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蘇尼特左電纜中的銅都是一樣的嗎?什么樣的是好銅?一篇文章解釋清楚

來源:行(xing)業動態 閱(yue)讀:109305 發(fa)布時間:2019-07-05

導(dao)讀(du):由于生(sheng)產(chan)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)(de)工藝不(bu)(bu)同,所生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氧量(liang)及外(wai)觀就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)同。上(shang)引生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan),工藝得(de)當氧含(han)量(liang)在10ppm以下(xia),叫(jiao)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan);連鑄連鑄生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan) 是在保護條件下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)熱軋,氧含(han)量(liang)在200-500ppm范(fan)圍內,但有時(shi)也(ye)高達700ppm以上(shang),一般情況下(xia),此(ci)種(zhong)方法(fa)生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)外(wai)表光亮(liang),低(di)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan),有時(shi)也(ye)叫(jiao)光桿(gan)(gan)(gan)。

銅(tong)桿是(shi)電(dian)纜行業的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原料,生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)法和(he)上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄法。連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)(lian)軋(ya)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方(fang)法較多,其特(te)點(dian)是(shi)金屬在(zai)豎(shu)爐(lu)中融化后(hou),銅(tong)液通(tong)過保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中間(jian)包,從澆管進(jin)入封閉的(de)(de)模腔(qiang)內,采用較大的(de)(de)冷(leng)卻(que)強度進(jin)行冷(leng)卻(que),形成(cheng)鑄坯,然后(hou)進(jin)行多道次軋(ya)制,生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿為(wei)熱加工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi),原來(lai)的(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)已經破碎,含氧(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般為(wei)200~400ppm之(zhi)間(jian)。無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿國(guo)內基本(ben)全部采用上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)(lian)鑄法生(sheng)產(chan),金屬在(zai)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)爐(lu)中融化后(hou)通(tong)過石墨模進(jin)行上(shang)引連(lian)(lian)(lian)續鑄造(zao),之(zhi)后(hou)進(jin)行冷(leng)軋(ya)或冷(leng)加工(gong),生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)無氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿為(wei)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi),含氧(yang)(yang)量一(yi)般在(zai)20ppm以下。由于制造(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)不(bu)同,所(suo)以在(zai)組(zu)織(zhi)(zhi)結構(gou)、氧(yang)(yang)含量分布(bu)、雜質(zhi)的(de)(de)形式(shi)(shi)及分布(bu)等(deng)諸多方(fang)面有(you)較大差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的拉制性(xing)能(neng)跟很多因素有關,如雜(za)質的含量、氧含量及分(fen)布(bu)、工藝控制等。下面(mian)分(fen)別(bie)從以上幾(ji)個方面(mian)對銅桿的拉制性(xing)能(neng)進(jin)行分(fen)析。

1、熔化方式(shi)對(dui)S等雜質的影響

連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)生產銅(tong)(tong)桿主要是(shi)通(tong)過氣(qi)體(ti)的燃燒使銅(tong)(tong)桿熔(rong)化(hua),在(zai)燃燒的過程中(zhong)(zhong),通(tong)過氧化(hua)和揮發作(zuo)用,可(ke)一(yi)定程度(du)減少部分(fen)雜質(zhi)進入銅(tong)(tong)液,因(yin)此(ci)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)法對原(yuan)料(liao)要求相對低一(yi)些(xie)。上(shang)引連(lian)鑄生產無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿,由(you)于是(shi)用感應電爐(lu)熔(rong)化(hua),電解銅(tong)(tong)表面的“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本(ben)都熔(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)(zhong)熔(rong)入的S對無氧銅(tong)(tong)桿塑性影響極大,會增加拉絲斷(duan)線(xian)率(lv)。

2、鑄(zhu)造過程中雜(za)質的進(jin)入

在(zai)生產(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋(ya)工(gong)藝需通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)保溫爐(lu)、溜槽、中(zhong)間(jian)包轉運銅液,相對容易造(zao)(zao)成耐火(huo)材料的剝落(luo),在(zai)軋(ya)制過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)需要通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)軋(ya)輥,造(zao)(zao)成鐵質(zhi)的脫落(luo),會給(gei)銅桿造(zao)(zao)成外部夾雜。而熱軋(ya)中(zhong)皮(pi)(pi)上和皮(pi)(pi)下氧化物的軋(ya)入,會給(gei)低氧桿的拉絲造(zao)(zao)成不(bu)利的影響(xiang)。上引連(lian)(lian)鑄法生產(chan)工(gong)藝流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較短,銅液是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)聯體爐(lu)內潛流(liu)式(shi)完成,對耐火(huo)材料的沖擊不(bu)大,結晶是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)石墨模(mo)內進行,所以(yi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)可能產(chan)生的污染源較少(shao),雜質(zhi)進入的機會較少(shao)。

O、S、P是與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)會(hui)生產化合物的(de)(de)元(yuan)素。在熔(rong)(rong)態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong),氧可以(yi)溶(rong)解(jie)一部分(fen),但當銅(tong)(tong)冷凝時(shi),氧幾乎(hu)不溶(rong)解(jie)于銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)。熔(rong)(rong)態(tai)時(shi)所溶(rong)解(jie)的(de)(de)氧,以(yi)銅(tong)(tong)=氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體(ti)析出(chu),分(fen)布(bu)在晶(jing)粒晶(jing)界處。銅(tong)(tong)-氧化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)共晶(jing)體(ti)的(de)(de)出(chu)現,顯著降低了銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)塑(su)性(xing)。

硫(liu)可以(yi)溶解(jie)在熔(rong)體的(de)銅(tong)中,但在室溫下,其溶解(jie)度幾乎降低到(dao)零,它以(yi)硫(liu)化亞銅(tong)的(de)形(xing)式出(chu)現在晶粒晶界處,會顯著降低銅(tong)的(de)塑性。

3、氧在低氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)中分布形式及(ji)其影(ying)響

氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)對低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)拉(la)線(xian)性能有著明顯的(de)(de)影響。當氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)增(zeng)加到最(zui)佳值時,銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)斷線(xian)率最(zui)低。這是因(yin)為(wei)(wei)氧(yang)在(zai)與(yu)大部分雜質反應(ying)的(de)(de)過程中都(dou)起到了清(qing)除(chu)(chu)器的(de)(de)作用。適度的(de)(de)氧(yang)還有利于(yu)去除(chu)(chu)銅(tong)液中的(de)(de)氫,生成水蒸氣溢出,減少氣孔的(de)(de)形成。最(zui)佳的(de)(de)氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)拉(la)線(xian)工藝(yi)提供了最(zui)好(hao)的(de)(de)條件(jian)。

低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu):在連續(xu)澆鑄中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)(de)最初階(jie)段,散熱(re)速率和(he)均勻冷卻(que)是決定銅桿(gan)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)主要因素。不(bu)均勻冷卻(que)會(hui)引起銅桿(gan)內(nei)部結構本質上的(de)(de)(de)差異,但后續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)加工(gong),柱(zhu)狀晶通常會(hui)遭到破壞(huai),使氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)亞銅顆(ke)粒(li)細微化(hua)(hua)和(he)均勻分(fen)布(bu)。氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)粒(li)聚集而(er)產生的(de)(de)(de)典型情(qing)況(kuang)是中(zhong)心(xin)爆裂(lie)(lie)。除氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)粒(li)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)影響外(wai),具有較(jiao)小氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物顆(ke)粒(li)的(de)(de)(de)銅桿(gan)顯示(shi)出較(jiao)好的(de)(de)(de)拉線特(te)性,較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒(li)容(rong)易造(zao)成應力集中(zhong)點而(er)斷(duan)裂(lie)(lie)。

無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)氧(yang)量(liang)超(chao)標(biao),銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變(bian)脆(cui),延伸(shen)率下降(jiang),拉(la)伸(shen)式樣端(duan)口顯暗(an)紅色(se),結(jie)晶組(zu)(zu)織疏松。當氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)超(chao)出8ppm時(shi),工(gong)藝性(xing)(xing)能(neng)變(bian)差,表現為鑄造及(ji)拉(la)伸(shen)過程中斷桿(gan)及(ji)斷線率極具(ju)增高。這(zhe)是(shi)由于(yu)氧(yang)能(neng)與銅(tong)(tong)生(sheng)成氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)相,形(xing)(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞銅(tong)(tong)共晶體(ti),以網狀組(zu)(zu)織分布在境界上。這(zhe)種脆(cui)性(xing)(xing)相硬度高,在冷變(bian)形(xing)(xing)時(shi)將會與銅(tong)(tong)機體(ti)脫(tuo)離,導(dao)致銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的機械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)下降(jiang),在后(hou)續加工(gong)中容(rong)易造成斷裂現象。氧(yang)含(han)(han)量(liang)高還能(neng)導(dao)致無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導(dao)電率下降(jiang)。因(yin)此,必須(xu)嚴(yan)格控(kong)制上引連(lian)鑄工(gong)藝及(ji)產品質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在(zai)上引連鑄中,氧(yang)含量控制(zhi)較(jiao)低(di),氧(yang)化物的副作用唄**降低(di),但氫的影響成為較(jiao)顯著的問(wen)題。吸氣(qi)后(hou)熔(rong)體中存在(zai)平衡反應:H2O(g)=[O]+2[H];

氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)及疏(shu)松是(shi)在(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)的(de)過程中(zhong),氫(qing)從過飽和(he)的(de)溶液中(zhong)析(xi)出(chu)(chu)并(bing)聚集(ji)而(er)形成的(de)。在(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氫(qing)又可還原氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅而(er)生成水氣(qi)(qi)(qi)泡(pao)。由于上引(yin)(yin)鑄造的(de)特點(dian)是(shi)銅液自上而(er)下(xia)的(de)結晶(jing)(jing),形成的(de)液**形狀(zhuang)近似錐型。銅液結晶(jing)(jing)前析(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)在(zai)(zai)上浮過程中(zhong)被堵在(zai)(zai)凝(ning)固組織內,結晶(jing)(jing)時在(zai)(zai)鑄桿內形成氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)。上引(yin)(yin)的(de)含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量少(shao)時,析(xi)出(chu)(chu)的(de)氫(qing)存在(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)(jing)界處,形成疏(shu)松;含(han)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)量多(duo)時,則聚集(ji)成氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong),因此,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)孔(kong)和(he)疏(shu)松是(shi)氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)水蒸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)兩者形成的(de)。

氫來源于上引生產過(guo)程中的(de)(de)各個工藝環節,如(ru)原(yuan)料電解(jie)銅(tong)的(de)(de)“銅(tong)綠”、輔料木炭(tan)**、氣候環境**、石墨(mo)結晶器未干燥等。因此,熔化爐中的(de)(de)銅(tong)液表面(mian)應(ying)覆蓋經烘烤的(de)(de)木炭(tan),電解(jie)銅(tong)應(ying)盡(jin)量去除“銅(tong)綠”、“銅(tong)豆”“耳朵”,對提高無氧銅(tong)桿質量非常重要。

在連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋工(gong)藝中,往(wang)往(wang)采用適(shi)度控制氧含(han)量來控制氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于銅(tong)液在鑄造(zao)過程中(zhong)是自下而上結晶,銅(tong)液中(zhong)的氧(yang)和氫所(suo)產(chan)生的水蒸氣很容易(yi)上浮(fu)跑出(chu),銅(tong)液中(zhong)的氫大部分能被(bei)有效去除(chu),因(yin)而對銅(tong)桿的影響較小。

二、表面質量

在生(sheng)產(chan)電磁線等(deng)產(chan)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程中,對銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面質量(liang)也需(xu)提出要求。需(xu)要拉(la)制后的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)絲表(biao)面無毛刺、銅(tong)粉(fen)少、無油污。并通過扭轉試(shi)驗測(ce)量(liang)表(biao)面銅(tong)粉(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)和扭轉后觀察銅(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)復原情況來判定其(qi)好壞。

在連鑄(zhu)連軋(ya)過程(cheng)中,從鑄(zhu)造到軋(ya)制(zhi)前(qian),溫度高,完全暴露于空氣中,使鑄(zhu)坯表面(mian)形成較厚(hou)的氧(yang)化(hua)層(ceng),在軋(ya)制(zhi)過程(cheng)中,隨著軋(ya)輥的轉動,氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)(wu)顆粒軋(ya)入銅(tong)(tong)線表面(mian)。由于氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)是(shi)高熔點脆性化(hua)合物(wu)(wu),對于軋(ya)入較深的氧(yang)化(hua)亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong),當成條狀的聚集物(wu)(wu)遇模具拉伸時,就會是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)桿外表面(mian)產生毛刺,給后續的涂漆造成麻煩。

而上(shang)引連鑄工藝制造的(de)無氧(yang)銅(tong)桿,由于鑄造和(he)冷卻完全與氧(yang)隔絕,后續亦無熱軋過程,銅(tong)桿表(biao)(biao)面(mian)無軋入(ru)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)的(de)氧(yang)化物(wu),質量較(jiao)好,拉制后銅(tong)粉(fen)少(shao),上(shang)述問題較(jiao)少(shao)存在。

無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿也分進口設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de)(de)和國產(chan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)做的(de)(de)(de),但目前進口產(chan)品(pin)(pin)已無(wu)明顯優勢,銅(tong)桿產(chan)品(pin)(pin)出來(lai)后區別(bie)不(bu)是很大,只要銅(tong)板選的(de)(de)(de)好,生產(chan)控制比較穩定,國產(chan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)也能產(chan)出可拉伸0.05的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)桿.進口設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)一般是芬蘭(lan)奧托(tuo)昆普(pu)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei),國產(chan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)最好的(de)(de)(de)應該是上海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)海(hai)軍廠的(de)(de)(de)了(le),生產(chan)時間最長,軍工企業,質量可靠。

低氧銅桿(gan)進口設(she)備(bei)國際主(zhu)要(yao)有兩種,一種是(shi)(shi)美國南線設(she)備(bei),英文(wen)是(shi)(shi)SOUTHWIRE,國內廠家是(shi)(shi)南京華(hua)新(xin),江西銅業,另(ling)一種是(shi)(shi)德國CONTIROD設(she)備(bei),國內廠家是(shi)(shi)常(chang)州金源(yuan),天(tian)津大無縫。

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)及低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)從含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容易區別,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅是(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量在10-20個PPM以下,但(dan)目前有的(de)廠家只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)做到50個PPM以下.低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在 200-400個PPM,好(hao)(hao)的(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子一般含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量控制在250個PPM左右,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一般采取的(de)是(shi)上引法(fa),低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)連鑄連軋,兩(liang)種產品相對而(er)言低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆包(bao)線(xian)性(xing) 能(neng)(neng)(neng)更適(shi)應(ying)些(xie),如柔軟性(xing),回彈角,繞線(xian)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng).但(dan)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉(la)絲條(tiao)件相對要(yao)苛刻些(xie),同樣拉(la)伸0.2的(de)細絲,如果伸線(xian)條(tiao)件不好(hao)(hao),普通(tong)的(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可(ke)拉(la)而(er)好(hao)(hao)的(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線(xian),但(dan)如果放在好(hao)(hao)的(de)伸線(xian)條(tiao)件,同樣的(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)說不定就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)拉(la)到雙零五,而(er)普通(tong)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)最(zui)多只(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)拉(la)伸到0.1而(er)已,當然做的(de)最(zui)細的(de)如雙零二卻(que)非(fei)得依靠進口(kou)的(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)了(le).目前有企(qi)業(ye)嘗(chang)試用剝皮的(de)方(fang)式來處理(li)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸0.03線(xian).但(dan)有關這(zhe)方(fang)面的(de)內(nei)容我(wo)還(huan)不是(shi)很清楚。

音響(xiang)線一般反(fan)而喜(xi)歡用無氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan),這和無氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)單晶銅(tong),低氧(yang)桿(gan)(gan)是(shi)多(duo)晶銅(tong)有(you)關。

氧銅(tong)桿(gan)和無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿(gan)由于制造(zao)方法的不同,致使(shi)存在差別,具(ju)有(you)各(ge)自(zi)的特點。

一、關于氧的吸入和脫去以及它的存在(zai)狀態

生產銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)陰極銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm,在(zai)(zai)常溫下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)固溶度約2ppm。低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)200(175)—400(450)ppm,因此(ci)氧(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)進(jin)入是(shi)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)液(ye)態下(xia)吸入的(de)(de),而上引法無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則(ze)相反,氧(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)液(ye)態銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)下(xia)保(bao)持(chi)相當(dang)時間后,被還原而脫(tuo)去,通常這(zhe)種桿的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量(liang)都在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以(yi)下(xia),最低可(ke)達1-2ppm,從(cong)組織上看,低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang),以(yi)氧(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)狀(zhuang)態,存在(zai)(zai)于晶粒邊界附(fu)近,這(zhe)對(dui)(dui)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿而言可(ke)以(yi)說是(shi)常見(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)但(dan)對(dui)(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿則(ze)很(hen)少見(jian)(jian)(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)以(yi)夾(jia)雜(za)形(xing)式在(zai)(zai)晶界出現對(dui)(dui)材料的(de)(de)韌性產生負面(mian)影響。而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)很(hen)低,所以(yi)這(zhe)種銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)組織是(shi)均勻(yun)的(de)(de)單相組織對(dui)(dui)韌性有利。在(zai)(zai)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)多孔性是(shi)不(bu)常見(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de),而在(zai)(zai)低氧(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿中(zhong)(zhong)則(ze)是(shi)常見(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)種缺陷。

二、熱軋組織和鑄造組織的區(qu)別(bie)

低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)由(you)(you)于(yu)經(jing)過(guo)熱軋,所以(yi)其組(zu)織(zhi)屬熱加工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi),原(yuan)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)已經(jing)破(po)碎,在8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)時已有(you)(you)再(zai)(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形式出(chu)現(xian),而無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)屬鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi),晶(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大,這是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)什么,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)溫(wen)度較(jiao)高(gao),需(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固有(you)(you)原(yuan)因。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)因為(wei),再(zai)(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)發生(sheng)在晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界附近,無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)組(zu)織(zhi)晶(jing)粒(li)(li)粗大,晶(jing)粒(li)(li)尺寸甚至能(neng)達幾個毫(hao)米,因而晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界少,即使通過(guo)拉制變形,但晶(jing)粒(li)(li)邊界相對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)少,所以(yi)需(xu)要較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率。對(dui)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)成功(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)要求是(shi)(shi)(shi):由(you)(you)桿(gan)經(jing)拉制,但尚未鑄造(zao)組(zu)織(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一次(ci)退(tui)(tui)火(huo),其退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應比(bi)同樣(yang)情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)高(gao)10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉制,在以(yi)后階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)功(gong)(gong)率應留有(you)(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)余量(liang)和對(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)和無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)切(qie)實區別執行不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝,以(yi)保證在制品和成品導線的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柔軟性(xing)。

三、夾雜,氧(yang)含量波動,表面(mian)氧(yang)化物和可能存(cun)在(zai)的熱軋(ya)缺陷的差別

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)拉性在(zai)(zai)(zai)所有線(xian)(xian)徑里與低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)相比(bi)都是(shi)優越的(de)(de)(de),除上述(shu)組(zu)織原因外(wai),無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)夾(jia)雜少(shao),含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩定,無熱(re)軋可(ke)能(neng)(neng)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷(xian),桿(gan)表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)(zai)連(lian)(lian)鑄連(lian)(lian)軋生(sheng)產過(guo)程中(zhong)如果(guo)工藝不穩定,對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不嚴,含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量不穩定將(jiang)直(zhi)接影響(xiang)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)。如果(guo)桿(gan)的(de)(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物能(neng)(neng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)后工序的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)(lian)續清洗中(zhong)得(de)以彌補外(wai),但比(bi)較(jiao)麻煩的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)有相當多的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于“皮(pi)下”,對拉線(xian)(xian)斷線(xian)(xian)影響(xiang)更直(zhi)接,故而在(zai)(zai)(zai)拉制(zhi)微細線(xian)(xian),超微細線(xian)(xian)時(shi),為(wei)了減少(shao)斷線(xian)(xian),有時(shi)要對銅(tong)桿(gan)采取不得(de)已的(de)(de)(de)辦法(fa)——剝皮(pi),甚至二(er)次剝皮(pi)的(de)(de)(de)原因所在(zai)(zai)(zai),目的(de)(de)(de)要除去皮(pi)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)物。

四、低氧銅桿和無氧銅桿的韌性(xing)有(you)差(cha)別(bie)

兩者(zhe)都可以(yi)拉到0.015mm,但在低溫超導線(xian)中的低溫級無氧銅,其細絲間(jian)的間(jian)距只有(you)0.001mm.

五、從制桿的原材料(liao)到制線的經濟性有差(cha)別。

制造無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)要求質量較高的(de)原(yuan)材(cai)料。一般,拉(la)制直徑>1mm的(de)銅線時,低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)優(you)點比較明顯,而無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)顯得更為優(you)越的(de)是(shi)拉(la)制直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅線。

六、低氧銅桿的(de)制線工藝與(yu)無氧銅桿的(de)有所不同。

低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)制線工藝(yi)(yi)不(bu)能(neng)照搬到(dao)無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)制線工藝(yi)(yi)上(shang)來(lai),至(zhi)少兩者的(de)退(tui)(tui)火工藝(yi)(yi)是不(bu)同的(de)。因(yin)為線的(de)柔軟(ruan)性(xing)深受(shou)材料成份和制桿(gan),制線和退(tui)(tui)火工藝(yi)(yi)的(de)影響(xiang),不(bu)能(neng)簡單(dan)地說(shuo)低氧(yang)銅或無氧(yang)銅誰(shui)軟(ruan)誰(shui)硬。