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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是用于(yu)傳輸和分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)常(chang)用于(yu)城市地下(xia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站引出線(xian)路、工礦企業內(nei)部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過江(jiang)海水下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)路中(zhong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)所占比重正逐(zhu)漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統的(de)主干線(xian)路中(zhong)用以傳輸和分配大功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)產品，包(bao)括1-500KV以及以上各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各種(zhong)絕緣的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電力(li)電纜的使用至今已有(you)百年(nian)

主要分類

分(fen)類：按電壓等級(ji)分(fen)

簡介(jie)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的使用(yong)至今已(yi)有百余年(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)，美國(guo)發(fa)明(ming)家T.A.愛(ai)迪生在(zai)銅(tong)棒上包繞黃麻并將其穿入鐵管內(nei)(nei)，然后填充(chong)瀝(li)青(qing)混合物制成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設(she)(she)于(yu)紐約，開創(chuang)了(le)地下(xia)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次年(nian)，英國(guo)人卡倫德(de)(de)發(fa)明(ming)瀝(li)青(qing)浸漬紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)，英國(guo)人S.Z.費蘭梯(ti)在(zai)倫敦與德(de)(de)特(te)(te)福德(de)(de)之間敷(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)10千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)油浸紙絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)，英國(guo)建成(cheng)20千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到(dao)(dao)越來越廣(guang)的應(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)，德(de)(de)國(guo)敷(fu)設(she)(she)成(cheng)60千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始了(le)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的發(fa)展。1913年(nian)，德(de)(de)國(guo)人M.霍希施泰特(te)(te)研制成(cheng)分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改善了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)(nei)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)分布,消除了(le)絕緣表面的正切應(ying)力(li)(li)，成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發(fa)展中的里(li)程碑。1952年(nian)，瑞典在(zai)北部發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設(she)(she)了(le)380千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實現(xian)了(le)超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的應(ying)用(yong)。到(dao)(dao)80年(nian)代(dai)已(yi)制成(cheng)1100千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)、1200千(qian)(qian)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)的特(te)(te)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級可分為(wei)中、低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜（35千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)下）、高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜(110千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)以(yi)上(shang))、超(chao)高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)）以(yi)及(ji)特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)纜（1000千(qian)伏(fu)(fu)及(ji)以(yi)上(shang)）。此外(wai)，還可按電(dian)(dian)流制分為(wei)交流電(dian)(dian)纜和直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)纜。

按絕(jue)緣材料分

1、油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電力(li)電纜以(yi)油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)作絕(jue)緣的電力(li)電纜。其應用歷史最長。它安全可靠，使用壽(shou)命長，價(jia)格低廉。主要缺點是敷設受落差(cha)限(xian)(xian)制。自從開發出不滴流(liu)浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣后(hou)，解決了落差(cha)限(xian)(xian)制問題，使油(you)浸(jin)紙(zhi)絕(jue)緣電纜得(de)以(yi)繼續廣泛應用。

2、塑料(liao)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣(yuan)層為擠壓(ya)塑料(liao)的電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)。常用(yong)(yong)的塑料(liao)有(you)聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)(xi)、聚乙烯(xi)(xi)、交聯(lian)聚乙烯(xi)(xi)。塑料(liao)電(dian)纜(lan)結構(gou)簡單,制造加工方便，重量輕，敷(fu)設(she)安裝方便,不受(shou)敷(fu)設(she)落差限制。因(yin)此(ci)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)作中低壓(ya)電(dian)纜(lan)，并有(you)取代粘性(xing)浸漬油(you)紙電(dian)纜(lan)的趨勢。其最大缺點(dian)是存在樹(shu)枝(zhi)化擊穿現象(xiang)，這(zhe)限制了(le)它在更高電(dian)壓(ya)的使用(yong)(yong)。

3、橡(xiang)(xiang)皮絕緣(yuan)電(dian)力電(dian)纜　絕緣(yuan)層為橡(xiang)(xiang)膠加(jia)上各(ge)種配合劑，經過充(chong)分混煉(lian)后擠(ji)包(bao)在導(dao)電(dian)線芯(xin)上，經過加(jia)溫硫(liu)化而成。它柔軟，富(fu)有(you)彈性，適合于移動(dong)頻繁、敷設彎曲(qu)半徑小的場合。

常(chang)用作絕緣的膠(jiao)料(liao)有天然膠(jiao)-丁苯膠(jiao)混合物，乙丙膠(jiao)、丁基膠(jiao)等。

按電壓等級分

1、低壓電纜：適用(yong)(yong)于固定(ding)敷設在交流50Hz，額定(ding)電壓3kv及以下的輸配電線路上作(zuo)輸送(song)電能用(yong)(yong)。

2、中低壓電(dian)纜：（一(yi)般指35KV及以下）：聚(ju)氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)纜，聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)纜，交(jiao)聯聚(ju)乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣電(dian)纜等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜(lan)：（一般(ban)為110KV及以(yi)上(shang)）：聚(ju)乙(yi)烯電(dian)纜(lan)和交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕緣電(dian)纜(lan)等(deng)。

4、超高壓電(dian)纜：（275～800千(qian)伏）。

5、特(te)高(gao)壓電(dian)纜：（1000千伏及以上）。

基本結構：電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜的基本結構由線芯(xin)（導體）、絕(jue)緣(yuan)層(ceng)、屏蔽(bi)層(ceng)和保護層(ceng)四部(bu)分組成(cheng)。

1.線芯是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)導電(dian)部分(fen)，用來輸送電(dian)能(neng)，是電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)主要部分(fen)。

2.絕(jue)緣(yuan)層是(shi)將線(xian)(xian)芯(xin)與大地以(yi)及不同相的(de)線(xian)(xian)芯(xin)間在(zai)電氣(qi)上彼此隔離，保證(zheng)電能輸(shu)送，是(shi)電力電纜(lan)結構(gou)中不可缺少的(de)組(zu)成部分(fen)。

3.15KV及以上的電力電纜一般都(dou)有導體屏蔽(bi)(bi)層和絕緣屏蔽(bi)(bi)層。

4.保護層(ceng)的(de)作用是保護電(dian)力電(dian)纜免受外(wai)界雜(za)質(zhi)和(he)水分的(de)侵(qin)入，以及防止外(wai)力直接損壞電(dian)力電(dian)纜。

主要優點：

1占(zhan)地(di)少。一般埋設于(yu)土壤中或敷設于(yu)室內，溝道(dao)，隧道(dao)中，線間(jian)絕緣距離小，不用桿(gan)塔(ta)，占(zhan)地(di)少，基本不占(zhan)地(di)面上空間(jian)。

2可靠(kao)(kao)性高(gao)。受氣候(hou)條件和周圍(wei)環境影響小，傳輸性能穩定(ding)，可靠(kao)(kao)性高(gao)。

3具有向超高壓，大(da)容量發展的更(geng)為有利的條件，如(ru)低溫，超導電(dian)力電(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說明

電(dian)力電(dian)纜(lan)的型號

1.用漢語拼音第一(yi)個字母(mu)的大寫表(biao)示絕緣(yuan)種(zhong)類、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和結構(gou)特點(dian)。如用Z代(dai)表(biao)紙（zhi）；L代(dai)表(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代(dai)表(biao)鉛（qian）；F代(dai)表(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代(dai)表(biao)阻燃（zuran）；NH代(dai)表(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)護層(ceng)構(gou)成(cheng)，有二位數(shu)字(zi)。無數(shu)字(zi)代(dai)表(biao)無鎧裝層(ceng)，無外(wai)(wai)(wai)被層(ceng)。第一位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)鎧裝，第二位數(shu)字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)被，如粗鋼(gang)絲鎧裝纖維(wei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)被表(biao)示(shi)為(wei)41。

3.電(dian)纜型號按電(dian)纜結(jie)構的排(pai)列一般(ban)依次序(xu)為(wei)：絕緣材料；導體(ti)材料；內護(hu)層；外護(hu)層。

4.電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜產品(pin)用型號(hao)、額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和規格表示。其方法是在型號(hao)后再加上說明額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、芯數和標稱截面積的。

型號(hao)詳細說明(ming)

（1）類(lei)別：H——市內(nei)通信電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局用電纜

（2）絕緣(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯絕緣(yuan)YF——泡沫(mo)聚烯烴絕緣(yuan)YP——泡沫(mo)/實心皮聚烯烴絕緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)層：A——涂塑鋁帶粘接屏蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套S——鋁，鋼雙(shuang)層金屬帶屏蔽聚(ju)乙(yi)烯護(hu)套      V——聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套

（4）特征：T——石油膏填充(chong)G——高頻隔離C——自承式

（5）外護(hu)層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐(fu)鋼帶繞包銷裝聚乙烯外被(bei)層(ceng)

33——單層(ceng)細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層(ceng)

43——單層粗鋼絲鎧裝(zhuang)聚乙烯被層

53——單(dan)層(ceng)鋼帶皺紋(wen)縱包鎧裝聚乙烯(xi)外被層(ceng)

553——雙層鋼(gang)帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外被(bei)層

2） BV 銅(tong)芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電線；BLV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯絕緣電線；

BVV 銅芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣聚氯乙烯(xi)護套電(dian)線；BLVV 鋁芯聚氯乙烯(xi)絕(jue)(jue)緣聚氯乙烯(xi)護套電(dian)線；

BVR 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣軟(ruan)線；RV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕(jue)緣安(an)裝軟(ruan)線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣平型(xing)連接線(xian)軟(ruan)線(xian)；BVS 銅(tong)芯聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣絞(jiao)型(xing)軟(ruan)線(xian)；

RVV 銅芯聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯絕緣聚(ju)氯(lv)乙烯護套軟線；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯絕緣軟電(dian)線；

BYVR 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣聚氯(lv)乙烯(xi)護套軟線；RY 聚乙烯(xi)絕緣軟線；

RYV 聚乙烯(xi)(xi)絕緣(yuan)聚氯乙烯(xi)(xi)護套軟線

3）WD：無(wu)鹵(lu)低煙型(xing)ZR: 阻燃型(xing)NH：耐火(huo)型(xing)DH：防(fang)火(huo)型(xing)