熱(re)門關鍵詞：
來源：行業(ye)動態 閱(yue)讀：109530 發布時間：2019-07-05
導讀：由于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)兩(liang)者的(de)(de)工(gong)藝不(bu)(bu)同，所生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)量(liang)及外(wai)觀就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)同。上(shang)引生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，工(gong)藝得當氧(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)(zai)10ppm以(yi)下(xia)，叫無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)；連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan) 是(shi)在(zai)(zai)保護條件下(xia)的(de)(de)熱(re)軋，氧(yang)含量(liang)在(zai)(zai)200-500ppm范圍(wei)內，但有時也(ye)高達700ppm以(yi)上(shang)，一般(ban)情況下(xia)，此種方(fang)法生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)銅(tong)外(wai)表光亮，低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)，有時也(ye)叫光桿(gan)(gan)。
銅(tong)(tong)桿是電纜行(xing)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)主要原料，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)主要有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法和上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法。連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)(fang)法較多，其特(te)點是金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在豎爐(lu)中融化(hua)后(hou)(hou)，銅(tong)(tong)液通過保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中間(jian)包，從澆管(guan)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)封閉的(de)(de)(de)模腔(qiang)內，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)較大的(de)(de)(de)冷卻(que)(que)強度進(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷卻(que)(que)，形成鑄(zhu)坯，然后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)多道(dao)次軋(ya)制，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)熱加工(gong)組織(zhi)，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組織(zhi)已經破碎，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一般為(wei)200~400ppm之間(jian)。無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿國內基(ji)本全部采(cai)用(yong)(yong)上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)法生(sheng)產(chan)，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)在感應(ying)電爐(lu)中融化(hua)后(hou)(hou)通過石墨模進(jin)(jin)行(xing)上引連(lian)(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)造(zao)，之后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)冷軋(ya)或冷加工(gong)，生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組織(zhi)，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一般在20ppm以(yi)下。由于制造(zao)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)不同，所以(yi)在組織(zhi)結構、氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)分(fen)布、雜質的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)及(ji)分(fen)布等(deng)諸多方(fang)(fang)面有(you)較大差別(bie)。
一、拉制性能
銅桿的拉制性能(neng)(neng)跟很多因(yin)素有關，如雜質(zhi)的含(han)量、氧含(han)量及分(fen)布、工藝控制等。下面分(fen)別從以上(shang)幾(ji)個方面對(dui)銅桿的拉制性能(neng)(neng)進行(xing)分(fen)析。
1、熔化方(fang)式對S等雜質的(de)影響
連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋生產銅(tong)(tong)桿主要(yao)是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)桿熔化，在燃燒的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，通(tong)過(guo)氧化和(he)揮發(fa)作(zuo)用，可一(yi)定程(cheng)度減(jian)少部分雜質進入(ru)銅(tong)(tong)液，因此連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋法對原料(liao)要(yao)求相對低(di)一(yi)些(xie)。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)生產無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿，由于是(shi)用感應電爐熔化，電解銅(tong)(tong)表(biao)面的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本都熔入(ru)到銅(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔入(ru)的(de)S對無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿塑性影響極大(da)，會增加(jia)拉(la)絲斷(duan)線率(lv)。
2、鑄造過(guo)程中雜質的進入
在生產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋工藝需通過(guo)(guo)保溫爐、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)間包(bao)轉運銅(tong)液(ye)，相對容(rong)易(yi)造(zao)成耐火材(cai)料的剝落，在軋制過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)需要通過(guo)(guo)軋輥，造(zao)成鐵質(zhi)(zhi)的脫(tuo)落，會給銅(tong)桿(gan)造(zao)成外部夾雜。而熱(re)軋中(zhong)(zhong)皮(pi)上(shang)和皮(pi)下氧(yang)化物的軋入(ru)，會給低(di)氧(yang)桿(gan)的拉絲造(zao)成不利的影(ying)響。上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)鑄法生產(chan)工藝流程(cheng)較(jiao)(jiao)短，銅(tong)液(ye)是通過(guo)(guo)聯體爐內潛流式(shi)完(wan)成，對耐火材(cai)料的沖擊不大，結(jie)晶是通過(guo)(guo)石(shi)墨(mo)模內進行(xing)，所以(yi)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)可(ke)能產(chan)生的污(wu)染源較(jiao)(jiao)少，雜質(zhi)(zhi)進入(ru)的機會較(jiao)(jiao)少。
O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)會(hui)生產化合物的(de)元素。在熔(rong)態銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)可以(yi)溶解(jie)一部(bu)分(fen)，但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝(ning)時(shi)，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)幾乎不溶解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)。熔(rong)態時(shi)所溶解(jie)的(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)=氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體(ti)析(xi)出，分(fen)布在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體(ti)的(de)出現，顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)塑(su)性。
硫(liu)可以(yi)溶解在(zai)熔體(ti)的(de)(de)銅(tong)中，但在(zai)室溫下，其溶解度幾乎(hu)降低(di)到零，它以(yi)硫(liu)化亞銅(tong)的(de)(de)形(xing)式出(chu)現(xian)在(zai)晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界(jie)處，會顯著(zhu)降低(di)銅(tong)的(de)(de)塑性。
3、氧(yang)在低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)和無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)中分布形式及其影響(xiang)
氧(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)對低(di)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)拉線性能有著明顯的(de)(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)增加(jia)到(dao)最(zui)佳(jia)值時，銅桿的(de)(de)(de)斷線率(lv)最(zui)低(di)。這是因為氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)與大部分雜質反應的(de)(de)(de)過程中都起到(dao)了(le)清除(chu)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)還(huan)有利于去除(chu)銅液中的(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)，生成水(shui)蒸氣溢出，減少(shao)氣孔的(de)(de)(de)形成。最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)為拉線工藝提供了(le)最(zui)好的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)。
低氧銅桿(gan)氧化(hua)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)：在連續澆鑄(zhu)中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最初階段，散(san)熱(re)速率和均(jun)勻冷卻是決定銅桿(gan)氧化(hua)物(wu)(wu)分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要因素。不(bu)均(jun)勻冷卻會(hui)引(yin)起(qi)銅桿(gan)內部結(jie)構本質上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)，但后續的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)加工，柱狀晶通(tong)常會(hui)遭到(dao)破壞(huai)，使氧化(hua)亞銅顆(ke)粒(li)細微化(hua)和均(jun)勻分布(bu)。氧化(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)聚(ju)集(ji)而(er)產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型(xing)情況是中(zhong)心爆裂。除氧化(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)分布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響外，具有較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)小氧化(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅桿(gan)顯示出較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拉線(xian)特性，較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)容(rong)易(yi)造(zao)成應(ying)力集(ji)中(zhong)點而(er)斷(duan)裂。
無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)氧(yang)量(liang)超標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變(bian)(bian)脆，延伸率下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，拉伸式樣端口顯(xian)暗紅色，結晶(jing)組織(zhi)疏松(song)。當氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)超出8ppm時，工(gong)藝(yi)性能(neng)變(bian)(bian)差(cha)，表現為鑄(zhu)造及拉伸過程中(zhong)斷(duan)(duan)桿(gan)及斷(duan)(duan)線率極具增(zeng)高(gao)。這(zhe)是由于氧(yang)能(neng)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)成(cheng)氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)脆性相，形(xing)成(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶(jing)體，以(yi)網狀組織(zhi)分布在境界上(shang)。這(zhe)種(zhong)脆性相硬度(du)高(gao)，在冷(leng)變(bian)(bian)形(xing)時將(jiang)會(hui)與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)機體脫離(li)，導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)機械性能(neng)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)，在后續加工(gong)中(zhong)容易造成(cheng)斷(duan)(duan)裂現象(xiang)。氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)高(gao)還能(neng)導(dao)致無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導(dao)電率下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)。因此，必須嚴格控制(zhi)上(shang)引(yin)連鑄(zhu)工(gong)藝(yi)及產品質量(liang)。
4、氫的影響
在上引(yin)連鑄中，氧含量控制較(jiao)低(di)，氧化物的副作用唄**降低(di)，但氫(qing)的影響成為較(jiao)顯著的問(wen)題(ti)。吸(xi)氣后熔體中存(cun)在平(ping)衡反(fan)應：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；
氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體及疏松(song)是(shi)在(zai)結(jie)晶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，氫(qing)(qing)從過(guo)飽和(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)中(zhong)析(xi)(xi)出并(bing)聚集而(er)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)結(jie)晶前析(xi)(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)又可還原氧化亞銅(tong)而(er)生成(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)。由于上引鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點是(shi)銅(tong)液(ye)自上而(er)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶，形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)**形狀近似(si)錐型。銅(tong)液(ye)結(jie)晶前析(xi)(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體在(zai)上浮過(guo)程中(zhong)被堵在(zai)凝固組織內，結(jie)晶時(shi)在(zai)鑄(zhu)桿內形成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔。上引的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量少時(shi)，析(xi)(xi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)存(cun)在(zai)于晶界處，形成(cheng)疏松(song)；含氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量多時(shi)，則(ze)聚集成(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔，因此，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔和(he)疏松(song)是(shi)氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。
氫(qing)來(lai)源于上引生產過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)各個工(gong)藝環節(jie)，如原料電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、輔料木(mu)炭**、氣候環境(jing)**、石墨結(jie)晶器未干(gan)燥等。因此，熔化(hua)爐中(zhong)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)液表面(mian)應覆(fu)蓋經烘烤的(de)木(mu)炭，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)應盡(jin)量去除(chu)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)(tong)豆”“耳(er)朵”，對提高無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿質量非常重要。
在連鑄(zhu)連軋工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用(yong)適(shi)度(du)控制(zhi)氧含量來控制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O
由于銅(tong)液在(zai)鑄(zhu)造過程中(zhong)是自下而(er)上結晶，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的氧和氫所產生的水蒸氣(qi)很容易上浮跑出，銅(tong)液中(zhong)的氫大部分能被有效去除(chu)，因(yin)而(er)對銅(tong)桿的影(ying)響較小。
二、表面質量
在生產電(dian)磁線等產品的(de)過程中，對銅(tong)桿的(de)表(biao)面(mian)質量也需提出要求。需要拉制后(hou)(hou)的(de)銅(tong)絲(si)表(biao)面(mian)無毛刺、銅(tong)粉少、無油污(wu)。并通過扭(niu)轉試驗測量表(biao)面(mian)銅(tong)粉的(de)質量和扭(niu)轉后(hou)(hou)觀(guan)察(cha)銅(tong)桿的(de)復原情況來判(pan)定其好壞(huai)。
在連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，從鑄造到軋(ya)(ya)制前(qian)，溫度高，完全暴露于(yu)空氣(qi)中(zhong)，使鑄坯表面(mian)(mian)形成(cheng)(cheng)較厚的(de)氧化層，在軋(ya)(ya)制過程(cheng)中(zhong)，隨著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)轉動，氧化物(wu)顆粒(li)軋(ya)(ya)入銅(tong)線表面(mian)(mian)。由于(yu)氧化亞銅(tong)是高熔(rong)點(dian)脆(cui)性(xing)化合物(wu)，對于(yu)軋(ya)(ya)入較深的(de)氧化亞銅(tong)，當成(cheng)(cheng)條狀(zhuang)的(de)聚集物(wu)遇模具拉伸時，就會(hui)是銅(tong)桿(gan)外(wai)表面(mian)(mian)產(chan)生(sheng)毛刺，給后續(xu)的(de)涂漆造成(cheng)(cheng)麻煩(fan)。
而(er)上(shang)(shang)引連鑄工藝制造(zao)的(de)無(wu)氧銅桿，由于鑄造(zao)和冷卻完全與(yu)氧隔絕，后(hou)續亦無(wu)熱軋過程，銅桿表面無(wu)軋入表面的(de)氧化(hua)物，質(zhi)量較好，拉制后(hou)銅粉(fen)少(shao)，上(shang)(shang)述問題較少(shao)存在。
無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)也分進(jin)口(kou)設(she)(she)(she)備做的和國(guo)產(chan)設(she)(she)(she)備做的,但目前進(jin)口(kou)產(chan)品已無明顯(xian)優勢，銅桿(gan)產(chan)品出(chu)來后(hou)區(qu)別不是(shi)(shi)很大(da),只要銅板選的好,生產(chan)控制比較穩定,國(guo)產(chan)設(she)(she)(she)備也能產(chan)出(chu)可(ke)(ke)拉伸0.05的銅桿(gan).進(jin)口(kou)設(she)(she)(she)備一般是(shi)(shi)芬蘭奧托昆(kun)普的設(she)(she)(she)備,國(guo)產(chan)設(she)(she)(she)備最(zui)好的應該(gai)是(shi)(shi)上(shang)海的海軍廠的了(le)，生產(chan)時間(jian)最(zui)長，軍工企業(ye)，質量可(ke)(ke)靠。
低(di)氧銅桿進(jin)口(kou)設備(bei)國(guo)(guo)際主要有兩種(zhong)(zhong),一種(zhong)(zhong)是美國(guo)(guo)南線(xian)設備(bei),英文是SOUTHWIRE,國(guo)(guo)內(nei)廠家是南京華新,江西銅業,另一種(zhong)(zhong)是德國(guo)(guo)CONTIROD設備(bei),國(guo)(guo)內(nei)廠家是常州金源(yuan),天津大無(wu)縫(feng)。
無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)從(cong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)上容(rong)易區別(bie),無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)在(zai)(zai)10-20個(ge)(ge)PPM以下,但(dan)目前(qian)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)廠家(jia)只能做到(dao)50個(ge)(ge)PPM以下.低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)在(zai)(zai) 200-400個(ge)(ge)PPM,好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子一(yi)般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)控制在(zai)(zai)250個(ge)(ge)PPM左右,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)一(yi)般采取(qu)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上引(yin)法,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)是(shi)連鑄連軋,兩種(zhong)產品相(xiang)對而言低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對漆包(bao)線(xian)性 能更適應(ying)些,如(ru)柔軟(ruan)性,回彈角,繞線(xian)性能.但(dan)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)對拉絲條(tiao)件(jian)相(xiang)對要苛刻些,同(tong)(tong)樣拉伸(shen)0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲,如(ru)果(guo)伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian)不(bu)好(hao),普(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)可拉而好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)就斷 線(xian),但(dan)如(ru)果(guo)放在(zai)(zai)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)伸(shen)線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian),同(tong)(tong)樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)子,低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)說不(bu)定就能拉到(dao)雙零五(wu),而普(pu)通無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)最多只能拉伸(shen)到(dao)0.1而已,當然做的(de)(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)雙零二卻非得(de)依靠進口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)了(le).目前(qian)有(you)企(qi)業嘗試用(yong)剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方式來(lai)處(chu)理低(di)(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)來(lai)伸(shen)0.03線(xian).但(dan)有(you)關這(zhe)方面的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我還(huan)不(bu)是(shi)很(hen)清楚。
音(yin)響線一般反而喜歡用(yong)無氧(yang)桿(gan),這和無氧(yang)桿(gan)是單晶(jing)銅(tong),低氧(yang)桿(gan)是多晶(jing)銅(tong)有關。
氧銅桿(gan)和(he)無氧銅桿(gan)由于制造方法的(de)(de)不同(tong)，致使存在差(cha)別，具有各自的(de)(de)特點。
一、關于氧(yang)的(de)(de)吸入和脫去以及它的(de)(de)存在狀態
生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)(zai)常(chang)溫下氧(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)溶度(du)約2ppm。低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進入是(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)液(ye)態下吸入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而上引法無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)則相(xiang)反，氧(yang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)液(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下保持相(xiang)當時間后，被還(huan)原而脫去，通(tong)常(chang)這種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)都(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下，最低(di)(di)可達1-2ppm，從組織上看，低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)，以(yi)氧(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀態，存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶粒(li)邊界附近，這對(dui)低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)而言可以(yi)說是(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)但對(dui)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)則很少(shao)見。氧(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾雜(za)形式在(zai)(zai)(zai)晶界出現(xian)對(dui)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)韌性產生負(fu)面影響。而無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)很低(di)(di)，所以(yi)這種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)組織是(shi)均勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單相(xiang)組織對(dui)韌性有(you)利。在(zai)(zai)(zai)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多孔性是(shi)不常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)低(di)(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)中則是(shi)常(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)缺陷。
二、熱軋(ya)組(zu)織和鑄造組(zu)織的區別
低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿由(you)于經過熱軋，所(suo)以其(qi)組織(zhi)屬熱加工組織(zhi)，原(yuan)來的(de)鑄造組織(zhi)已經破碎，在8mm的(de)桿時已有再結晶(jing)的(de)形式出現，而無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿屬鑄造組織(zhi)，晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，這是(shi)為(wei)什么(me)，無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)再結晶(jing)溫度較(jiao)高(gao)，需(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)溫度的(de)固有原(yuan)因(yin)。這是(shi)因(yin)為(wei)，再結晶(jing)發(fa)生在晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)附近(jin)，無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿組織(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)粗大，晶(jing)粒(li)尺寸甚至(zhi)能(neng)達幾個毫米，因(yin)而晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)少(shao)，即使通過拉制變形，但(dan)晶(jing)粒(li)邊界(jie)相對低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿還是(shi)較(jiao)少(shao)，所(suo)以需(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功率。對無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功的(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)要求是(shi)：由(you)桿經拉制，但(dan)尚未鑄造組織(zhi)的(de)線(xian)時的(de)第(di)一次退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)，其(qi)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功率應(ying)(ying)比(bi)同(tong)樣情況的(de)低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經繼續拉制，在以后階段的(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)功率應(ying)(ying)留有足夠的(de)余量和對低(di)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實(shi)區(qu)別(bie)執(zhi)行不同(tong)的(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)(huo)工藝，以保證在制品(pin)和成品(pin)導(dao)線(xian)的(de)柔軟(ruan)性(xing)。
三、夾雜，氧(yang)含量波動，表面氧(yang)化物和可能存在的熱軋缺(que)陷的差(cha)別
無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的可(ke)拉(la)(la)性在(zai)(zai)所(suo)有線(xian)徑(jing)里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿相比(bi)都是優(you)越的，除上(shang)述組織原(yuan)因(yin)外(wai)，無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿夾(jia)雜少，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)穩(wen)定(ding)，無(wu)(wu)熱軋可(ke)能(neng)產(chan)生的缺陷，桿表(biao)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連鑄連軋生產(chan)過(guo)程中(zhong)如果工藝不穩(wen)定(ding)，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監(jian)控不嚴，含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)不穩(wen)定(ding)將直接影(ying)響(xiang)桿的性能(neng)。如果桿的表(biao)面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)后工序的連續清洗中(zhong)得(de)以彌(mi)補(bu)外(wai)，但比(bi)較麻煩的是有相當多的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)存在(zai)(zai)于“皮(pi)下”，對拉(la)(la)線(xian)斷線(xian)影(ying)響(xiang)更直接，故而在(zai)(zai)拉(la)(la)制(zhi)微細線(xian)，超(chao)微細線(xian)時，為了(le)減(jian)少斷線(xian)，有時要(yao)對銅(tong)桿采(cai)取不得(de)已的辦法——剝皮(pi)，甚至(zhi)二次剝皮(pi)的原(yuan)因(yin)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)，目的要(yao)除去皮(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)。
四、低氧銅桿和(he)無氧銅桿的韌性有差(cha)別
兩者都可以拉到0.015mm，但(dan)在低溫(wen)超(chao)導線中(zhong)的低溫(wen)級無(wu)氧銅(tong)，其細(xi)絲間(jian)的間(jian)距只(zhi)有0.001mm.
五、從制(zhi)桿(gan)的(de)原(yuan)材料到制(zhi)線的(de)經(jing)濟性有差別。
制(zhi)造無氧銅桿要求質量較(jiao)高的(de)原材料。一般(ban)，拉(la)制(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅線(xian)時，低氧銅桿的(de)優(you)點(dian)比較(jiao)明顯，而無氧銅桿顯得更為(wei)優(you)越的(de)是拉(la)制(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅線(xian)。
六、低氧銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)制(zhi)線工藝與(yu)無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)有所不同。
低氧銅桿(gan)的制(zhi)線工(gong)藝(yi)不能照(zhao)搬(ban)到無氧銅桿(gan)的制(zhi)線工(gong)藝(yi)上來，至(zhi)少(shao)兩者的退火工(gong)藝(yi)是不同的。因(yin)為線的柔軟(ruan)性(xing)深受材(cai)料成份和制(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)線和退火工(gong)藝(yi)的影響，不能簡單地說(shuo)低氧銅或無氧銅誰(shui)軟(ruan)誰(shui)硬。
