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電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是用于傳輸和(he)分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常用于城市(shi)地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引(yin)出線(xian)路(lu)(lu)、工礦企業(ye)內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江海水下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所(suo)占比重正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)系統的(de)(de)主(zhu)干線(xian)路(lu)(lu)中用以傳輸和(he)分配大功(gong)率(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包括(kuo)1-500KV以及(ji)以上各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級(ji)，各種(zhong)絕緣的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力電纜的使用至(zhi)今已有百年

主要分(fen)類

分類(lei)：按電壓等級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)至今已(yi)有百余年(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)明家T.A.愛(ai)迪(di)生在銅棒上包(bao)繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵(tie)管內(nei)，然后填充瀝青混合物(wu)制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)(fu)設于紐約(yue)，開創了地下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)卡倫(lun)德(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)明瀝青浸漬紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)S.Z.費蘭梯在倫(lun)敦與德(de)特(te)福(fu)德(de)之間敷(fu)(fu)設了10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)油浸紙(zhi)(zhi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英(ying)國(guo)建成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)越(yue)來越(yue)廣的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)。1911年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)敷(fu)(fu)設成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。1913年(nian)，德(de)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)M.霍希施泰(tai)特(te)研制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分相屏(ping)蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)表面的(de)(de)正切應力(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展中的(de)(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)，瑞典在北部(bu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)(fu)設了380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了超(chao)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)。到(dao)80年(nian)代已(yi)制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)的(de)(de)特(te)高(gao)(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級可(ke)分(fen)為中、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（35千伏及(ji)以(yi)下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(110千伏以(yi)上)、超(chao)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（275～800千伏）以(yi)及(ji)特(te)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)（1000千伏及(ji)以(yi)上）。此外(wai)，還可(ke)按電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)制分(fen)為交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)和直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

按(an)絕緣材料分

1、油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜以(yi)油浸(jin)紙(zhi)作絕緣(yuan)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜。其(qi)應用(yong)歷史最(zui)長。它安全可靠(kao)，使(shi)用(yong)壽命(ming)長，價格低廉(lian)。主(zhu)要缺(que)點(dian)是(shi)敷設受落差(cha)限制。自從開發出不滴(di)流浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)后(hou)，解決了(le)落差(cha)限制問(wen)題，使(shi)油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)纜得以(yi)繼續廣泛應用(yong)。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣層(ceng)為擠(ji)壓塑料(liao)的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常用的塑料(liao)有聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯、交聯(lian)聚乙烯。塑料(liao)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結構(gou)簡單,制造加工方便，重量輕，敷(fu)設安(an)裝方便,不受敷(fu)設落差限制。因此廣泛應用作中低壓電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并有取代(dai)粘(zhan)性浸漬油(you)紙電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的趨勢(shi)。其最大(da)缺點是存在樹枝化擊穿現象(xiang)，這限制了(le)它(ta)在更高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓的使用。

3、橡皮絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)　絕緣層為橡膠加上各(ge)種配合劑，經過充分混煉后(hou)擠包在導(dao)電(dian)線芯上，經過加溫硫化而成。它柔軟(ruan)，富有(you)彈性(xing)，適合于移動頻(pin)繁、敷設彎(wan)曲半徑(jing)小的場合。

常用作絕緣的膠料有天然(ran)膠-丁(ding)苯膠混(hun)合物，乙(yi)丙膠、丁(ding)基(ji)膠等。

按(an)電壓等級分(fen)

1、低壓(ya)電(dian)纜：適用于固定敷設在交流50Hz，額定電(dian)壓(ya)3kv及以下(xia)的(de)輸(shu)配電(dian)線路上作(zuo)輸(shu)送電(dian)能(neng)用。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般指(zhi)35KV及以下）：聚(ju)(ju)氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)，聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)，交(jiao)聯聚(ju)(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙(yi)烯電(dian)纜和交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特(te)高壓電纜：（1000千(qian)伏及以(yi)上(shang)）。

基(ji)本結構：電(dian)力電(dian)纜的基(ji)本結構由線(xian)芯(xin)（導體）、絕(jue)緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和(he)保護(hu)層(ceng)四(si)部分組成。

1.線芯是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)導電(dian)(dian)部分，用(yong)來輸送電(dian)(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)主要部分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將線(xian)芯與大地(di)以及(ji)不同(tong)相的線(xian)芯間在電氣上彼此隔離，保證電能輸送，是(shi)電力電纜結構中(zhong)不可缺(que)少(shao)的組(zu)成(cheng)部(bu)分。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一般都(dou)有(you)導體(ti)屏蔽層和絕緣屏蔽層。

4.保護層(ceng)的作用是保護電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)免受外界(jie)雜質和水分(fen)的侵入，以(yi)及防止(zhi)外力直接損壞(huai)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。

主要優點：

1占地(di)少。一般埋設(she)于土壤中(zhong)或敷設(she)于室(shi)內，溝道，隧道中(zhong)，線間絕緣距(ju)離小，不用桿塔，占地(di)少，基本不占地(di)面上(shang)空間。

2可(ke)靠(kao)性高。受氣候(hou)條件和周圍(wei)環境影響小，傳輸性能穩(wen)定(ding)，可(ke)靠(kao)性高。

3具有向超(chao)高壓，大(da)容量發展的更為有利的條件，如低溫，超(chao)導電力電纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明(ming)

電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的型號

1.用(yong)漢語(yu)拼音第一個字母的大(da)寫表(biao)示(shi)絕緣(yuan)種類、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和(he)結(jie)構特點。如用(yong)Z代(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數字(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)護層構成(cheng)，有二位數字(zi)。無(wu)(wu)(wu)數字(zi)代表(biao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)層，無(wu)(wu)(wu)外(wai)被層。第一位數字(zi)表(biao)示鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)，第二位數字(zi)表(biao)示外(wai)被，如(ru)粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)纖維外(wai)被表(biao)示為41。

3.電纜(lan)型號按電纜(lan)結構的排列一般依次序為：絕緣(yuan)材料(liao)；導體(ti)材料(liao)；內(nei)護層；外護層。

4.電纜產品用型號(hao)、額定(ding)(ding)電壓(ya)和規格表示。其方法是在型號(hao)后再加上說明額定(ding)(ding)電壓(ya)、芯數(shu)和標稱截(jie)面積的(de)。

型號詳細說明(ming)

（1）類(lei)別：H——市(shi)內(nei)通信電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局用電纜

（2）絕(jue)緣：Y——聚(ju)乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣YF——泡沫聚(ju)烯(xi)(xi)烴絕(jue)緣YP——泡沫/實心皮(pi)聚(ju)烯(xi)(xi)烴絕(jue)緣

（3）內護層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶粘(zhan)接屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護套(tao)S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬(shu)帶屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙烯護套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護套(tao)

（4）特(te)征：T——石油膏填(tian)充G——高(gao)頻(pin)隔離C——自承式

（5）外(wai)護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼帶(dai)繞(rao)包銷裝聚乙烯外(wai)被層(ceng)

33——單(dan)層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙(yi)烯被層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)聚乙(yi)烯(xi)被層

53——單層鋼帶(dai)皺紋縱(zong)包(bao)鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱包(bao)鎧裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層

2） BV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)線(xian)；BLV 鋁(lv)芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護套電線；

BVR 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣軟(ruan)線(xian)；RV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙(yi)烯絕緣安裝軟(ruan)線(xian)；

RVB 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)平型連接線軟線；BVS 銅芯聚氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)絞型軟線；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣軟電線(xian)；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護套(tao)軟線；RY 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙(yan)型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)