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導讀(du)：由于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)兩者的(de)工藝不同(tong)，所生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)量及外觀就(jiu)不同(tong)。上(shang)引生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿，工藝得(de)當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量在(zai)10ppm以下，叫(jiao)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)桿 是在(zai)保護條件下的(de)熱軋(ya)，氧(yang)(yang)含(han)量在(zai)200-500ppm范圍內(nei)，但有時也(ye)高達700ppm以上(shang)，一般情況下，此種方法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)外表(biao)光亮(liang)，低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿，有時也(ye)叫(jiao)光桿。

銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)是電纜行(xing)(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要原料，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)方式主(zhu)要有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法(fa)(fa)和上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)。連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產方法(fa)(fa)較多，其特點是金屬在(zai)(zai)豎爐中(zhong)融化后(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)通(tong)過保溫(wen)爐、溜槽、中(zhong)間(jian)包，從澆管進(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)(de)模腔(qiang)內(nei)，采用(yong)較大的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)強度(du)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)，形(xing)成鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯，然(ran)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)多道次軋(ya)制，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)(wei)熱加工(gong)組(zu)織，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組(zu)織已(yi)經破碎，含氧量一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)200~400ppm之(zhi)間(jian)。無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)國(guo)內(nei)基本全部采用(yong)上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)(fa)生(sheng)產，金屬在(zai)(zai)感(gan)應電爐中(zhong)融化后(hou)通(tong)過石(shi)墨(mo)模進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)上引(yin)(yin)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)，之(zhi)后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)冷(leng)(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)(leng)加工(gong)，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)為(wei)(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組(zu)織，含氧量一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)20ppm以(yi)下。由(you)于制造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)不同，所以(yi)在(zai)(zai)組(zu)織結(jie)構、氧含量分(fen)布、雜質的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式及分(fen)布等諸(zhu)多方面有(you)較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅(tong)桿(gan)的拉(la)制性(xing)能跟很多因素(su)有關，如雜質(zhi)的含量、氧含量及分(fen)布、工藝控制等。下面分(fen)別從以上幾個(ge)方面對銅(tong)桿(gan)的拉(la)制性(xing)能進行分(fen)析(xi)。

1、熔(rong)化方式對S等雜質的影響

連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)桿主要是(shi)通過氣(qi)體(ti)的燃燒使銅(tong)桿熔(rong)化，在燃燒的過程中，通過氧(yang)化和揮發作用，可一定程度減少部分雜質進入銅(tong)液，因(yin)此連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋法對原料要求相對低一些。上引連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)產(chan)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿，由于(yu)是(shi)用感應(ying)電爐熔(rong)化，電解銅(tong)表(biao)面(mian)的“銅(tong)綠”“銅(tong)豆”基(ji)本都熔(rong)入到銅(tong)液中。其中熔(rong)入的S對無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿塑性影響極大，會增加拉絲斷線率。

2、鑄(zhu)造過程中(zhong)雜(za)質(zhi)的進入

在(zai)生產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)工藝需通(tong)(tong)過保溫爐、溜(liu)槽、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間包轉運銅液(ye)，相對(dui)容易造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)耐(nai)火材(cai)料的(de)(de)剝落，在(zai)軋(ya)(ya)制過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需要通(tong)(tong)過軋(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鐵質的(de)(de)脫(tuo)落，會(hui)(hui)給銅桿(gan)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外部夾雜(za)。而熱軋(ya)(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮上(shang)(shang)和皮下氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)，會(hui)(hui)給低氧(yang)桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉絲造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不利的(de)(de)影響。上(shang)(shang)引連鑄法生產(chan)(chan)工藝流程(cheng)(cheng)較短，銅液(ye)是(shi)通(tong)(tong)過聯體爐內(nei)潛流式完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，對(dui)耐(nai)火材(cai)料的(de)(de)沖擊不大，結(jie)晶是(shi)通(tong)(tong)過石墨模內(nei)進行(xing)，所以過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可能產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)污染源較少，雜(za)質進入(ru)的(de)(de)機會(hui)(hui)較少。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)會生產化合物的(de)元素。在熔態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)，氧(yang)可以溶解一部(bu)分，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冷凝(ning)時，氧(yang)幾乎不溶解于(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)。熔態(tai)(tai)時所溶解的(de)氧(yang)，以銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體析(xi)出，分布在晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體的(de)出現，顯著降(jiang)低了(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)塑性。

硫可以(yi)溶(rong)解在熔體的(de)銅中(zhong)，但在室(shi)溫下，其溶(rong)解度(du)幾乎(hu)降低到(dao)零(ling)，它以(yi)硫化亞銅的(de)形式出現在晶粒晶界處，會顯著降低銅的(de)塑性。

3、氧在低氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿中分布形(xing)式及其影響

氧含量(liang)對低氧銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)拉(la)線(xian)性能有著明顯的(de)(de)(de)影響。當(dang)氧含量(liang)增加到最佳值(zhi)時，銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)斷線(xian)率(lv)最低。這是因(yin)為氧在與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中都起到了清除器的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。適度的(de)(de)(de)氧還有利(li)于去(qu)除銅(tong)(tong)液中的(de)(de)(de)氫，生成(cheng)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣溢(yi)出，減少氣孔的(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)。最佳的(de)(de)(de)氧含量(liang)為拉(la)線(xian)工藝(yi)提供了最好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)條件。

低氧(yang)銅桿氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)的分(fen)布(bu)：在連續(xu)澆(jiao)鑄中凝固的最初階段，散熱速率和均勻冷卻是決定銅桿氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)分(fen)布(bu)的主要因素。不均勻冷卻會引起銅桿內部(bu)結構本質上的差異，但后續(xu)的熱加工，柱狀晶(jing)通常會遭到破(po)壞，使氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)細微化(hua)和均勻分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)聚集(ji)而產生的典型情況是中心爆裂(lie)。除氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)分(fen)布(bu)的影響外，具有較(jiao)小氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)的銅桿顯示出(chu)較(jiao)好的拉線特性，較(jiao)大的Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)容易造成應力集(ji)中點而斷裂(lie)。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變(bian)脆，延伸率下降(jiang)，拉伸式樣端(duan)口顯暗(an)紅色，結晶組織疏松。當(dang)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量超(chao)出8ppm時，工藝(yi)性(xing)(xing)能變(bian)差(cha)，表現為鑄(zhu)造及拉伸過程中(zhong)斷桿(gan)及斷線率極具增高。這(zhe)是由于(yu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能與銅(tong)(tong)生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)脆性(xing)(xing)相，形成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體，以網狀組織分布在(zai)境界上。這(zhe)種脆性(xing)(xing)相硬度高，在(zai)冷變(bian)形時將會與銅(tong)(tong)機(ji)體脫(tuo)離(li)，導致銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能下降(jiang)，在(zai)后續加工中(zhong)容易造成(cheng)斷裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量高還能導致無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導電(dian)率下降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴格控制上引連鑄(zhu)工藝(yi)及產品質量。

4、氫的影響

在上引連鑄中(zhong)，氧含量控制較低(di)，氧化物的(de)副作用唄**降(jiang)低(di)，但氫(qing)的(de)影響成(cheng)為較顯著的(de)問題。吸氣后熔體中(zhong)存在平衡反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)體及疏松是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中，氫從(cong)過(guo)飽和(he)的(de)(de)(de)溶液中析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)并聚(ju)集而(er)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫又可還(huan)原(yuan)氧化亞銅而(er)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水氣(qi)泡。由于(yu)(yu)上(shang)引鑄造的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)銅液自上(shang)而(er)下的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)液**形狀近似(si)錐型。銅液結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)體在(zai)(zai)上(shang)浮過(guo)程中被堵(du)在(zai)(zai)凝固組織(zhi)內，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時(shi)在(zai)(zai)鑄桿(gan)內形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)孔(kong)。上(shang)引的(de)(de)(de)含氣(qi)量(liang)少時(shi)，析(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)氫存在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)晶(jing)(jing)界處，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏松；含氣(qi)量(liang)多時(shi)，則聚(ju)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)孔(kong)，因此，氣(qi)孔(kong)和(he)疏松是(shi)(shi)氫氣(qi)和(he)水蒸(zheng)氣(qi)兩(liang)者形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)。

氫(qing)來源(yuan)于上引生產過程中的(de)各(ge)個工藝(yi)環(huan)節(jie)，如原料(liao)電(dian)解(jie)銅(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料(liao)木(mu)(mu)炭**、氣(qi)候環(huan)境**、石(shi)墨結晶(jing)器未干燥等。因(yin)此，熔化爐中的(de)銅(tong)液表面(mian)應覆(fu)蓋經烘烤的(de)木(mu)(mu)炭，電(dian)解(jie)銅(tong)應盡量(liang)去除“銅(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)質量(liang)非常重要。

在連鑄連軋工(gong)藝中，往往采用適度控制(zhi)氧含量來(lai)控制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅液在(zai)鑄造(zao)過程中(zhong)是(shi)自下而(er)上結晶，銅液中(zhong)的(de)氧和氫所產生的(de)水蒸(zheng)氣(qi)很容易上浮跑出，銅液中(zhong)的(de)氫大(da)部分能被有(you)效去除，因而(er)對銅桿的(de)影響較(jiao)小。

二、表面質量

在生產電磁線等產品的過程中(zhong)，對銅(tong)(tong)桿的表(biao)面(mian)質(zhi)量也需(xu)提出要求。需(xu)要拉制(zhi)后(hou)的銅(tong)(tong)絲(si)表(biao)面(mian)無毛刺、銅(tong)(tong)粉少(shao)、無油污。并通過扭轉(zhuan)試驗(yan)測量表(biao)面(mian)銅(tong)(tong)粉的質(zhi)量和扭轉(zhuan)后(hou)觀察銅(tong)(tong)桿的復原情況來判定(ding)其好壞。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)過程中(zhong)，從鑄造(zao)到(dao)軋(ya)(ya)(ya)制前，溫度高，完全暴露于空氣中(zhong)，使鑄坯表(biao)面形(xing)成(cheng)較厚的(de)(de)氧化層，在軋(ya)(ya)(ya)制過程中(zhong)，隨(sui)著軋(ya)(ya)(ya)輥的(de)(de)轉動，氧化物顆粒軋(ya)(ya)(ya)入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)線表(biao)面。由于氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)是高熔(rong)點(dian)脆性化合物，對于軋(ya)(ya)(ya)入(ru)較深的(de)(de)氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)，當成(cheng)條(tiao)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)聚集物遇模具拉伸(shen)時，就會是銅(tong)(tong)桿外表(biao)面產生毛刺，給后續的(de)(de)涂漆造(zao)成(cheng)麻煩。

而上引連(lian)鑄工藝制(zhi)造的(de)無氧銅桿，由(you)于鑄造和(he)冷卻(que)完全與氧隔絕，后續亦無熱軋過程(cheng)，銅桿表面無軋入表面的(de)氧化物，質量(liang)較好，拉制(zhi)后銅粉(fen)少，上述問題較少存在。

無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿也分進口設備(bei)做的(de)(de)和(he)國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)做的(de)(de),但目(mu)前進口產(chan)品已無(wu)明顯優(you)勢(shi)，銅(tong)桿產(chan)品出(chu)來后區(qu)別不是很(hen)大(da),只要(yao)銅(tong)板選的(de)(de)好,生產(chan)控制比較穩定,國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)也能產(chan)出(chu)可(ke)(ke)拉(la)伸0.05的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿.進口設備(bei)一(yi)般是芬(fen)蘭奧托昆普的(de)(de)設備(bei),國(guo)產(chan)設備(bei)最好的(de)(de)應該是上海的(de)(de)海軍廠(chang)的(de)(de)了，生產(chan)時間最長，軍工(gong)企業，質量(liang)可(ke)(ke)靠。

低氧銅桿進口設(she)備國(guo)際主要有兩(liang)種,一種是(shi)(shi)美國(guo)南(nan)線設(she)備,英文(wen)是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)(shi)南(nan)京華新,江西銅業(ye),另(ling)一種是(shi)(shi)德國(guo)CONTIROD設(she)備,國(guo)內廠(chang)家(jia)是(shi)(shi)常(chang)州金源,天(tian)津大無縫。

無氧(yang)及(ji)低氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從含氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)上(shang)容易(yi)區別,無氧(yang)銅(tong)是含氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)在(zai)10-20個PPM以(yi)下,但目(mu)前有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廠家(jia)只能(neng)做(zuo)到(dao)50個PPM以(yi)下.低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子一(yi)般含氧(yang)量(liang)(liang)控制在(zai)250個PPM左(zuo)右,無氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一(yi)般采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是上(shang)引(yin)法,低氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是連鑄連軋,兩(liang)種產品相對(dui)而(er)言低氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)漆包線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性 能(neng)更適應(ying)些,如(ru)(ru)(ru)柔(rou)軟性,回彈角,繞線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性能(neng).但低氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對(dui)拉(la)絲條(tiao)件相對(dui)要苛刻些,同樣(yang)拉(la)伸0.2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細絲,如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)伸線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條(tiao)件不(bu)好(hao),普通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)而(er)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),但如(ru)(ru)(ru)果(guo)放在(zai)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)伸線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條(tiao)件,同樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不(bu)定就(jiu)能(neng)拉(la)到(dao)雙零五,而(er)普通無氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只能(neng)拉(la)伸到(dao)0.1而(er)已,當然做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)(ru)雙零二卻(que)非得(de)依靠進(jin)口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前有(you)企業(ye)嘗試用(yong)剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式來處理(li)低氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸0.03線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian).但有(you)關這(zhe)方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容我還不(bu)是很清楚。

音響線(xian)一(yi)般反而喜歡用無氧(yang)桿,這(zhe)和無氧(yang)桿是單晶銅,低(di)氧(yang)桿是多晶銅有(you)關。

氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿由(you)于制造方法的不同(tong)，致使存在(zai)差(cha)別，具有各自的特點(dian)。

一、關于氧的吸(xi)入和(he)脫(tuo)去以及它的存在(zai)狀態

生產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進入(ru)是在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)態(tai)(tai)下(xia)吸入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)相反(fan)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液(ye)態(tai)(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保持相當時間后，被(bei)還原而(er)脫去，通常這種桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia)，最低可達1-2ppm，從(cong)組織(zhi)上看，低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)(tai)，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)于(yu)晶粒邊界(jie)附(fu)近(jin)，這對低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)而(er)言可以(yi)說是常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)但對無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)則(ze)很少見。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾(jia)雜(za)形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界(jie)出現對材料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性產(chan)生負面影響(xiang)。而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低，所以(yi)這種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織(zhi)是均勻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)相組織(zhi)對韌性有利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔(kong)性是不常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)中(zhong)則(ze)是常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種缺陷。

二、熱軋(ya)組織(zhi)和鑄(zhu)造組織(zhi)的區別(bie)

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿由于經(jing)過熱(re)軋(ya)，所(suo)以其(qi)組(zu)織屬熱(re)加工組(zu)織，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄造組(zu)織已(yi)經(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)(de)桿時已(yi)有(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)形式出現，而(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿屬鑄造組(zu)織，晶(jing)粒粗大，這(zhe)是為什(shen)么，無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)較(jiao)(jiao)高，需(xu)要(yao)較(jiao)(jiao)高退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)固有(you)原因(yin)。這(zhe)是因(yin)為，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)附(fu)近，無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿組(zu)織晶(jing)粒粗大，晶(jing)粒尺寸甚至能達幾個毫米，因(yin)而(er)晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)少(shao)，即使通過拉(la)制(zhi)變(bian)形，但(dan)晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)相對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿還是較(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)，所(suo)以需(xu)要(yao)較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率。對無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)成(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)要(yao)求是：由桿經(jing)拉(la)制(zhi)，但(dan)尚未鑄造組(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)時的(de)(de)(de)第一次退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率應比(bi)同(tong)樣情況的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)高10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉(la)制(zhi)，在(zai)以后階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)功率應留有(you)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)(de)余(yu)量和對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)和無(wu)(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)切實區別執行不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)火(huo)工藝，以保證在(zai)制(zhi)品和成(cheng)品導線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾雜，氧含量波動，表面氧化物和可能存在的熱軋缺陷的差(cha)別

無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)可(ke)拉性在(zai)所有線(xian)徑里與低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)相比都是優越的(de)(de)，除上述組(zu)織原(yuan)因外(wai)，無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)夾雜少，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)穩(wen)定，無熱軋可(ke)能(neng)產(chan)生的(de)(de)缺陷，桿(gan)表氧(yang)化(hua)物厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)連鑄連軋生產(chan)過程中(zhong)如(ru)果工藝不穩(wen)定，對(dui)氧(yang)監控不嚴(yan)，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)不穩(wen)定將直接影響(xiang)桿(gan)的(de)(de)性能(neng)。如(ru)果桿(gan)的(de)(de)表面氧(yang)化(hua)物能(neng)在(zai)后工序(xu)的(de)(de)連續(xu)清洗(xi)中(zhong)得(de)以(yi)彌補外(wai)，但比較麻煩的(de)(de)是有相當多的(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)物存在(zai)于“皮(pi)下”，對(dui)拉線(xian)斷線(xian)影響(xiang)更直接，故而在(zai)拉制微細線(xian)，超微細線(xian)時，為了減少斷線(xian)，有時要(yao)對(dui)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)采取不得(de)已的(de)(de)辦法——剝皮(pi)，甚至二次剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)原(yuan)因所在(zai)，目的(de)(de)要(yao)除去皮(pi)下氧(yang)化(hua)物。

四、低氧銅(tong)桿和無氧銅(tong)桿的(de)韌性有差別

兩者(zhe)都可以拉(la)到(dao)0.015mm，但在低溫(wen)超導線中的低溫(wen)級無氧銅，其細(xi)絲(si)間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從制(zhi)桿的(de)原(yuan)材料(liao)到制(zhi)線的(de)經(jing)濟性有差(cha)別。

制(zhi)(zhi)造無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)要求質量較高的(de)原材(cai)料。一般(ban)，拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)直徑(jing)>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線時，低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)優(you)點(dian)比較明顯，而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯得更為優(you)越的(de)是拉(la)制(zhi)(zhi)直徑(jing)<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線。

六、低氧銅(tong)桿的(de)制(zhi)線工藝(yi)與無氧銅(tong)桿的(de)有(you)所不同。

低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制線(xian)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)不能照搬到無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)制線(xian)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)上來，至少兩(liang)者的(de)退火工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)是不同的(de)。因為(wei)線(xian)的(de)柔軟(ruan)性深受材料(liao)成份和制桿(gan)，制線(xian)和退火工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)影響，不能簡單地說低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)或無氧(yang)銅(tong)誰軟(ruan)誰硬。