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電力電纜

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是用于傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和(he)分配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)常用于城(cheng)市地下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)引出線路、工礦企(qi)業內部供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)及過(guo)江海(hai)水下輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)所占比重(zhong)正逐漸增加。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力系統的主干線路中用以(yi)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)和(he)分配大(da)功率電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)產品，包括1-500KV以(yi)及以(yi)上各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等級，各(ge)種(zhong)絕緣的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)。

中文名

電力電纜

基本簡介

電(dian)力電(dian)纜的使用至(zhi)今已有百年

主要(yao)分類

分類：按電壓等(deng)級(ji)分

簡介：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)使用(yong)至今已有百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史。1879年(nian)(nian)(nian)，美(mei)國發明家T.A.愛迪生在銅棒上(shang)包(bao)繞黃(huang)麻并(bing)將(jiang)其穿(chuan)入鐵(tie)管內(nei)，然后填充瀝青混合物(wu)制成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。他(ta)將(jiang)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)敷(fu)設于紐約，開創(chuang)了(le)地下輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國人卡倫(lun)德發明瀝青浸漬紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1889年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國人S.Z.費蘭(lan)梯在倫(lun)敦與德特(te)福(fu)德之間敷(fu)設了(le)10千(qian)伏油浸紙(zhi)絕緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。1908年(nian)(nian)(nian)，英(ying)國建成20千(qian)伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)網。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)得到越來越廣的(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國敷(fu)設成60千(qian)伏高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)，開始(shi)了(le)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)發展(zhan)。1913年(nian)(nian)(nian)，德國人M.霍希(xi)施(shi)泰特(te)研制成分相屏蔽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),改(gai)善(shan)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場分布,消除了(le)絕緣(yuan)表面的(de)正切應(ying)(ying)力，成為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)發展(zhan)中的(de)里程碑。1952年(nian)(nian)(nian)，瑞典(dian)在北部(bu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠敷(fu)設了(le)380千(qian)伏超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan),實(shi)現了(le)超(chao)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)的(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。到80年(nian)(nian)(nian)代已制成1100千(qian)伏、1200千(qian)伏的(de)特(te)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)(lan)。

分類：按電壓等級分

按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)級可分為中(zhong)、低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（35千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏及以(yi)(yi)下）、高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(110千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏以(yi)(yi)上)、超高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（275～800千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏）以(yi)(yi)及特高(gao)壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜（1000千(qian)(qian)(qian)伏及以(yi)(yi)上）。此外，還可按(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)制分為交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜和(he)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜。

按絕(jue)緣材料分

1、油(you)浸紙(zhi)(zhi)絕緣電力電纜(lan)以油(you)浸紙(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)絕緣的(de)電力電纜(lan)。其應(ying)用(yong)歷史最(zui)長(chang)。它安全(quan)可靠，使用(yong)壽命長(chang)，價格低(di)廉。主(zhu)要缺點是敷設受落差限制。自從開發出不滴(di)流浸紙(zhi)(zhi)絕緣后，解決(jue)了落差限制問題(ti)，使油(you)浸紙(zhi)(zhi)絕緣電纜(lan)得(de)以繼續廣泛應(ying)用(yong)。

2、塑(su)料(liao)絕緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan) 　絕緣層為擠壓(ya)塑(su)料(liao)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)。常(chang)用(yong)的塑(su)料(liao)有聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯、交聯聚乙烯。塑(su)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)結構簡單,制造加工方便，重量(liang)輕，敷(fu)設(she)安裝方便,不受敷(fu)設(she)落差限(xian)制。因(yin)此廣泛應用(yong)作中低壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)，并有取代粘性浸漬(zi)油紙電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)的趨(qu)勢。其最(zui)大(da)缺點(dian)是存在(zai)樹枝化擊穿現(xian)象，這限(xian)制了它在(zai)更高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的使(shi)用(yong)。

3、橡(xiang)皮絕(jue)緣電力電纜　絕(jue)緣層為橡(xiang)膠加上(shang)各種配合(he)(he)劑(ji)，經(jing)過(guo)充分混煉(lian)后(hou)擠包在(zai)導電線芯上(shang)，經(jing)過(guo)加溫硫(liu)化(hua)而成。它(ta)柔(rou)軟(ruan)，富有彈性，適合(he)(he)于(yu)移動頻繁、敷設彎曲(qu)半徑小(xiao)的場(chang)合(he)(he)。

常用作絕緣的膠料有(you)天然膠-丁(ding)苯膠混合物，乙丙(bing)膠、丁(ding)基膠等(deng)。

按電壓等(deng)級(ji)分

1、低(di)壓電(dian)(dian)纜：適(shi)用于(yu)固定敷設在交流50Hz，額定電(dian)(dian)壓3kv及以下(xia)的輸配電(dian)(dian)線路上作輸送電(dian)(dian)能用。

2、中低壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜：（一(yi)般指35KV及以下(xia)）：聚氯乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，交聯聚乙(yi)(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜等。

3、高壓電(dian)纜：（一般為(wei)110KV及(ji)以上）：聚(ju)乙(yi)烯電(dian)纜和交聯聚(ju)乙(yi)烯絕(jue)緣電(dian)纜等。

4、超(chao)高(gao)壓電纜：（275～800千伏）。

5、特(te)高壓電纜(lan)：（1000千伏及以上(shang)）。

基本結構(gou)：電(dian)力電(dian)纜的基本結構(gou)由線芯（導(dao)體）、絕緣層、屏蔽層和保護(hu)層四部分組成。

1.線芯是電力電纜的(de)導電部分，用來輸(shu)送(song)電能，是電力電纜的(de)主要部分。

2.絕緣層是將線芯與(yu)大地以及不(bu)同相的線芯間在電氣(qi)上彼(bi)此隔離，保證電能輸送，是電力電纜結構中不(bu)可缺少(shao)的組(zu)成(cheng)部分。

3.15KV及(ji)以上的(de)電力電纜一般(ban)都有(you)導體(ti)屏蔽層(ceng)和絕緣屏蔽層(ceng)。

4.保(bao)護層的(de)作用是(shi)保(bao)護電力(li)(li)電纜免受外(wai)界雜質和水(shui)分的(de)侵入，以(yi)及防止外(wai)力(li)(li)直接損壞電力(li)(li)電纜。

主要(yao)優點：

1占地少。一般埋設(she)于土壤(rang)中或敷(fu)設(she)于室內，溝道，隧道中，線(xian)間(jian)(jian)絕緣距離小，不(bu)用桿塔，占地少，基本不(bu)占地面上(shang)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)。

2可(ke)靠性高。受(shou)氣候(hou)條(tiao)件和周圍環境影響小，傳輸性能穩定，可(ke)靠性高。

3具(ju)有(you)向超高壓，大容(rong)量發展(zhan)的更為有(you)利(li)的條件，如低(di)溫，超導電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)纜等。

4分布電容較大。

5維護工作量少。

6電擊可能性小。

型號說(shuo)明

電力電纜的型號(hao)

1.用漢語拼音第一個字母的大寫表(biao)(biao)(biao)示(shi)絕緣種類、導體(ti)材料、內護層材料和結構特點。如用Z代表(biao)(biao)(biao)紙（zhi）；L代表(biao)(biao)(biao)鋁（lv）；Q代表(biao)(biao)(biao)鉛（qian）；F代表(biao)(biao)(biao)分相（fen）；ZR代表(biao)(biao)(biao)阻燃(ran)（zuran）；NH代表(biao)(biao)(biao)耐火（naihuo）。

2.用數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外護層構成，有二位數字(zi)。無數字(zi)代(dai)表(biao)無鎧裝層，無外被層。第一位數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)鎧裝，第二位數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)外被，如(ru)粗鋼絲鎧裝纖維外被表(biao)示(shi)為41。

3.電纜(lan)型(xing)號按電纜(lan)結構的排列一般依次序為(wei)：絕(jue)緣(yuan)材料；導體材料；內護層；外護層。

4.電纜產品(pin)用(yong)型號、額定(ding)電壓和規格表示。其方法是在型號后再加上說(shuo)明額定(ding)電壓、芯數和標稱(cheng)截(jie)面積的(de)。

型號(hao)詳細說明

（1）類別：H——市(shi)內通信(xin)電纜HP——配線電纜HJ——局用(yong)電纜

（2）絕緣(yuan)：Y——聚乙烯絕緣(yuan)YF——泡沫(mo)(mo)聚烯烴絕緣(yuan)YP——泡沫(mo)(mo)/實心皮聚烯烴絕緣(yuan)

（3）內護(hu)層(ceng)：A——涂塑鋁帶粘接屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)S——鋁，鋼雙層(ceng)金屬(shu)帶屏蔽(bi)聚(ju)乙(yi)(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)      V——聚(ju)氯(lv)乙(yi)(yi)烯護(hu)套(tao)

（4）特(te)征(zheng)：T——石油膏填充(chong)G——高頻隔離C——自承式(shi)

（5）外護層(ceng)：23——雙層(ceng)防腐鋼(gang)帶繞(rao)包銷裝聚乙(yi)烯外被(bei)層(ceng)

33——單(dan)層細鋼絲鎧裝聚乙烯被層

43——單層粗鋼(gang)絲(si)鎧裝聚乙烯被層

53——單層鋼帶(dai)皺紋(wen)縱(zong)包鎧裝聚乙烯外被層

553——雙層鋼帶皺紋縱包鎧裝聚(ju)乙烯外被層

2） BV 銅(tong)芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣電線；BLV 鋁(lv)芯聚(ju)氯乙烯絕緣電線；

BVV 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護(hu)套電線；BLVV 鋁芯(xin)聚氯乙烯絕緣聚氯乙烯護(hu)套電線；

BVR 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)軟(ruan)線；RV 銅芯聚(ju)(ju)氯乙烯絕緣(yuan)安裝軟(ruan)線；

RVB 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)平(ping)型連接線(xian)(xian)軟(ruan)線(xian)(xian)；BVS 銅(tong)芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)絞型軟(ruan)線(xian)(xian)；

RVV 銅芯(xin)聚(ju)氯乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)聚(ju)氯乙烯護套軟(ruan)線；BYR 聚(ju)乙烯絕(jue)緣(yuan)軟(ruan)電線；

BYVR 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣聚氯(lv)乙(yi)烯(xi)護套軟線(xian)；RY 聚乙(yi)烯(xi)絕(jue)緣軟線(xian)；

RYV 聚乙(yi)烯絕緣聚氯乙(yi)烯護(hu)套軟線

3）WD：無鹵低煙(yan)型(xing)ZR: 阻(zu)燃型(xing)NH：耐火型(xing)DH：防火型(xing)