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導讀：由(you)于生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)銅桿的(de)(de)兩者的(de)(de)工藝不同，所生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿中的(de)(de)含氧(yang)(yang)量及外觀(guan)就不同。上引生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿，工藝得當氧(yang)(yang)含量在10ppm以下，叫(jiao)無(wu)氧(yang)(yang)銅桿；連(lian)鑄連(lian)鑄生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅桿 是在保護(hu)條件下的(de)(de)熱軋，氧(yang)(yang)含量在200-500ppm范圍(wei)內，但有時也(ye)高(gao)達700ppm以上，一般情況下，此種方法生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)銅外表光亮(liang)，低氧(yang)(yang)銅桿，有時也(ye)叫(jiao)光桿。

銅(tong)(tong)桿是電纜行(xing)(xing)(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)原料，生產的(de)(de)(de)方式主要(yao)有(you)兩種——連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋法(fa)和上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)連(lian)(lian)軋低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿的(de)(de)(de)生產方法(fa)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)，其特點是金屬在(zai)豎(shu)爐中融化后，銅(tong)(tong)液(ye)通過保溫爐、溜槽、中間包，從澆(jiao)管(guan)進(jin)入封(feng)閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)模腔內，采用(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)卻強度進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)冷(leng)卻，形成(cheng)鑄(zhu)(zhu)坯(pi)，然后進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)多(duo)道次軋制，生產的(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)熱(re)加(jia)工(gong)組織，原來的(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織已經破碎，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)200~400ppm之間。無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿國內基(ji)本全部(bu)采用(yong)上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)鑄(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)生產，金屬在(zai)感應電爐中融化后通過石墨模進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)上引(yin)連(lian)(lian)續鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)，之后進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)冷(leng)軋或冷(leng)加(jia)工(gong)，生產的(de)(de)(de)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿為(wei)鑄(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)組織，含(han)氧(yang)量(liang)一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)20ppm以下。由于制造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，所以在(zai)組織結構(gou)、氧(yang)含(han)量(liang)分布(bu)、雜質的(de)(de)(de)形式及分布(bu)等諸多(duo)方面有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)差別。

一、拉制性能

銅桿的拉(la)制(zhi)性(xing)能跟很多因素有關，如雜質的含量、氧含量及分(fen)布、工藝控制(zhi)等。下面分(fen)別(bie)從(cong)以上幾個方面對銅桿的拉(la)制(zhi)性(xing)能進行分(fen)析。

1、熔化(hua)方式對S等雜質的(de)影(ying)響

連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連軋(ya)生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)主要(yao)是(shi)通過(guo)氣(qi)體(ti)的(de)燃(ran)燒(shao)使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，在(zai)燃(ran)燒(shao)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，通過(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)和揮發作用，可(ke)一定程(cheng)度減少部分雜質進入銅(tong)(tong)液，因此連鑄(zhu)(zhu)連軋(ya)法(fa)對原料要(yao)求相對低一些。上(shang)引連鑄(zhu)(zhu)生(sheng)產無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)，由于是(shi)用感應電(dian)爐熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)表面(mian)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)綠”“銅(tong)(tong)豆”基本(ben)都(dou)熔(rong)(rong)入到銅(tong)(tong)液中(zhong)。其中(zhong)熔(rong)(rong)入的(de)S對無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)塑(su)性影響極大(da)，會增(zeng)加拉絲斷線率。

2、鑄造過程中雜質的進(jin)入

在生(sheng)產過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，連鑄連軋(ya)(ya)工(gong)藝需(xu)通(tong)過(guo)保溫(wen)爐、溜槽、中(zhong)(zhong)間包轉(zhuan)運(yun)銅液，相(xiang)對(dui)容易造(zao)成(cheng)耐(nai)火材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)剝落，在軋(ya)(ya)制過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)需(xu)要通(tong)過(guo)軋(ya)(ya)輥，造(zao)成(cheng)鐵質的(de)(de)(de)(de)脫(tuo)落，會(hui)給(gei)銅桿造(zao)成(cheng)外(wai)部夾雜。而熱軋(ya)(ya)中(zhong)(zhong)皮上(shang)和(he)皮下(xia)氧(yang)化物的(de)(de)(de)(de)軋(ya)(ya)入(ru)(ru)，會(hui)給(gei)低(di)氧(yang)桿的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉絲造(zao)成(cheng)不(bu)利的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)。上(shang)引連鑄法生(sheng)產工(gong)藝流程(cheng)較(jiao)短，銅液是通(tong)過(guo)聯體爐內潛流式完成(cheng)，對(dui)耐(nai)火材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊不(bu)大，結晶是通(tong)過(guo)石墨模內進行，所以過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)可能產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染源較(jiao)少(shao)，雜質進入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機會(hui)較(jiao)少(shao)。

O、S、P是與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)會生產化合物的(de)元素。在(zai)熔態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中，氧可以(yi)(yi)溶(rong)解一部分，但當銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冷(leng)凝時，氧幾乎不溶(rong)解于銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中。熔態(tai)時所(suo)溶(rong)解的(de)氧，以(yi)(yi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)=氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)(gong)晶體析出，分布在(zai)晶粒晶界處。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧化亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)(gong)晶體的(de)出現，顯(xian)著(zhu)降低了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)塑(su)性。

硫可以溶(rong)(rong)解在(zai)熔體的銅(tong)中(zhong)，但在(zai)室溫下，其溶(rong)(rong)解度(du)幾乎降低到零，它以硫化(hua)亞銅(tong)的形式(shi)出(chu)現在(zai)晶粒晶界處(chu)，會(hui)顯著降低銅(tong)的塑性。

3、氧在低(di)氧銅桿(gan)和無氧銅桿(gan)中分布形(xing)式及其(qi)影(ying)響

氧(yang)含量(liang)對低氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的(de)拉(la)線(xian)(xian)性能有著明顯的(de)影響。當(dang)氧(yang)含量(liang)增加到最佳值(zhi)時，銅桿(gan)的(de)斷線(xian)(xian)率最低。這是因為氧(yang)在與大部分(fen)雜質反(fan)應的(de)過程中都起到了(le)清除器的(de)作用。適(shi)度(du)的(de)氧(yang)還有利于去除銅液中的(de)氫，生成水蒸氣溢出，減少氣孔(kong)的(de)形成。最佳的(de)氧(yang)含量(liang)為拉(la)線(xian)(xian)工藝提供了(le)最好(hao)的(de)條件。

低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)分(fen)布(bu)：在連續(xu)澆鑄中(zhong)凝固的(de)(de)最初階(jie)段，散熱(re)速率和均(jun)勻冷卻是決定銅(tong)桿(gan)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)主要因素。不均(jun)勻冷卻會(hui)引起銅(tong)桿(gan)內部結構本質上(shang)的(de)(de)差異，但后(hou)續(xu)的(de)(de)熱(re)加工(gong)，柱(zhu)狀晶通常會(hui)遭到破壞，使氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)顆(ke)粒細微化(hua)(hua)(hua)和均(jun)勻分(fen)布(bu)。氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒聚集(ji)而(er)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)典型情(qing)況是中(zhong)心爆裂。除氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)外，具(ju)有較小氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)顆(ke)粒的(de)(de)銅(tong)桿(gan)顯示出(chu)較好的(de)(de)拉(la)線特性，較大的(de)(de)Cu2O顆(ke)粒容易造成(cheng)應力集(ji)中(zhong)點而(er)斷裂。

無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)含氧(yang)量(liang)超(chao)標，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)變脆(cui)，延(yan)伸(shen)(shen)率下降，拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)式樣端口顯暗紅色，結(jie)晶組(zu)織疏(shu)松(song)。當氧(yang)含量(liang)超(chao)出(chu)8ppm時(shi)，工藝(yi)性能變差，表現為(wei)鑄(zhu)造及拉(la)伸(shen)(shen)過程中斷桿(gan)及斷線(xian)率極(ji)具增高。這是由于氧(yang)能與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)生成氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)脆(cui)性相，形(xing)成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)-氧(yang)化亞(ya)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)共(gong)晶體(ti)，以網狀組(zu)織分布在(zai)境界上。這種脆(cui)性相硬度高，在(zai)冷變形(xing)時(shi)將會與(yu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)機體(ti)脫離，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)機械性能下降，在(zai)后(hou)續加工中容易造成斷裂現象。氧(yang)含量(liang)高還能導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿(gan)導(dao)(dao)電率下降。因此，必須(xu)嚴格控制上引連鑄(zhu)工藝(yi)及產品(pin)質量(liang)。

4、氫的影響

在(zai)上引連鑄(zhu)中，氧含量控制較低，氧化物的(de)(de)副(fu)作用唄**降低，但氫的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)成(cheng)為(wei)較顯著(zhu)的(de)(de)問題。吸氣后熔體(ti)中存(cun)在(zai)平(ping)衡反應(ying)：H2O(g)=[O]+2[H]；

氣(qi)體及疏(shu)松是在(zai)(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)的過程中，氫(qing)從過飽和(he)的溶液(ye)(ye)中析出(chu)并聚(ju)集(ji)而(er)(er)形成(cheng)的。在(zai)(zai)(zai)結晶(jing)前析出(chu)的氫(qing)又可還原氧化亞銅而(er)(er)生成(cheng)水(shui)氣(qi)泡。由于上(shang)(shang)(shang)引鑄造的特點是銅液(ye)(ye)自上(shang)(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)下的結晶(jing)，形成(cheng)的液(ye)(ye)**形狀近似錐型(xing)。銅液(ye)(ye)結晶(jing)前析出(chu)的氣(qi)體在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)(shang)浮過程中被(bei)堵在(zai)(zai)(zai)凝固組(zu)織內，結晶(jing)時在(zai)(zai)(zai)鑄桿內形成(cheng)氣(qi)孔(kong)(kong)。上(shang)(shang)(shang)引的含氣(qi)量(liang)少時，析出(chu)的氫(qing)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)界處，形成(cheng)疏(shu)松；含氣(qi)量(liang)多時，則聚(ju)集(ji)成(cheng)氣(qi)孔(kong)(kong)，因此，氣(qi)孔(kong)(kong)和(he)疏(shu)松是氫(qing)氣(qi)和(he)水(shui)蒸(zheng)氣(qi)兩者形成(cheng)的。

氫來源(yuan)于(yu)上引生(sheng)產過(guo)程(cheng)中的(de)各個工(gong)藝環節，如(ru)原料電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、輔料木炭**、氣候環境(jing)**、石(shi)墨結(jie)晶器未干燥等。因此，熔化爐中的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)液(ye)表面應覆蓋經烘(hong)烤(kao)的(de)木炭，電(dian)解銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)應盡量(liang)去除“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠(lv)”、“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)豆”“耳朵”，對提高無(wu)氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)桿質量(liang)非常重要(yao)。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋工藝中，往(wang)往(wang)采用適度控(kong)制(zhi)氧含量來(lai)控(kong)制(zhi)氫。Cu2O+ H2= 2Cu+ H2O

由于(yu)銅液在鑄造過程中(zhong)(zhong)是自下(xia)而(er)上(shang)結晶，銅液中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氧和(he)氫所產生的(de)(de)水蒸氣很容易上(shang)浮跑出，銅液中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氫大部分(fen)能(neng)被有(you)效去除，因而(er)對銅桿的(de)(de)影響較小(xiao)。

二、表面質量

在生產電磁線等產品的(de)過(guo)程中，對銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)表(biao)面質(zhi)量也需(xu)提出要求。需(xu)要拉制后的(de)銅(tong)(tong)絲(si)表(biao)面無(wu)毛刺、銅(tong)(tong)粉(fen)少(shao)、無(wu)油污。并通(tong)過(guo)扭(niu)轉試驗測量表(biao)面銅(tong)(tong)粉(fen)的(de)質(zhi)量和(he)扭(niu)轉后觀察銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)的(de)復原(yuan)情況來判定其好(hao)壞(huai)。

在連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)過程中，從(cong)鑄造到軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)前，溫度高，完全暴露于空氣中，使鑄坯表(biao)面(mian)形成較厚的(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)層，在軋(ya)(ya)制(zhi)過程中，隨著軋(ya)(ya)輥的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)動，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)顆粒軋(ya)(ya)入銅(tong)線表(biao)面(mian)。由于氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)是高熔點脆性化(hua)(hua)(hua)合物(wu)，對于軋(ya)(ya)入較深的(de)(de)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)亞銅(tong)，當成條狀的(de)(de)聚集物(wu)遇模(mo)具(ju)拉伸(shen)時，就會是銅(tong)桿外表(biao)面(mian)產生毛刺，給后(hou)續的(de)(de)涂漆造成麻煩。

而(er)上引連鑄工藝制(zhi)造的(de)無氧銅(tong)桿，由于鑄造和冷卻完全與氧隔絕，后(hou)續亦無熱軋(ya)過程，銅(tong)桿表(biao)面(mian)無軋(ya)入(ru)表(biao)面(mian)的(de)氧化物(wu)，質量較好，拉制(zhi)后(hou)銅(tong)粉少，上述問題較少存在(zai)。

無(wu)氧銅(tong)桿也(ye)分進口設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de)和國產(chan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)做的(de),但(dan)目前進口產(chan)品已(yi)無(wu)明顯優勢，銅(tong)桿產(chan)品出來后區別(bie)不是(shi)很大,只要銅(tong)板選(xuan)的(de)好(hao),生產(chan)控制比較穩定,國產(chan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)也(ye)能產(chan)出可(ke)拉伸0.05的(de)銅(tong)桿.進口設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)一般是(shi)芬蘭奧托昆普(pu)的(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei),國產(chan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)最好(hao)的(de)應該是(shi)上(shang)海的(de)海軍廠的(de)了(le)，生產(chan)時(shi)間最長，軍工企(qi)業，質量可(ke)靠。

低氧銅桿進口設(she)備國際主要有兩種(zhong),一種(zhong)是美國南線設(she)備,英文是SOUTHWIRE,國內廠(chang)家是南京華新,江(jiang)西銅業,另一種(zhong)是德國CONTIROD設(she)備,國內廠(chang)家是常州金源,天津大無縫(feng)。

無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)及低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)從(cong)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量上容(rong)易(yi)區別,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)是(shi)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量在(zai)10-20個PPM以(yi)下,但(dan)(dan)目(mu)前有的(de)(de)(de)廠家只(zhi)能(neng)做到50個PPM以(yi)下.低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai) 200-400個PPM,好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子一般(ban)含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)量控(kong)制在(zai)250個PPM左右,無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)一般(ban)采取的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)上引法,低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)是(shi)連(lian)鑄(zhu)連(lian)軋,兩種(zhong)產(chan)品相(xiang)(xiang)對而(er)言低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對漆包線(xian)性 能(neng)更適應些,如(ru)(ru)柔軟(ruan)性,回(hui)彈角(jiao),繞線(xian)性能(neng).但(dan)(dan)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)對拉(la)(la)絲條(tiao)件(jian)相(xiang)(xiang)對要苛刻(ke)些,同樣拉(la)(la)伸0.2的(de)(de)(de)細絲,如(ru)(ru)果伸線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian)不好(hao)(hao),普(pu)(pu)通的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)可拉(la)(la)而(er)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)就(jiu)斷 線(xian),但(dan)(dan)如(ru)(ru)果放在(zai)好(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)伸線(xian)條(tiao)件(jian),同樣的(de)(de)(de)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)子,低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)說不定就(jiu)能(neng)拉(la)(la)到雙(shuang)零五,而(er)普(pu)(pu)通無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)最多只(zhi)能(neng)拉(la)(la)伸到0.1而(er)已,當(dang)然做的(de)(de)(de)最細的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)雙(shuang)零二卻非得依靠(kao)進(jin)口的(de)(de)(de) 無(wu)(wu)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)了.目(mu)前有企業嘗試用剝皮的(de)(de)(de)方式來處理低氧(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)來伸0.03線(xian).但(dan)(dan)有關這方面的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)我(wo)還(huan)不是(shi)很清楚。

音響線一般反而喜歡用無氧桿(gan)(gan),這(zhe)和無氧桿(gan)(gan)是單晶銅,低氧桿(gan)(gan)是多晶銅有關。

氧(yang)銅桿和無氧(yang)銅桿由于制造方法的(de)不同，致使存(cun)在差別，具(ju)有各自的(de)特(te)點。

一、關于氧的(de)吸(xi)入和(he)脫去(qu)以及它的(de)存在狀態

生(sheng)產銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的陰極銅(tong)(tong)的含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm，在(zai)(zai)常溫(wen)下氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的固溶度(du)約2ppm。低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)一般(ban)在(zai)(zai)200（175）—400（450）ppm，因(yin)此氧(yang)(yang)(yang)的進入是(shi)在(zai)(zai)銅(tong)(tong)的液態(tai)下吸入的，而上引法無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)相反，氧(yang)(yang)(yang)在(zai)(zai)液態(tai)銅(tong)(tong)下保(bao)持相當時間后，被還原而脫(tuo)去，通常這種(zhong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)的含(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量(liang)(liang)都在(zai)(zai)10—50ppm以下，最低(di)可達(da)1-2ppm，從組織(zhi)(zhi)上看，低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)，以氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)狀態(tai)，存在(zai)(zai)于晶(jing)粒邊界(jie)(jie)附近，這對(dui)(dui)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)而言可以說是(shi)常見(jian)的但對(dui)(dui)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)則(ze)很少見(jian)。氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化銅(tong)(tong)以夾雜形(xing)式(shi)在(zai)(zai)晶(jing)界(jie)(jie)出現對(dui)(dui)材(cai)料的韌性(xing)產生(sheng)負面影響。而無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的氧(yang)(yang)(yang)很低(di)，所(suo)以這種(zhong)銅(tong)(tong)的組織(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)均勻的單(dan)相組織(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)(dui)韌性(xing)有(you)利。在(zai)(zai)無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong)的多孔性(xing)是(shi)不(bu)常見(jian)的，而在(zai)(zai)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅(tong)(tong)桿(gan)(gan)(gan)中(zhong)則(ze)是(shi)常見(jian)的一種(zhong)缺陷。

二、熱軋組織(zhi)(zhi)和(he)鑄(zhu)造組織(zhi)(zhi)的區別

低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿由于經(jing)過熱軋，所以(yi)其組(zu)(zu)織屬熱加工(gong)組(zu)(zu)織，原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織已經(jing)破碎，在8mm的(de)(de)(de)(de)桿時(shi)已有再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)出現，而(er)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿屬鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒粗大(da)，這(zhe)是(shi)為什么，無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)較高，需要較高退(tui)火(huo)溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)固(gu)有原因。這(zhe)是(shi)因為，再(zai)結(jie)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)發生在晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒邊界附近，無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿組(zu)(zu)織晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒粗大(da)，晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒尺寸(cun)甚至能達幾個毫米，因而(er)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒邊界少(shao)，即使(shi)通過拉(la)(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)變形，但(dan)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)粒邊界相對低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)桿還是(shi)較少(shao)，所以(yi)需要較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率。對無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)成功(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)要求是(shi)：由桿經(jing)拉(la)(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)，但(dan)尚未(wei)鑄(zhu)造(zao)組(zu)(zu)織的(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一次退(tui)火(huo)，其退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率應比同樣情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)高10——15%。經(jing)繼續拉(la)(la)(la)制(zhi)(zhi)，在以(yi)后階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)功(gong)率應留有足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)余量(liang)和(he)對低(di)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)切實區別執行不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)退(tui)火(huo)工(gong)藝(yi)，以(yi)保證在制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)和(he)成品(pin)導線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柔軟性。

三、夾雜，氧含量波動，表(biao)面氧化物和可能(neng)存在的熱軋缺陷的差(cha)別(bie)

無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)拉(la)性(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)所有線(xian)徑里與(yu)低(di)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿相比都是優越(yue)的(de)(de)(de)，除上(shang)述組織原因外，無氧(yang)(yang)(yang)銅桿夾雜少，含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量穩(wen)(wen)定，無熱軋(ya)(ya)可(ke)能(neng)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)，桿表氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)厚度可(ke)達≤15A。在(zai)(zai)連(lian)鑄連(lian)軋(ya)(ya)生產(chan)(chan)過程中如(ru)果(guo)工藝不穩(wen)(wen)定，對氧(yang)(yang)(yang)監控不嚴(yan)，含(han)(han)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)量不穩(wen)(wen)定將直接影響(xiang)桿的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)。如(ru)果(guo)桿的(de)(de)(de)表面氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)能(neng)在(zai)(zai)后工序的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)續清洗中得以(yi)彌補外，但比較麻煩的(de)(de)(de)是有相當(dang)多的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)存在(zai)(zai)于“皮下(xia)”，對拉(la)線(xian)斷線(xian)影響(xiang)更(geng)直接，故而在(zai)(zai)拉(la)制(zhi)微細線(xian)，超微細線(xian)時，為了減少斷線(xian)，有時要對銅桿采(cai)取不得已的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)法——剝(bo)皮，甚至(zhi)二次剝(bo)皮的(de)(de)(de)原因所在(zai)(zai)，目的(de)(de)(de)要除去(qu)皮下(xia)氧(yang)(yang)(yang)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)。

四(si)、低氧(yang)銅桿和無(wu)氧(yang)銅桿的韌(ren)性有(you)差別

兩者都可以拉到0.015mm，但在低溫(wen)超導線中的低溫(wen)級無氧銅，其細絲間(jian)的間(jian)距只有0.001mm.

五、從(cong)制(zhi)桿的(de)原材料到(dao)制(zhi)線的(de)經濟性(xing)有差(cha)別。

制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)要(yao)求質量較高的(de)原材(cai)料(liao)。一般，拉制(zhi)(zhi)直徑>1mm的(de)銅(tong)線(xian)時，低氧銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)優(you)點比較明顯，而無氧銅(tong)桿(gan)顯得更為優(you)越的(de)是拉制(zhi)(zhi)直徑<0.5mm的(de)銅(tong)線(xian)。

六、低(di)氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的制(zhi)線(xian)工藝與無氧(yang)銅桿(gan)的有所不同。

低氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝不能照(zhao)搬到無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)桿(gan)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)工(gong)藝上來，至少兩(liang)者的(de)(de)退火(huo)工(gong)藝是不同的(de)(de)。因(yin)為線(xian)的(de)(de)柔軟性深受(shou)材(cai)料成(cheng)份和(he)制(zhi)(zhi)桿(gan)，制(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)和(he)退火(huo)工(gong)藝的(de)(de)影響，不能簡(jian)單地說低氧(yang)銅(tong)或無(wu)氧(yang)銅(tong)誰軟誰硬。