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導(dao)讀：由(you)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)兩(liang)者的(de)(de)工(gong)藝不同(tong)，所生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中的(de)(de)含氧(yang)量及(ji)外觀就不同(tong)。上引生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，工(gong)藝得當氧(yang)含量在(zai)10ppm以下(xia)，叫(jiao)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿 是在(zai)保護條件下(xia)的(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)含量在(zai)200-500ppm范圍內，但(dan)有時也高達700ppm以上，一般情況下(xia)，此種方法生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)外表(biao)光亮，低氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿，有時也叫(jiao)光桿。

銅桿是電纜(lan)行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)原(yuan)料，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式主要(yao)有兩種——連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋法(fa)和(he)上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)軋低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產方(fang)法(fa)較多，其特點是金(jin)屬(shu)在(zai)豎爐(lu)中融化后，銅液通過(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜槽(cao)、中間包，從(cong)澆(jiao)管(guan)進(jin)(jin)(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)(de)模腔內，采用較大的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻強度進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)卻，形成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)坯，然(ran)后進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)多道次軋制，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿為熱加工組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經破碎，含氧(yang)(yang)量一般為200~400ppm之間。無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿國內基本全部采用上引(yin)連(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生(sheng)產，金(jin)屬(shu)在(zai)感應電爐(lu)中融化后通過(guo)石墨模進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造，之后進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷(leng)軋或冷(leng)加工，生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿為鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)，含氧(yang)(yang)量一般在(zai)20ppm以(yi)下。由(you)于制造工藝的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，所以(yi)在(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)結構、氧(yang)(yang)含量分布(bu)(bu)、雜(za)質的(de)(de)(de)形式及分布(bu)(bu)等諸多方(fang)面有較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿(gan)的(de)拉制性能跟很多因素有關，如雜質的(de)含量、氧(yang)含量及分布、工(gong)藝控制等。下(xia)面分別從以上(shang)幾個(ge)方面對(dui)銅桿(gan)的(de)拉制性能進行分析。

1、熔(rong)化方(fang)式對S等雜質的影(ying)響

連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)主要(yao)是通(tong)過氣體的燃(ran)燒使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)熔(rong)化，在燃(ran)燒的過程中(zhong)，通(tong)過氧(yang)化和揮發作用(yong)，可一定程度減少部分雜質進入銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液，因此(ci)連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋法對原料要(yao)求相對低一些。上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)生產無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，由(you)于是用(yong)感(gan)應電(dian)爐熔(rong)化，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表面的“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”基本(ben)都熔(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔(rong)入的S對無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)塑性影響極大(da)，會增加拉絲斷線(xian)率。

2、鑄造(zao)過(guo)程中雜質(zhi)的進入

在生產過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中，連鑄連軋工藝(yi)需通過(guo)(guo)(guo)保溫(wen)爐、溜(liu)槽、中間包轉運(yun)銅液(ye)，相對(dui)容易造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)耐火(huo)材(cai)料的(de)(de)剝落，在軋制(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中需要通過(guo)(guo)(guo)軋輥，造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)鐵質的(de)(de)脫落，會給銅桿(gan)(gan)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)外部(bu)夾雜。而熱軋中皮上和皮下氧化(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)軋入，會給低氧桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)拉絲造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)利(li)的(de)(de)影響。上引連鑄法生產工藝(yi)流程較(jiao)短，銅液(ye)是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)聯(lian)體爐內(nei)潛流式(shi)完成(cheng)，對(dui)耐火(huo)材(cai)料的(de)(de)沖擊不(bu)大，結晶是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)石墨模內(nei)進(jin)行，所(suo)以過(guo)(guo)(guo)程中可能(neng)產生的(de)(de)污染源(yuan)較(jiao)少，雜質進(jin)入的(de)(de)機會較(jiao)少。

O、S、P是與(yu)銅(tong)會(hui)生產化合物(wu)的(de)元(yuan)素。在(zai)熔態銅(tong)中，氧(yang)(yang)可以溶(rong)解一部分，但(dan)當銅(tong)冷凝時(shi)，氧(yang)(yang)幾乎不(bu)溶(rong)解于銅(tong)中。熔態時(shi)所(suo)溶(rong)解的(de)氧(yang)(yang)，以銅(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體析出，分布在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒晶(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)處。銅(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)化亞銅(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體的(de)出現，顯著降低(di)了(le)銅(tong)的(de)塑性(xing)。

硫(liu)可以溶解在(zai)熔(rong)體的銅中，但在(zai)室(shi)溫下(xia)，其溶解度幾乎降低到(dao)零，它(ta)以硫(liu)化(hua)亞銅的形式出現在(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處，會顯著降低銅的塑性(xing)。

3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿中分(fen)布形式及其影(ying)響

氧(yang)含量對(dui)低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)線(xian)性能有著明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)含量增加到最(zui)佳(jia)值時，銅桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)斷(duan)線(xian)率最(zui)低。這是因為(wei)氧(yang)在與大(da)部分(fen)雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中都起到了清除(chu)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。適度的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)還有利(li)于去除(chu)銅液中的(de)(de)(de)(de)氫，生成水蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔的(de)(de)(de)(de)形成。最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)含量為(wei)拉(la)線(xian)工藝提供了最(zui)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件。

低氧(yang)銅桿氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)的(de)分(fen)布：在連續(xu)澆鑄中(zhong)凝固的(de)最初(chu)階段(duan)，散熱速率和均(jun)勻冷卻是決定銅桿氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)分(fen)布的(de)主要因素(su)。不均(jun)勻冷卻會引起銅桿內部結構本(ben)質上的(de)差異(yi)，但(dan)后續(xu)的(de)熱加(jia)工，柱狀(zhuang)晶通常(chang)會遭到破壞，使(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)細微化(hua)和均(jun)勻分(fen)布。氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)聚(ju)集而(er)產(chan)生的(de)典型情況是中(zhong)心爆裂。除(chu)氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)分(fen)布的(de)影響外，具(ju)有較(jiao)小氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)的(de)銅桿顯示出較(jiao)好的(de)拉線特(te)性(xing)，較(jiao)大的(de)Cu2O顆(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)容易造(zao)成(cheng)應力集中(zhong)點而(er)斷裂。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量超標，銅桿(gan)變(bian)脆，延伸率下(xia)降(jiang)，拉伸式樣(yang)端口(kou)顯(xian)暗紅色，結晶組(zu)織疏(shu)松。當氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量超出8ppm時(shi)，工(gong)(gong)藝性能(neng)(neng)變(bian)差(cha)，表現為鑄造及(ji)拉伸過程中(zhong)斷(duan)桿(gan)及(ji)斷(duan)線率極具增高。這(zhe)(zhe)是由于氧(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)與(yu)銅生成(cheng)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅脆性相，形成(cheng)銅-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞銅共晶體(ti)(ti)，以網(wang)狀組(zu)織分布在境界上(shang)。這(zhe)(zhe)種脆性相硬(ying)度高，在冷變(bian)形時(shi)將(jiang)會與(yu)銅機體(ti)(ti)脫離，導致銅桿(gan)的機械性能(neng)(neng)下(xia)降(jiang)，在后續加工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)容易造成(cheng)斷(duan)裂現象。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)含(han)量高還能(neng)(neng)導致無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)導電率下(xia)降(jiang)。因此(ci)，必須(xu)嚴格控制上(shang)引連鑄工(gong)(gong)藝及(ji)產品(pin)質量。

4、氫的影響

在上(shang)引連鑄中，氧含量控制較低，氧化物的(de)(de)副作用唄**降低，但(dan)氫的(de)(de)影響成為較顯著的(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。吸氣后熔(rong)體中存在平衡反應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)及疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)在結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)過程中(zhong)，氫(qing)(qing)(qing)從過飽(bao)和的(de)(de)溶液中(zhong)析出并聚(ju)(ju)集而形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。在結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析出的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)又可(ke)還原(yuan)氧化(hua)亞銅而生成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)泡。由于(yu)上引鑄造的(de)(de)特點(dian)是(shi)銅液自(zi)上而下的(de)(de)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)液**形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)近(jin)似錐型(xing)。銅液結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)前析出的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)在上浮(fu)過程中(zhong)被堵在凝固組織內(nei)(nei)，結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)時在鑄桿內(nei)(nei)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。上引的(de)(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)少時，析出的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)存在于(yu)晶(jing)(jing)界處，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)疏(shu)松(song)；含(han)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)多時，則聚(ju)(ju)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)，因(yin)此，氣(qi)(qi)孔(kong)和疏(shu)松(song)是(shi)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和水(shui)蒸氣(qi)(qi)兩者形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)。

氫(qing)來(lai)源于上(shang)引生產過程中的各個工藝環(huan)節，如(ru)原料電解銅(tong)的“銅(tong)綠”、輔料木炭**、氣候環(huan)境(jing)**、石墨(mo)結(jie)晶器未干燥(zao)等。因此，熔化爐中的銅(tong)液(ye)表面應覆(fu)蓋(gai)經烘烤(kao)的木炭，電解銅(tong)應盡量(liang)去(qu)除(chu)“銅(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)豆(dou)”“耳(er)朵(duo)”，對提高無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)質量(liang)非常重(zhong)要。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工(gong)藝中，往往采用適(shi)度控(kong)制(zhi)氧含量來控(kong)制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于(yu)銅(tong)液在(zai)鑄造過程中(zhong)是(shi)自下而上結晶，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氧(yang)和(he)氫所產(chan)生的(de)水(shui)蒸氣很容易上浮跑出，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的(de)氫大部分能(neng)被有(you)效去除，因(yin)而對銅(tong)桿的(de)影響(xiang)較小。

二、表面質量

在生產電磁線等產品的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中，對銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)質量也需(xu)提出(chu)要求。需(xu)要拉制后的(de)(de)銅絲(si)表(biao)面(mian)無毛刺、銅粉少、無油污。并通過(guo)扭轉試驗測量表(biao)面(mian)銅粉的(de)(de)質量和扭轉后觀察銅桿(gan)的(de)(de)復原情況來判(pan)定其好壞。

在連鑄連軋(ya)過程中(zhong)，從鑄造到軋(ya)制(zhi)前，溫度高，完全暴露(lu)于空氣中(zhong)，使(shi)鑄坯(pi)表面(mian)(mian)形成較厚的(de)(de)氧化(hua)層，在軋(ya)制(zhi)過程中(zhong)，隨著(zhu)軋(ya)輥的(de)(de)轉動，氧化(hua)物(wu)顆粒(li)軋(ya)入銅(tong)線(xian)表面(mian)(mian)。由于氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)是高熔點脆性(xing)化(hua)合物(wu)，對于軋(ya)入較深的(de)(de)氧化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)，當成條狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)聚集物(wu)遇(yu)模具拉伸(shen)時，就會是銅(tong)桿外表面(mian)(mian)產生(sheng)毛(mao)刺，給(gei)后續的(de)(de)涂漆造成麻煩。

而上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)工藝制(zhi)造的(de)無氧(yang)(yang)銅桿，由于鑄(zhu)造和冷卻完全與氧(yang)(yang)隔絕，后續亦無熱軋過程，銅桿表面(mian)無軋入(ru)表面(mian)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)物，質量較好，拉制(zhi)后銅粉少，上(shang)述問題較少存在(zai)。

無氧銅(tong)桿也(ye)分進(jin)(jin)口設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)做(zuo)的(de)和國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)做(zuo)的(de),但目前(qian)進(jin)(jin)口產(chan)(chan)品已無明顯優勢，銅(tong)桿產(chan)(chan)品出來后區別不是很(hen)大(da),只要銅(tong)板選的(de)好(hao),生產(chan)(chan)控制比(bi)較穩定,國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)也(ye)能產(chan)(chan)出可(ke)拉伸0.05的(de)銅(tong)桿.進(jin)(jin)口設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)一(yi)般是芬蘭奧(ao)托昆(kun)普的(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei),國產(chan)(chan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)最(zui)好(hao)的(de)應該是上海的(de)海軍廠的(de)了(le)，生產(chan)(chan)時(shi)間(jian)最(zui)長，軍工企業，質量可(ke)靠。

低氧銅桿(gan)進口設備(bei)國(guo)際主(zhu)要(yao)有兩種(zhong)(zhong),一種(zhong)(zhong)是美國(guo)南(nan)線設備(bei),英文是SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)內(nei)廠家(jia)是南(nan)京華新,江西銅業(ye),另(ling)一種(zhong)(zhong)是德(de)國(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei),國(guo)內(nei)廠家(jia)是常州金源,天津大(da)無縫。

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從(cong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容易區別,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)10-20個(ge)PPM以下,但(dan)目前有(you)的(de)(de)廠家只能(neng)做到(dao)(dao)50個(ge)PPM以下.低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)在(zai) 200-400個(ge)PPM,好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)桿(gan)子一般(ban)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)250個(ge)PPM左右,無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一般(ban)采取的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)上引(yin)法(fa),低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種產品相(xiang)對(dui)而(er)言低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)漆包線(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)更適應(ying)些(xie),如(ru)柔軟性(xing),回(hui)彈角,繞線(xian)性(xing)能(neng).但(dan)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對(dui)拉(la)絲條(tiao)件(jian)相(xiang)對(dui)要苛刻(ke)些(xie),同(tong)樣拉(la)伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)細絲,如(ru)果伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian)不好(hao)(hao),普通(tong)的(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可拉(la)而(er)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就斷 線(xian),但(dan)如(ru)果放在(zai)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian),同(tong)樣的(de)(de)桿(gan)子,低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說不定就能(neng)拉(la)到(dao)(dao)雙零五,而(er)普通(tong)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最多只能(neng)拉(la)伸(shen)到(dao)(dao)0.1而(er)已,當然做的(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻非得依靠進口的(de)(de) 無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)了.目前有(you)企業嘗試用剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)方(fang)式來(lai)處理低(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)0.03線(xian).但(dan)有(you)關這方(fang)面的(de)(de)內容我還不是(shi)(shi)很清楚(chu)。

音響線一般反而喜歡用無(wu)氧桿,這和無(wu)氧桿是單晶(jing)銅,低氧桿是多晶(jing)銅有關。

氧銅桿和無氧銅桿由(you)于制造方法的不同，致使存在差(cha)別，具有各自的特點(dian)。

一、關于氧的(de)吸入和脫去以及它(ta)的(de)存在狀態

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)常(chang)溫(wen)下(xia)(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶(rong)度約2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量一般(ban)(ban)在(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因此(ci)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進入(ru)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液(ye)態下(xia)(xia)吸入(ru)的(de)(de)，而(er)上引(yin)法無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)相(xiang)反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)液(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)(xia)保持相(xiang)當時間(jian)后，被還原而(er)脫去(qu)，通常(chang)這(zhe)種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量都在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)(xia)，最低(di)(di)可(ke)達(da)1-2ppm，從(cong)組織(zhi)上看(kan)，低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界(jie)附近(jin)，這(zhe)對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)而(er)言可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)說是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)但對(dui)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)則(ze)很少見(jian)(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)(yi)(yi)夾(jia)雜形式在(zai)(zai)晶界(jie)出現對(dui)材料的(de)(de)韌性產生負面影響。而(er)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)(di)，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)這(zhe)種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織(zhi)是(shi)均勻的(de)(de)單(dan)相(xiang)組織(zhi)對(dui)韌性有利(li)。在(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)多(duo)孔性是(shi)不常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)，而(er)在(zai)(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)則(ze)是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)缺陷。

二、熱(re)軋組(zu)織和鑄造(zao)組(zu)織的區別

低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)由于經(jing)過熱(re)(re)軋(ya)，所以其組(zu)織(zhi)屬(shu)熱(re)(re)加工組(zu)織(zhi)，原來(lai)的(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)已經(jing)破碎，在(zai)8mm的(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)時已有(you)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)形(xing)式出(chu)現(xian)，而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)屬(shu)鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大，這是為(wei)什么，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)溫度(du)較(jiao)高，需(xu)要較(jiao)高退(tui)火(huo)溫度(du)的(de)(de)固(gu)有(you)原因(yin)。這是因(yin)為(wei)，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)發生在(zai)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界附近，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)粗(cu)大，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)尺寸(cun)甚至能達幾個毫米，因(yin)而晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界少，即使通過拉(la)(la)制(zhi)變形(xing)，但晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒(li)邊(bian)界相對(dui)低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)還(huan)是較(jiao)少，所以需(xu)要較(jiao)高的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)。對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)成(cheng)功(gong)的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)要求是：由桿(gan)(gan)經(jing)拉(la)(la)制(zhi)，但尚(shang)未鑄(zhu)造組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)線(xian)時的(de)(de)第一次退(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應比同樣情況(kuang)的(de)(de)低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉(la)(la)制(zhi)，在(zai)以后階(jie)段的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率(lv)應留有(you)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)余量和對(dui)低(di)(di)(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區別執(zhi)行不同的(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)工藝，以保證在(zai)制(zhi)品(pin)和成(cheng)品(pin)導線(xian)的(de)(de)柔軟性(xing)。

三、夾雜，氧含量波動，表面氧化物和可能存在的(de)熱軋缺陷(xian)的(de)差別(bie)

無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)拉(la)性在(zai)所有(you)線徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿相比都是(shi)優越的(de)(de)，除上述組織原(yuan)因(yin)外，無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿夾雜少(shao)，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩定，無(wu)熱(re)軋(ya)可(ke)(ke)能產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)缺陷，桿表(biao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)厚度可(ke)(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產(chan)(chan)過程(cheng)中如果工(gong)藝不穩定，對(dui)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不嚴，含氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)不穩定將直接影響桿的(de)(de)性能。如果桿的(de)(de)表(biao)面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)能在(zai)后工(gong)序的(de)(de)連(lian)續清洗中得(de)以彌(mi)補外，但比較麻煩(fan)的(de)(de)是(shi)有(you)相當多的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)存在(zai)于“皮下”，對(dui)拉(la)線斷(duan)線影響更直接，故而在(zai)拉(la)制微細線，超微細線時，為了減少(shao)斷(duan)線，有(you)時要(yao)對(dui)銅桿采取不得(de)已的(de)(de)辦法(fa)——剝(bo)皮，甚至二次剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)所在(zai)，目的(de)(de)要(yao)除去皮下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化物(wu)(wu)。

四、低氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)的韌性有差別

兩者都可以拉到0.015mm，但在(zai)低溫超導線(xian)中的低溫級(ji)無氧(yang)銅，其細絲間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五(wu)、從(cong)制桿(gan)的(de)原材料到制線的(de)經濟性(xing)有差(cha)別。

制(zhi)造無氧(yang)銅桿要求質量較(jiao)高的(de)原材料。一般(ban)，拉制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅線時，低氧(yang)銅桿的(de)優點比較(jiao)明顯，而無氧(yang)銅桿顯得更為優越的(de)是(shi)拉制(zhi)直徑<;0.5mm的(de)銅線。

六、低氧銅桿(gan)的制線(xian)工(gong)藝與無氧銅桿(gan)的有所不(bu)同。

低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)制線工(gong)藝(yi)不能照搬到(dao)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)制線工(gong)藝(yi)上來，至少(shao)兩者的(de)(de)退火(huo)工(gong)藝(yi)是(shi)不同的(de)(de)。因為線的(de)(de)柔軟性深受(shou)材料成份和制桿(gan)，制線和退火(huo)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)影響，不能簡單(dan)地說低氧銅(tong)或無(wu)氧銅(tong)誰(shui)軟誰(shui)硬。