熱門關鍵詞(ci)：
來源：行業動態 閱讀：109570 發布時(shi)間(jian)：2019-07-05
導讀：由于生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)兩者的(de)工藝不同，所生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中的(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)及外(wai)觀就不同。上引生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工藝得當氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)10ppm以(yi)下，叫無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是在(zai)保護(hu)條件下的(de)熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)200-500ppm范(fan)圍內(nei)，但有(you)時(shi)也高達700ppm以(yi)上，一般情(qing)況下，此種方法生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)外(wai)表光亮，低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有(you)時(shi)也叫光桿(gan)(gan)。
銅(tong)桿(gan)是(shi)電纜行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式主要有(you)兩種——連鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連軋(ya)(ya)(ya)法和(he)上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法。連鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連軋(ya)(ya)(ya)低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方法較多，其特(te)點是(shi)金屬(shu)在(zai)豎爐(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)融化后，銅(tong)液通過保溫爐(lu)(lu)(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間(jian)包，從澆管進入封閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)腔內(nei)，采(cai)用(yong)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)強度進行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)，形成鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然后進行(xing)多道次軋(ya)(ya)(ya)制(zhi)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)熱加(jia)工(gong)組織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組織(zhi)已經破碎，含(han)(han)氧量一般為(wei)200~400ppm之(zhi)間(jian)。無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)國內(nei)基本全(quan)部采(cai)用(yong)上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法生(sheng)產(chan)，金屬(shu)在(zai)感應電爐(lu)(lu)(lu)中(zhong)融化后通過石墨模(mo)進行(xing)上(shang)引連續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造，之(zhi)后進行(xing)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)或(huo)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)加(jia)工(gong)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組織(zhi)，含(han)(han)氧量一般在(zai)20ppm以下。由于(yu)制(zhi)造工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，所以在(zai)組織(zhi)結構、氧含(han)(han)量分布、雜(za)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式及分布等諸(zhu)多方面有(you)較大差別。
一、拉制性能
銅桿(gan)的拉制性能(neng)跟很多因素有關，如(ru)雜質的含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分(fen)(fen)布、工藝(yi)控制等。下面(mian)分(fen)(fen)別從以上(shang)幾個方面(mian)對銅桿(gan)的拉制性能(neng)進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)(fen)析。
1、熔化方式對(dui)S等(deng)雜質的影(ying)響
連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋生產(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)主要是通過氣體的燃燒使(shi)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)熔化(hua)，在燃燒的過程中，通過氧化(hua)和揮發作用，可(ke)一定程度減少部分雜質進(jin)入(ru)銅(tong)液(ye)，因此連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋法(fa)對(dui)原料要求相對(dui)低(di)一些。上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)生產(chan)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，由于是用感應電爐熔化(hua)，電解銅(tong)表面的“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆”基本(ben)都熔入(ru)到銅(tong)液(ye)中。其(qi)中熔入(ru)的S對(dui)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)塑(su)性影響極大，會增加拉絲(si)斷線(xian)率。
2、鑄造過程(cheng)中雜質的進入
在生產(chan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)，連鑄連軋工藝(yi)需(xu)通(tong)過保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)間包(bao)轉運銅(tong)液，相對容易造成耐(nai)火材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)剝落(luo)，在軋制過程中(zhong)(zhong)需(xu)要通(tong)過軋輥，造成鐵質的(de)(de)(de)(de)脫落(luo)，會給銅(tong)桿造成外部(bu)夾雜。而熱軋中(zhong)(zhong)皮上(shang)和皮下(xia)氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)(de)(de)軋入，會給低氧(yang)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉絲造成不利的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。上(shang)引連鑄法生產(chan)工藝(yi)流程較短，銅(tong)液是通(tong)過聯體爐內(nei)潛流式完成，對耐(nai)火材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊不大(da)，結晶是通(tong)過石墨模內(nei)進(jin)行，所以過程中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)能產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染源較少，雜質進(jin)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)會較少。
O、S、P是(shi)與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)會生產化合(he)物(wu)的元素。在熔(rong)(rong)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)可以(yi)溶解(jie)一部分(fen)，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧(yang)幾乎不(bu)溶解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔(rong)(rong)態時(shi)所溶解(jie)的氧(yang)，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體析出，分(fen)布在晶粒晶界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶體的出現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的塑性。
硫可以(yi)溶(rong)解在熔(rong)體的(de)(de)銅(tong)中(zhong)，但在室(shi)溫下，其溶(rong)解度幾乎(hu)降低(di)到(dao)零，它(ta)以(yi)硫化(hua)亞銅(tong)的(de)(de)形式(shi)出現在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處，會顯著降低(di)銅(tong)的(de)(de)塑(su)性。
3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)和無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)中分布形式及其影響
氧(yang)含量對低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)拉線性能有(you)著明顯的(de)影響。當(dang)氧(yang)含量增加到最(zui)佳(jia)(jia)值時，銅桿的(de)斷線率最(zui)低。這是因(yin)為氧(yang)在與大部分雜質反應的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)都起(qi)到了清除器(qi)的(de)作用。適度的(de)氧(yang)還有(you)利于(yu)去除銅液中(zhong)的(de)氫(qing)，生成(cheng)水蒸(zheng)氣溢出，減少(shao)氣孔的(de)形成(cheng)。最(zui)佳(jia)(jia)的(de)氧(yang)含量為拉線工(gong)藝提供了最(zui)好(hao)的(de)條件。
低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在連續澆鑄(zhu)中(zhong)凝(ning)固的(de)(de)(de)最初(chu)階段，散熱速率和均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻是(shi)決定銅(tong)桿氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要因(yin)素(su)。不均(jun)勻(yun)冷卻會引起銅(tong)桿內部結(jie)構本質(zhi)上的(de)(de)(de)差異，但后續的(de)(de)(de)熱加工(gong)，柱(zhu)狀晶通(tong)常(chang)會遭到破(po)壞，使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)顆粒細微(wei)化(hua)(hua)和均(jun)勻(yun)分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒聚集而(er)產生的(de)(de)(de)典型情況是(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)爆裂。除氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿顯示出較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)拉線特性，較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆粒容易造成應(ying)力集中(zhong)點而(er)斷裂。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)桿變(bian)(bian)(bian)脆(cui)，延伸(shen)率下(xia)降(jiang)，拉伸(shen)式樣端口顯暗紅色，結晶組(zu)織疏松(song)。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量(liang)超出(chu)8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)藝性能變(bian)(bian)(bian)差，表現(xian)為鑄(zhu)造及拉伸(shen)過程中斷桿及斷線(xian)率極具增(zeng)高(gao)(gao)。這是由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)生(sheng)成氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性相，形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網狀組(zu)織分布(bu)在境(jing)界上(shang)。這種脆(cui)性相硬度高(gao)(gao)，在冷(leng)變(bian)(bian)(bian)形(xing)時(shi)將會(hui)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)機體脫離，導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)機械性能下(xia)降(jiang)，在后續加工(gong)中容易造成斷裂現(xian)象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含量(liang)高(gao)(gao)還能導(dao)致無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿導(dao)電率下(xia)降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴格控(kong)制上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)工(gong)藝及產(chan)品(pin)質量(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在(zai)上引連鑄中(zhong)，氧(yang)含(han)量控制較(jiao)低，氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)副作用唄**降低，但氫的(de)(de)影響成為較(jiao)顯著的(de)(de)問題(ti)。吸氣后熔體中(zhong)存在(zai)平衡(heng)反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣體(ti)及疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)在(zai)結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，氫(qing)從(cong)過飽(bao)和的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)液(ye)中析(xi)出(chu)并聚集而(er)(er)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)結晶(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)又(you)可還原氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)而(er)(er)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)水氣泡(pao)。由于(yu)上引鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)特點是(shi)銅(tong)液(ye)自上而(er)(er)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)結晶(jing)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液(ye)**形(xing)(xing)狀近(jin)似錐型。銅(tong)液(ye)結晶(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)在(zai)上浮過程(cheng)中被堵在(zai)凝固組織內(nei)，結晶(jing)時在(zai)鑄(zhu)桿內(nei)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)氣孔。上引的(de)(de)(de)含氣量少時，析(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)于(yu)晶(jing)界處，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)；含氣量多時，則(ze)聚集成(cheng)(cheng)氣孔，因此，氣孔和疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)氫(qing)氣和水蒸氣兩者形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。
氫來(lai)源于上引生產過(guo)程中的(de)各個工藝(yi)環節，如原料電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木炭(tan)**、氣候環境**、石墨結晶器未(wei)干(gan)燥等。因此，熔化爐中的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)液表面應(ying)(ying)覆蓋(gai)經烘烤的(de)木炭(tan)，電解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)應(ying)(ying)盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)去除“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提(ti)高無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)非常重(zhong)要。
在連鑄連軋工藝中，往往采用適度(du)控制氧含(han)量來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅液在鑄造(zao)過程中(zhong)是(shi)自下而上結晶，銅液中(zhong)的氧和氫所產生的水蒸氣很容易上浮(fu)跑(pao)出(chu)，銅液中(zhong)的氫大部分能被有效去除，因而對銅桿的影響較小。
二、表面質量
在生(sheng)產電磁線等產品的(de)過(guo)程中，對(dui)銅桿的(de)表面(mian)質(zhi)量也需提(ti)出(chu)要求。需要拉(la)制(zhi)后(hou)的(de)銅絲表面(mian)無毛(mao)刺、銅粉(fen)(fen)少(shao)、無油(you)污。并通過(guo)扭(niu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)試驗測(ce)量表面(mian)銅粉(fen)(fen)的(de)質(zhi)量和扭(niu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)后(hou)觀察銅桿的(de)復原情況來判定其好壞。
在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)過程中(zhong)，從鑄造到軋(ya)制前，溫度高，完全暴露于空氣中(zhong)，使鑄坯表面(mian)形成(cheng)較(jiao)(jiao)厚的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化層，在(zai)軋(ya)制過程中(zhong)，隨(sui)著(zhu)軋(ya)輥的(de)(de)轉動，氧(yang)(yang)化物(wu)顆粒軋(ya)入(ru)銅(tong)線表面(mian)。由于氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)是高熔點脆性(xing)化合物(wu)，對(dui)于軋(ya)入(ru)較(jiao)(jiao)深的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)，當成(cheng)條狀的(de)(de)聚集物(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就會是銅(tong)桿外表面(mian)產生毛(mao)刺，給后續的(de)(de)涂漆造成(cheng)麻煩。
而上(shang)引(yin)連鑄工藝制造的無氧(yang)銅桿，由于鑄造和冷卻完(wan)全與氧(yang)隔(ge)絕，后續(xu)亦(yi)無熱軋過程，銅桿表(biao)(biao)面無軋入(ru)表(biao)(biao)面的氧(yang)化物，質(zhi)量較好，拉制后銅粉少，上(shang)述問題較少存(cun)在。
無氧銅桿(gan)也分進口設(she)(she)備(bei)做的和國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)做的,但目前進口產(chan)(chan)品(pin)已無明顯優(you)勢(shi)，銅桿(gan)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)出來后區別不是(shi)(shi)很大,只要銅板選的好,生產(chan)(chan)控(kong)制比較穩(wen)定,國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)也能產(chan)(chan)出可(ke)(ke)拉伸0.05的銅桿(gan).進口設(she)(she)備(bei)一般是(shi)(shi)芬(fen)蘭奧托昆普的設(she)(she)備(bei),國(guo)產(chan)(chan)設(she)(she)備(bei)最好的應該是(shi)(shi)上海的海軍廠的了，生產(chan)(chan)時間最長，軍工(gong)企業，質量可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)。
低氧銅桿(gan)進口設備(bei)國際主要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是(shi)美國南線設備(bei),英文是(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家是(shi)南京華新(xin),江(jiang)西銅業,另一種(zhong)是(shi)德國CONTIROD設備(bei),國內廠家是(shi)常(chang)州金(jin)源,天津(jin)大無縫。
無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧及低(di)(di)氧桿(gan)從含氧量上(shang)容易區(qu)別,無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧銅是含氧量在10-20個PPM以下,但目(mu)前(qian)有(you)的(de)(de)廠家(jia)只能(neng)做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)50個PPM以下.低(di)(di)氧銅桿(gan)在 200-400個PPM,好的(de)(de)桿(gan)子一(yi)般(ban)含氧量控制在250個PPM左右,無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧桿(gan)一(yi)般(ban)采取的(de)(de)是上(shang)引法,低(di)(di)氧桿(gan)是連鑄連軋(ya),兩種產品相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)而(er)言低(di)(di)氧桿(gan)對(dui)(dui)漆(qi)包線(xian)性(xing)(xing) 能(neng)更適應些(xie),如(ru)(ru)柔軟性(xing)(xing),回彈角(jiao),繞線(xian)性(xing)(xing)能(neng).但低(di)(di)氧桿(gan)對(dui)(dui)拉(la)(la)絲條(tiao)件(jian)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)要苛刻(ke)些(xie),同樣拉(la)(la)伸(shen)(shen)0.2的(de)(de)細(xi)絲,如(ru)(ru)果伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian)不好,普通的(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧桿(gan)可(ke)拉(la)(la)而(er)好的(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧桿(gan)就斷 線(xian),但如(ru)(ru)果放在好的(de)(de)伸(shen)(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian),同樣的(de)(de)桿(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧桿(gan)說不定就能(neng)拉(la)(la)到(dao)(dao)雙(shuang)零(ling)五,而(er)普通無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧桿(gan)最(zui)多只能(neng)拉(la)(la)伸(shen)(shen)到(dao)(dao)0.1而(er)已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)最(zui)細(xi)的(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)雙(shuang)零(ling)二卻非(fei)得依靠進口的(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧銅桿(gan)了.目(mu)前(qian)有(you)企業嘗試用剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式來處(chu)理低(di)(di)氧桿(gan)來伸(shen)(shen)0.03線(xian).但有(you)關(guan)這方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)內容我還不是很(hen)清楚。
音(yin)響線一(yi)般反而喜(xi)歡用無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿,這和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)桿是單晶(jing)銅,低氧(yang)(yang)桿是多晶(jing)銅有關。
氧銅桿和無氧銅桿由于制造(zao)方法的不同(tong)，致使存(cun)在差別(bie)，具有各自的特點(dian)。
一(yi)、關于氧的(de)吸入和脫去以及(ji)它的(de)存在(zai)狀態
生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)常(chang)溫下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入(ru)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液(ye)(ye)態(tai)下吸入(ru)的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)液(ye)(ye)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相當時間后，被還原而(er)(er)脫去(qu)，通常(chang)這(zhe)種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)下，最低(di)(di)可(ke)達1-2ppm，從組織上看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)于晶(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界(jie)附近，這(zhe)對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)而(er)(er)言可(ke)以(yi)(yi)說是(shi)(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)很(hen)少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)夾雜形式在(zai)晶(jing)界(jie)出現對(dui)材料(liao)的(de)(de)韌性(xing)產生(sheng)負面(mian)影響。而(er)(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很(hen)低(di)(di)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織是(shi)(shi)均勻的(de)(de)單相組織對(dui)韌性(xing)有利。在(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)多孔性(xing)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)常(chang)見的(de)(de)，而(er)(er)在(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中則(ze)是(shi)(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)缺陷(xian)。
二、熱軋組織和鑄(zhu)造組織的區(qu)別
低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)由于經(jing)(jing)過(guo)(guo)熱軋，所以(yi)其組(zu)(zu)織屬(shu)熱加(jia)工組(zu)(zu)織，原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)鑄造組(zu)(zu)織已(yi)經(jing)(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)時已(yi)有(you)再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式出現，而無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)屬(shu)鑄造組(zu)(zu)織，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)為什(shen)么，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)溫(wen)度較(jiao)高(gao)，需要較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)固有(you)原(yuan)因。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)因為，再結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)發(fa)生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界附(fu)近，無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)(zu)織晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大，晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)尺寸(cun)甚至能達幾個毫米，因而晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界少，即使通過(guo)(guo)拉制(zhi)變(bian)形(xing)，但晶(jing)(jing)粒(li)(li)邊(bian)界相對低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少，所以(yi)需要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功率。對無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成功的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)要求是(shi)(shi)：由桿(gan)經(jing)(jing)拉制(zhi)，但尚未鑄造組(zu)(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)(de)第一次(ci)退(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)火(huo)功率應比同樣情況的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)(jing)繼續拉制(zhi)，在(zai)以(yi)后階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功率應留有(you)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)余量和對低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區別執行不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)工藝，以(yi)保證在(zai)制(zhi)品(pin)和成品(pin)導(dao)線的(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。
三、夾(jia)雜，氧(yang)含量波動，表面(mian)氧(yang)化物和可能存在的(de)熱軋缺陷的(de)差別(bie)
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的可拉(la)性(xing)在(zai)(zai)所有線(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)相比都是優越的，除上(shang)述(shu)組織原(yuan)(yuan)因外(wai)，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)夾雜(za)少(shao)，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)定(ding)，無(wu)熱軋可能(neng)(neng)產生的缺陷(xian)，桿(gan)表(biao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)厚度可達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋生產過(guo)程中如果工(gong)藝不穩(wen)定(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)控不嚴，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量不穩(wen)定(ding)將直(zhi)接影響(xiang)桿(gan)的性(xing)能(neng)(neng)。如果桿(gan)的表(biao)面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)后工(gong)序的連(lian)續清(qing)洗(xi)中得以彌(mi)補外(wai)，但比較麻(ma)煩(fan)的是有相當多(duo)的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)(zai)于“皮(pi)下(xia)”，對拉(la)線(xian)斷線(xian)影響(xiang)更直(zhi)接，故而在(zai)(zai)拉(la)制微細線(xian)，超微細線(xian)時，為了減少(shao)斷線(xian)，有時要對銅(tong)桿(gan)采取不得已的辦(ban)法——剝皮(pi)，甚至二次剝皮(pi)的原(yuan)(yuan)因所在(zai)(zai)，目的要除去(qu)皮(pi)下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)。
四、低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的韌性有差別
兩(liang)者都可(ke)以拉(la)到0.015mm，但在低溫(wen)超導線中(zhong)的(de)(de)低溫(wen)級無氧銅，其細(xi)絲間(jian)的(de)(de)間(jian)距只(zhi)有0.001mm.
五、從制(zhi)桿的原材(cai)料(liao)到(dao)制(zhi)線(xian)的經濟性有差別。
制(zhi)造(zao)無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)要求質(zhi)量(liang)較高的(de)原材料。一般(ban)，拉制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅線(xian)時(shi)，低氧銅桿(gan)的(de)優點(dian)比較明(ming)顯，而(er)無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)顯得(de)更為優越的(de)是拉制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅線(xian)。
六、低氧銅(tong)桿的(de)制線工藝與(yu)無氧銅(tong)桿的(de)有所不同。
低(di)氧銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)制線(xian)(xian)工藝(yi)不能(neng)照搬到無(wu)氧銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)制線(xian)(xian)工藝(yi)上來，至少(shao)兩者的(de)(de)退火工藝(yi)是不同的(de)(de)。因為線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)柔(rou)軟性(xing)深受材料成份和(he)制桿(gan)，制線(xian)(xian)和(he)退火工藝(yi)的(de)(de)影響，不能(neng)簡單地說低(di)氧銅或無(wu)氧銅誰軟誰硬。
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