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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是用于傳輸和(he)分(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)常(chang)用于城市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)引(yin)出線(xian)路、工(gong)礦企(qi)業(ye)內部供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江海水下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)線(xian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)所占(zhan)比重正逐漸增(zeng)加(jia)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統的主干線(xian)路中用以傳輸和(he)分(fen)配大(da)功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)產品(pin)，包括(kuo)1-500KV以及以上各(ge)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種絕(jue)緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使用至今已有百年

主要分類(lei)

分(fen)類：按電(dian)壓等級分(fen)

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)至今已有百余(yu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國發(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)家T.A.愛迪生在(zai)銅棒上包繞(rao)黃麻并(bing)將其(qi)穿入鐵管內(nei)，然后填充瀝青(qing)混合物制成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。他將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)敷設(she)于紐(niu)約(yue)，開創了(le)(le)地下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人卡(ka)倫(lun)德發(fa)(fa)明(ming)(ming)瀝青(qing)浸漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國人S.Z.費蘭梯在(zai)倫(lun)敦(dun)與德特(te)(te)福德之間敷設(she)了(le)(le)10千(qian)伏油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英國建成(cheng)(cheng)20千(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)得(de)到越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)廣(guang)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國敷設(she)成(cheng)(cheng)60千(qian)伏高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，開始了(le)(le)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國人M.霍(huo)希(xi)施泰特(te)(te)研制成(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),改善了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)內(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分(fen)布(bu),消除了(le)(le)絕緣表面的(de)正切應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)，成(cheng)(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)發(fa)(fa)展中的(de)里(li)程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典(dian)在(zai)北部發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)敷設(she)了(le)(le)380千(qian)伏超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan),實現了(le)(le)超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已制成(cheng)(cheng)1100千(qian)伏、1200千(qian)伏的(de)特(te)(te)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級可分(fen)為中、低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（35千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)下）、高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)以(yi)(yi)上)、超高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)）以(yi)(yi)及(ji)特高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)（1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)(yi)上）。此外，還可按電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)制分(fen)為交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)。

按絕緣材料分

1、油(you)浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)以(yi)油(you)浸紙作絕(jue)(jue)緣的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。其應(ying)用(yong)歷史最(zui)長。它安全(quan)可靠，使用(yong)壽命長，價格低廉。主要缺點(dian)是敷(fu)設受(shou)落(luo)差限制。自從開發出不滴(di)流浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣后，解(jie)決(jue)了(le)落(luo)差限制問題(ti)，使油(you)浸紙絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)纜(lan)得以(yi)繼續廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。

2、塑料(liao)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜 　絕(jue)緣(yuan)層為擠壓(ya)(ya)塑料(liao)的(de)電(dian)力電(dian)纜。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)塑料(liao)有聚氯乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)、聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)、交聯聚乙(yi)烯(xi)(xi)。塑料(liao)電(dian)纜結(jie)構(gou)簡單,制造加工方便，重(zhong)量輕，敷設(she)安(an)裝方便,不(bu)受敷設(she)落(luo)差限制。因此廣泛(fan)應用(yong)作中低壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)纜，并有取代粘性浸漬油紙(zhi)電(dian)纜的(de)趨勢。其最大缺(que)點(dian)是(shi)存在(zai)樹(shu)枝化(hua)擊穿現象，這限制了(le)它在(zai)更(geng)高(gao)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)使用(yong)。

3、橡皮絕緣(yuan)電力電纜　絕緣(yuan)層為橡膠(jiao)加上各種(zhong)配合(he)劑，經過充分混(hun)煉后擠包(bao)在導電線芯上，經過加溫(wen)硫化而成。它柔(rou)軟，富有彈性，適合(he)于移(yi)動(dong)頻繁、敷設(she)彎曲半(ban)徑小的場合(he)。

常用作絕緣的膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)料有天然膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)混合物(wu)，乙丙膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)等。

按電(dian)壓等級分(fen)

1、低(di)壓(ya)(ya)電纜：適用于固定敷(fu)設在交(jiao)流50Hz，額定電壓(ya)(ya)3kv及以下的輸配電線路上(shang)作(zuo)輸送(song)電能用。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜：（一(yi)般(ban)指35KV及以下）：聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜，聚乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜，交聯聚乙(yi)(yi)烯絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)纜等。

3、高壓電纜(lan)：（一般為110KV及以(yi)上）：聚乙烯電纜(lan)和交聯(lian)聚乙烯絕緣電纜(lan)等。

4、超高壓電(dian)纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千伏及以上）。

基本(ben)結(jie)構：電(dian)力電(dian)纜的基本(ben)結(jie)構由線芯(xin)（導(dao)體）、絕緣層(ceng)、屏蔽層(ceng)和保(bao)護層(ceng)四部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)。

1.線芯是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的導電(dian)部分，用(yong)來(lai)輸送(song)電(dian)能，是(shi)電(dian)力電(dian)纜的主要部分。

2.絕緣層是將(jiang)線芯(xin)與大地以及(ji)不同相(xiang)的線芯(xin)間在電(dian)氣上彼此隔(ge)離，保證電(dian)能(neng)輸送，是電(dian)力(li)電(dian)纜結構(gou)中不可(ke)缺(que)少的組成部分(fen)。

3.15KV及(ji)以上的電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜一般都有導體屏蔽層和絕緣屏蔽層。

4.保(bao)護(hu)層的(de)作(zuo)用是保(bao)護(hu)電力(li)(li)電纜(lan)免受(shou)外界雜質和水分(fen)的(de)侵入，以及防止外力(li)(li)直接損壞電力(li)(li)電纜(lan)。

主要優點(dian)：

1占地少(shao)。一(yi)般埋(mai)設于土壤(rang)中或敷設于室內(nei)，溝道，隧道中，線間絕緣距離小，不用桿(gan)塔，占地少(shao)，基(ji)本不占地面上空間。

2可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)高。受氣候(hou)條件和周圍環境影(ying)響小，傳輸性(xing)(xing)能穩定，可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)高。

3具有向超高(gao)壓(ya)，大容(rong)量發(fa)展的更為有利的條件，如低溫，超導電(dian)力電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明(ming)

電力電纜(lan)的型號

1.用(yong)漢語拼音第一個(ge)字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)(biao)示絕緣種類、導體材料、內(nei)護(hu)層(ceng)材料和結(jie)構特點。如用(yong)Z代表(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代表(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)護層(ceng)構成，有(you)二位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)。無(wu)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)代(dai)表(biao)無(wu)鎧裝層(ceng)，無(wu)外(wai)被層(ceng)。第(di)一位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)鎧裝，第(di)二位(wei)數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)被，如粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維外(wai)被表(biao)示(shi)為(wei)41。

3.電纜型(xing)號按電纜結構的(de)排列一般依(yi)次序為：絕緣(yuan)材料；導體材料；內護(hu)層；外(wai)護(hu)層。

4.電(dian)纜產(chan)品用(yong)型號、額定(ding)電(dian)壓和規格表示。其(qi)方法(fa)是在型號后再(zai)加上說明額定(ding)電(dian)壓、芯(xin)數和標稱截(jie)面(mian)積的(de)。

型號詳細(xi)說明

（1）類別：H——市內通信電(dian)纜(lan)HP——配線電(dian)纜(lan)HJ——局(ju)用電(dian)纜(lan)

（2）絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)：Y——聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YF——泡沫聚(ju)烯烴絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)YP——泡沫/實心皮聚(ju)烯烴絕(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)

（3）內(nei)護(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁(lv)帶(dai)粘接屏蔽聚乙烯護(hu)套S——鋁(lv)，鋼雙層金屬(shu)帶(dai)屏蔽聚乙烯護(hu)套      V——聚氯乙烯護(hu)套

（4）特(te)征：T——石(shi)油膏填充G——高(gao)頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)：23——雙(shuang)層(ceng)(ceng)防腐鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯外被層(ceng)(ceng)

33——單(dan)層細(xi)鋼絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)被層

43——單層(ceng)粗鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被層(ceng)

53——單層鋼帶皺紋縱(zong)包(bao)鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙(yi)烯外被層

553——雙層鋼(gang)帶皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯(xi)外被(bei)層

2） BV 銅芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電線；BLV 鋁(lv)芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電線；

BVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)(hu)套電(dian)線(xian)；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護(hu)(hu)套電(dian)線(xian)；

BVR 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣軟線；RV 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕緣安裝軟線；

RVB 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣平型連接(jie)線(xian)軟線(xian)；BVS 銅芯(xin)(xin)聚氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)緣絞型軟線(xian)；

RVV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣(yuan)軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯護(hu)套軟(ruan)線；RY 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣軟(ruan)線；

RYV 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)氯乙烯護套(tao)軟線

3）WD：無鹵(lu)低煙型ZR: 阻燃型NH：耐(nai)火(huo)型DH：防火(huo)型