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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是用(yong)于傳輸(shu)和分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜常用(yong)于城市(shi)地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)引出線路、工礦企業內(nei)部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)過江(jiang)海水下輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜所占比(bi)重(zhong)正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)(de)主干線路中(zhong)用(yong)以傳輸(shu)和分配(pei)大(da)功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品，包括1-500KV以及(ji)以上各種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級(ji)，各種絕緣的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)的使用(yong)至(zhi)今已有百年

主要分類

分類(lei)：按(an)電壓(ya)等(deng)級分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)使用至今已有百(bai)余(yu)年(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)，美國(guo)(guo)發(fa)明家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅棒上(shang)包繞(rao)黃(huang)麻(ma)并將(jiang)其穿入鐵(tie)管內，然后填(tian)充瀝青混合物制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設(she)(she)于紐約(yue)，開創了(le)地下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人(ren)卡倫德(de)發(fa)明瀝青浸漬紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)人(ren)S.Z.費蘭(lan)梯在(zai)倫敦與德(de)特(te)福德(de)之間(jian)敷設(she)(she)了(le)10千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)油浸紙絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)，英國(guo)(guo)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越(yue)來越(yue)廣的(de)(de)應用。1911年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)(guo)敷設(she)(she)成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)，德(de)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)M.霍希施泰特(te)研制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改(gai)善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了(le)絕(jue)緣(yuan)表面的(de)(de)正(zheng)切應力(li)(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的(de)(de)里程(cheng)碑。1952年(nian)(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷設(she)(she)了(le)380千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)超(chao)(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現了(le)超(chao)(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)應用。到80年(nian)(nian)代已制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)、1200千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)壓等級可分(fen)為中(zhong)、低壓電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜（35千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)下）、高壓電(dian)纜(110千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)以(yi)上)、超(chao)高壓電(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)）以(yi)及特高壓電(dian)纜（1000千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)及以(yi)上）。此外，還可按電(dian)流(liu)制分(fen)為交流(liu)電(dian)纜和直流(liu)電(dian)纜。

按絕(jue)緣材料(liao)分(fen)

1、油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)以油浸(jin)紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣(yuan)的電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜(lan)。其應用歷(li)史最(zui)長。它安全可靠(kao)，使用壽命(ming)長，價(jia)格低廉。主要缺點是敷設受落差限制。自(zi)從開發出(chu)不滴流浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)后，解(jie)決(jue)了(le)落差限制問(wen)題(ti)，使油浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)纜(lan)得以繼續廣泛應用。

2、塑(su)料絕(jue)緣(yuan)電力電纜(lan)(lan) 　絕(jue)緣(yuan)層為擠壓塑(su)料的(de)電力電纜(lan)(lan)。常用(yong)(yong)的(de)塑(su)料有聚(ju)氯乙烯、聚(ju)乙烯、交聯聚(ju)乙烯。塑(su)料電纜(lan)(lan)結構簡單(dan),制造加工方便，重(zhong)量(liang)輕，敷設(she)安裝方便,不受敷設(she)落差限制。因(yin)此(ci)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)作中低壓電纜(lan)(lan)，并(bing)有取代粘性浸漬油紙電纜(lan)(lan)的(de)趨勢。其最大缺(que)點是存在樹枝化(hua)擊穿現象，這限制了它在更高電壓的(de)使用(yong)(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜　絕緣層為橡膠加(jia)上(shang)各種配(pei)合劑，經(jing)過充分混煉后擠包在導電(dian)線(xian)芯(xin)上(shang)，經(jing)過加(jia)溫硫化而成。它(ta)柔(rou)軟(ruan)，富有彈性，適(shi)合于移動頻繁、敷設彎曲半徑小的場合。

常用(yong)作絕(jue)緣(yuan)的膠(jiao)料有天然(ran)膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等級分

1、低壓電(dian)纜(lan)：適(shi)用(yong)于固定敷設在交流(liu)50Hz，額定電(dian)壓3kv及以下的輸配電(dian)線路上(shang)作輸送(song)電(dian)能用(yong)。

2、中低壓電纜(lan)：（一般指35KV及以下(xia)）：聚氯乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)，聚乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)，交聯聚乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜：（一般為110KV及以上）：聚(ju)乙烯電(dian)纜和交聯聚(ju)乙烯絕緣電(dian)纜等。

4、超高壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓(ya)電纜(lan)：（1000千伏及以上）。

基(ji)本結構(gou)：電(dian)力電(dian)纜的(de)基(ji)本結構(gou)由線(xian)芯（導體(ti)）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護層四部分組成。

1.線芯是電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的導電(dian)(dian)部分，用來輸送電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，是電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的主要部分。

2.絕緣層是(shi)將線芯與(yu)大地(di)以(yi)及不(bu)(bu)同相的線芯間在電氣上彼此隔離，保證電能(neng)輸送，是(shi)電力電纜結構中不(bu)(bu)可缺少的組成部分。

3.15KV及以(yi)上的電力電纜一般都有導體屏(ping)蔽層和絕(jue)緣屏(ping)蔽層。

4.保護層的(de)作用(yong)是保護電(dian)力電(dian)纜免(mian)受外界雜質和水分(fen)的(de)侵(qin)入，以(yi)及防(fang)止外力直接損壞電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主要優點(dian)：

1占地少。一般埋設于土壤中或敷設于室(shi)內，溝道(dao)，隧道(dao)中，線間絕(jue)緣距離(li)小，不用(yong)桿塔(ta)，占地少，基(ji)本不占地面上空間。

2可靠(kao)性高(gao)。受氣候條件和周圍(wei)環境影響小，傳輸(shu)性能穩定，可靠(kao)性高(gao)。

3具有向(xiang)超高壓，大(da)容量發展(zhan)的更為(wei)有利的條件(jian)，如低溫，超導(dao)電力電纜(lan)等(deng)。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說(shuo)明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的型號

1.用漢(han)語拼音第一個字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)絕(jue)緣種類、導體材料(liao)、內護層(ceng)材料(liao)和結(jie)構特(te)點。如用Z代表(biao)(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)(biao)(biao)分(fen)相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用(yong)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)(wai)護層(ceng)構成，有二(er)位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)。無數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)代表(biao)(biao)無鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)層(ceng)，無外(wai)(wai)被(bei)層(ceng)。第(di)一位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，第(di)二(er)位數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)外(wai)(wai)被(bei)，如粗鋼絲鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)纖維外(wai)(wai)被(bei)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按(an)電(dian)纜結構的排列一般依次(ci)序為：絕緣材(cai)料；導體材(cai)料；內護層；外護層。

4.電(dian)纜產品用型(xing)號(hao)(hao)、額定電(dian)壓和規格表示。其方(fang)法(fa)是在(zai)型(xing)號(hao)(hao)后再加(jia)上說明額定電(dian)壓、芯(xin)數和標(biao)稱截面積的。

型號詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電纜(lan)HP——配(pei)線電纜(lan)HJ——局(ju)用電纜(lan)

（2）絕緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕緣(yuan)YF——泡沫(mo)聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)YP——泡沫(mo)/實心(xin)皮聚(ju)烯(xi)烴絕緣(yuan)

（3）內(nei)護(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁帶(dai)(dai)粘接屏(ping)(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套S——鋁，鋼(gang)雙層(ceng)金屬帶(dai)(dai)屏(ping)(ping)蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套   ;   V——聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充G——高(gao)頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外護層：23——雙層防(fang)腐鋼(gang)帶(dai)繞包銷裝聚乙烯外被層

33——單(dan)層(ceng)細鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單(dan)層粗(cu)鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包(bao)鎧(kai)裝(zhuang)聚乙烯外被層

553——雙(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)鋼帶皺(zhou)紋縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層(ceng)(ceng)

2） BV 銅芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)線(xian)；BLV 鋁(lv)芯(xin)聚氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)線(xian)；

BVV 銅芯聚氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯護套電線；BLVV 鋁芯聚氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯絕緣聚氯(lv)(lv)乙(yi)烯護套電線；

BVR 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣軟線；RV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣安(an)裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣平型(xing)連接線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣絞型(xing)軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)護套(tao)軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕緣軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)護套(tao)軟(ruan)線；RY 聚(ju)(ju)乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低(di)煙型ZR: 阻(zu)燃型NH：耐火(huo)(huo)型DH：防火(huo)(huo)型