在，目(mu)的(de)(de)要除(chu)去皮(pi)(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)。

四、低氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)的韌(ren)性有差(cha)別

兩(liang)者都可以拉到0.015mm，但在低(di)溫超導(dao)線中的低(di)溫級無氧銅，其細絲(si)間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從制桿的(de)原材(cai)料到制線的(de)經濟性(xing)有差別。

制造無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)要求質量(liang)較高的(de)原材(cai)料。一(yi)般(ban)，拉制直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)時，低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)優(you)點比較明顯，而無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)顯得(de)更為優(you)越的(de)是(shi)拉制直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)(tong)線(xian)。

六、低氧(yang)銅桿的制線工(gong)藝與無氧(yang)銅桿的有所不同(tong)。

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)線工藝不(bu)能(neng)照(zhao)搬(ban)到無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)線工藝上(shang)來，至少(shao)兩(liang)者的(de)(de)退火(huo)工藝是不(bu)同的(de)(de)。因(yin)為線的(de)(de)柔軟(ruan)性深受(shou)材料成份和(he)制(zhi)桿(gan)(gan)，制(zhi)線和(he)退火(huo)工藝的(de)(de)影響，不(bu)能(neng)簡單(dan)地說低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅或無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅誰軟(ruan)誰硬。